liver microsomes

Clomethiazole (Distraneurin) is an orally active GABAA agonist and it is an anticonvulsant agent. It also has the potential for treating convulsive status epilepticus. Chlormethiazole inhibits cytochrome P450 isoforms: CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 in human liver microsomes.

(S)-Lisofylline is the inactive optical enantiomer of (R)-lisofylline which is an anti-inflammatory agent. (S)-Lisofylline is exclusively converted to pentoxifylline in human liver microsomes.

URB-597 (FAAH Inhibitor II) is an effective, orally bioavailable FAAH inhibitor (IC50: 4.6 nM), and no effect on other cannabinoid-related targets.

Pradefovir mesylate (Hepavir B) is converted to 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) in human liver microsomes with Km of 60 μM.

Ezutromid (BMN 195) is a translation modulator of Small utrophin (EC50: 0.4 uM). Ezutromid is an orally bioavailable small molecule that transcriptionally upregulates the utrophin gene, increasing both utrophin mRNA and protein. Through this action, Ezutromid increases muscle function in dystrophin-deficient MDX mice, a mouse model of muscular dystrophy.

Mirtazapine N-oxide is a metabolite of mirtazapine.1It is formed from mirtazapine by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes.

LY 43578 is an orally active aromatase inhibitor. LY43578 could inhibit O-demethylation of P-450-dependent p-nitroanisole and N-demethylation of ethylmorphine (IC50 of 0.3 and 5 μm, respectively) in rat liver microsomes. LY 43578 can be used to study neurological and cardiovascular diseases.

S6K2-IN-1 (Compound 2) is an S6K2 inhibitor with an IC50 of 22 nM and displays inhibitory activity against FGFR4 with an IC50 of 216 nM, demonstrating acceptable stability in mouse liver microsomes [1].

6-Hydroxy-TSU-68, a derivative and metabolite of TSU-68, reflects the compound's self-induced hydroxylation in human liver microsomes [1].

Vinclozolin M2, an active metabolite of vinclozolin, is generated through successive esterase activity and decarboxylation in C. elegans, as well as decarboxylation in human liver microsomes. It functions as an antagonist to the mineralocorticoid (IC50= 1,400 nM) and androgen receptors (IC50= 0.17 nM), demonstrated in reporter assays with MCF-7 cells. This compound is exclusively sold for research and analytical purposes, tailored for controlled laboratory use, and is not available in bulk sizes.

Mal-PEG4-VC-PAB-DMEA-PNU-159682 is a drug-linker conjugate designed for antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy. It combines the ADC linker, Mal-PEG4-VC-PAB, with the potent ADC cytotoxin, DMEA-PNU-159682. The cytotoxin, DMEA-PNU-159682, is derived from metabolites of nemorubicin (MMDX) found in liver microsomes, as well as the ADC cytotoxin PNU-159682 [1].

(+)-Cevimeline hydrochloride hemihydrate ((+)-SNI-2011), a potent muscarinic receptor agonist, shows promise as a therapeutic candidate for xerostomia in Sjogren's syndrome. It exhibits a broad pharmacological profile across various systems in animal models including mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs. Metabolism studies using rat and dog liver microsomes reveal rapid absorption with peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) within one hour post-oral administration and a half-life (t1 2) between 0.4 to 1.1 hours. Bioavailability is 50% in rats and 30% in dogs. Metabolic analysis shows species-specific differences: rats produce S- and N-oxidized metabolites, while dogs produce only N-oxidized metabolites. Sex-based pharmacokinetic differences were noted in rats but not in dogs. In vitro studies indicate cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) involvement in the sulfoxidation and N-oxidation of SNI-2011, with CYP2D and CYP3A mainly responsible for sulfoxidation in rat liver microsomes.

(±)16-HDHA is an autoxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in vitro, also produced from DHA incubations in rat liver, brain, and intestinal microsomes. It is a potential marker of oxidative stress in the brain and retina, where DHA is an abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid.

(±)8-HDHA is an autoxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in vitro and is produced from incubations of DHA in rat liver, brain, and intestinal microsomes. It is a potential marker of oxidative stress in the brain and retina, where DHA is an abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid.

(±)8,9-DiHETE is a major metabolite of the 20:5 ω-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid .[1] It is produced in rat liver microsomes, but not renal microsomes, by the generation of the unstable intermediate 8,9-epoxy eicosatetraenoic acid from EPA by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Dietary EPA supplementation in humans results in substantial urinary excretion of vicinal diols, including 8,9, 11,12, and 14,15 forms.[2]

Chenodeoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide (CDCA-3G), a metabolite of Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), is synthesized in human liver microsomes.

(±)17-HDHA is an autoxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid in vitro. It is also produced from incubations of DHA in rat liver, brain, and intestinal microsomes. 17(S)-HDHA could be produced by enzymatic oxidation of DHA using soybean lipoxygenase (LO) and is the putative product of mammalian 15-LOs. 17(S)-HDHA was shown to be an inhibitor of U-46619 -induced rabbit and rat aortic smooth muscle contraction with IC50 values of 4.9 and 7.2 μM, respectively. (±)17-HDHA is a potential marker of oxidative stress in brain and retina where DHA is an abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Dolutegravir O-β-D-glucuronide is a metabolite of the HIV integrase inhibitor dolutegravir .1It is formed from dolutegravir primarily by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoform UGT1A1in vivobut is also metabolized by UGT1A9 in human liver and kidney microsomes and UGT1A3 in human intestinal microsomes.2,1 1.Liu, S.N., Lu, J.B., Watson, C.J.W., et al.Mechanistic assessment of extrahepatic contributions to glucuronidation of integrase strand transfer inhibitorsDrug Metab. Dispos.47(5)535-544(2019) 2.Reese, M.J., Savina, P.M., Generaux, G.T., et al.In vitro investigations into the roles of drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes in the disposition and drug interactions of dolutegravir, a HIV integrase inhibitorDrug Metab. Dispos.41(2)353-361(2013)

MMV024101 is a PI4K inhibitor. MMV024101 exhibits submicromolar potency against P. falciparum NF54 (IC50 =543 nM), low aqueous solubility (<5 μM), and rapid clearance by mouse liver microsomes with only 2% of parent compound remaining after 30 min of incu

(R)-Omeprazole is the inactive isomer of omeprazole , a gastric proton-pump inhibitor. A stereoselective hydroxylation of (R)-omeprazole is mediated primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19, whereas CYP3A4 favors sulfoxidation of the active (S)-enantiomer . (R)-Omeprazole has been shown to act as a reversible direct-acting and metabolism-dependent inhibitor of CYP2C19 in pooled human liver microsomes (IC50 = 8.1 μM).

CP-24879 hydrochloride (CP-24879 HCl), a Δ5D/Δ6D dual-inhibitor, can significantly reduce intracellular lipid accumulation and inflammatory injury in hepatocytes. CP-24879 hydrochloride exhibits superior antisteatotic and anti-inflammatory actions in fat-1 and ω-3-treated hepatocytes.

YM17E is an inhibitor of ACAT with IC50 of 44 nM in rabbit liver microsomes in vitro.

Enniatin A, a Fusarium mycotoxin, inhibits acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with an IC50 of 22 μM in rat liver microsome enzyme assays.

Tenofovir-C3-O-C12-trimethylsilylacetylene (ammonium) exhibits a prolonged half-life (t1 2) compared to tenofovir in human liver microsomes, demonstrates potent in vitro anti-HIV activity, and improves in vivo pharmacokinetic properties.

DMEA-PNU-159682 (molecule D12) is an ADC cytotoxin molecule that includes neomycin (MMDX) metabolites from liver microsomes and the effective ADC cytotoxin PNU-159682.

PRMT5-IN-31 (Compound 3m), a selective PRMT5 inhibitor (IC50: 0.31 μM), increases hnRNP E1 protein levels by occupying the substrate site of PRMT5 and establishing key interactions with amino acid residues. It exhibits antiproliferative properties against A549 cells through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell migration, while demonstrating high metabolic stability in human liver microsomes (T1/2: 132.4 min) [1].

hCYP3A4-IN-1 (compound C6) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of hCYP3A4, exhibiting IC50 values of 43.93 nM in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and 153.00 nM in the CHO-3A4 stably transfected cell line. It competitively inhibits the CYP3A4-mediated hydroxylation of N-ethyl-1,8-naphthalimide (NEN) with a Ki of 30.00 nM [1].

7beta-(3-Ethyl-cis-crotonoyloxy)-1alpha-(2-methylbutyryloxy)-3,14-dehydro-Z-notonipetranone shows diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)1 inhibition with IC(50) values of 47.0 microM (for rat liver microsomes) and 160.7 microM (for HepG2 cell microsomes),

N-Desmethyl Eletriptan, a metabolite of eletriptan, is primarily formed from eletriptan by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes.

(±)14-HDHA is an autoxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in vitro. It is also produced from incubations of DHA in rat liver, brain, and intestinal microsomes. DHA is metabolized to 14(S)-HDHA by human platelets along with 11(S)-HDHA. 14(S)-HDoHE is also produced by salmon gills upon stimulation with calcium ionophore. 14(S)-HDHA was shown to be an inhibitor of U-46619-induced human platelet aggregation and rabbit and rat aortic smooth muscle contraction with IC50 values of about 70, 3.6, and 5.3 μM, respectively. (±)14-HDHA is a potential marker of oxidative stress in brain and retina where DHA is an abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid.

22-HDHA is an oxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

8(E),10(E),12(Z)-Octadecatrienoic acid is a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that has been found inC. officinalisseed oil and has anticancer activity.1,2,3It inhibits the growth of Caco-2 cells when used at concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 μM.28(E),10(E),12(Z)-Octadecatrienoic acid (10 μM) induces formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and apoptosis in DLD-1 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells.3It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis in sheep vesicular gland microsomes (IC50= 31 μM).4 1.Crombie, L., and Holloway, S.J.The biosynthesis of calendic acid, octadeca-(8E,10E, 12Z)-trienoic, acid, by developing marigold seeds: origins of (E,E,Z) and (Z,E,Z) conjugated triene acids in higher plantsJ. Chem. Soc. Perk. T. 12425-2434(1985) 2.Yasui, Y., Hosokawa, M., Kohno, H., et al.Growth inhibition and apoptosis induction by all-trans-conjugated linolenic acids on human colon cancer cellsAnticancer Res.26(3A)1855-1860(2006) 3.Shinohara, N., Ito, J., Tsuduki, T., et al.Jacaric acid, a linolenic acid isomer with a conjugated triene system, reduces stearoyl-CoA desaturase expression in liver of miceJ. Oleo Sci.61(8)433-441(2012) 4.Nugteren, D.H., and Christ-Hazelhof, E.Naturally occurring conjugated octadecatrienoic acids are strong inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesisProstaglandins33(3)403-417(1987)

Aflatoxin Q1, a hydroxy metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)—a mycotoxin synthesized by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus)—and aflatoxin B1 8,9-oxide are principal oxidative derivatives produced from Aflatoxin B1 in human liver microsomes across all substrate concentrations. The conversion of Aflatoxin B1 to Aflatoxin Q1 through 3 alpha-hydroxylation represents a critical detoxification route [1] [2].

DBCO-PEG4-VC-PAB-DMEA-PNU-159682, a drug-linker conjugate for antibody-drug conjugates (ADC), comprises the ADC linker DBCO-PEG4-VC-PAB and the potent ADC cytotoxin DMEA-PNU-159682, which includes metabolites of nemorubicin (MMDX) from liver microsomes and the ADC cytotoxin PNU-159682[1].

Enpp-1-IN-11 (compound 23) is a highly potent inhibitor of Ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterases 1 (ENPP1), with a Ki value of 45 nM. It demonstrates excellent stability in human and mouse plasma and exhibits low clearance in both human and mouse liver microsomes, holding promise for anticancer research [1].

1-Phenylpyrrole (NSC-16581) is an inhibitor of CYP450 dependant monooxygenase activity in microsomes from rat liver.

Pradefovir (Remofovir) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor potentially for treatment of chronic HBV infection. Pradefovir is also a liver-targeted prodrug of adefovir. After metabolic activation, Pradefovir was converted to PMEA (9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine) in human liver microsomes with a K(m) of 60 microM, a maximum rate of metabolism of 228 pmol min mg protein, and an intrinsic clearance of about 359 ml min.

Dagrocorat is a novel and dissociated agonist of glucocorticoid receptor.

Hydroxy celecoxib, an inactive metabolite of celecoxib, is synthesized through the metabolism of celecoxib by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2D6 in human liver microsomes.

(±)11-HDHA is an autoxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in vitro. It is also produced from incubations of DHA in rat liver, brain, and intestinal microsomes. DHA is metabolized to 11(S)-HDHA by human platelets and canine retina. In addition to 11(S)-HDHA, 14(S)-HDHA is also produced by platelets. 11(S)-HDHA was shown to be an inhibitor of U-46619-induced human platelet aggregation and rabbit and rat aortic smooth muscle contraction with IC50 values of about 50, 4.7, and 7.5 μM, respectively. (±)11-HDHA is a potential marker of oxidative stress in brain and retina where DHA is an abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid.

(±)10-HDHA is an autoxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in vitro.[1][2] It is also produced from incubations of DHA in rat liver, brain, and intestinal microsomes.[3][4][5] (±)10-HDHA is a potential marker of oxidative stress in brain and retina where DHA is an abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid. Reference：[1]. VanRollins, M., and Murphy, R.C. Autooxidation of docosahexaenoic acid: Analysis of ten isomers of hydroxydocosahexaenoate. J. Lipid Res. 25(5), 507-517 (1984).[2]. Reynaud, D., Thickitt, C.P., and Pace-Asciak, C.R. Facile preparation and structural determination of monohydroxy derivatives of docosahexaenoic acid (HDoHE) by α-tocopherol-directed autoxidation. Anal. Biochem. 214(1), 165-170 (1993).[3]. VanRollins, M., Baker, R.C., Sprecher, H., et al. Oxidation of docosahexaenoic acid by rat liver microsomes. J. Biol. Chem. 259(9), 5776-5783 (1984).[4]. Yamane, M., Abe, A., and Yamane, S. High-performance liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry of epoxy polyunsaturated fatty acids and epoxyhydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acids from an incubation mixture of rat tissue homogenate. J. Chromatogr. 652(2), 123-136 (1994).[5]. Kim, H.Y., Karanian, J.W., Shingu, T., et al. Sterochemical analysis of hydroxylated docosahexaenoates produced by human platelets and rat brain homogenate. Prostaglandins 40(5), 473-490 (1990).

(±)13-HDHA is an autoxidation product of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in vitro. It is also produced from incubations of DHA in rat liver, brain, and intestinal microsomes. Fresh water hydra was shown to metabolize DHA to 13(R)-HDHA, presumably via the 11R-lipoxygenase activity. (±)13-HDHA is a potential marker of oxidative stress in brain and retina where DHA is an abundant polyunsaturated fatty acid.

Dehydro warfarin, a metabolite of (±)-warfarin, is formed by rat liver microsomes from (±)-warfarin.

GNE0877 (GNE 0877) is a highly effective and specific leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitor (Ki: 0.7 nM).

Flufiprole is used as a phenylpyrazole pesticide. It has enantioselective metabolism in human and rat liver microsomes.

Thielavin A is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from T. terricola that is related to thielavin B . Thielavin A inhibits COX, blocking both the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 and the conversion of PGH2 to PGE2 . Thielavin A also inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase in rat liver microsomes (IC50 = 4.6 μM). It is a non-competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase from S. cerevisiae (IC50 = 23.8 μM; Ki = 27.8 μM).

CYP1B1-IN-4, a 2,4-diarylthiazole compound, exhibits selective inhibition of CYP1B1 (IC50=0.2 nM), demonstrating minimal cytotoxicity and high stability in human and rat liver microsomes [1].

Mal-Phe-C4-VC-PAB-DMEA-PNU-159682 is a drug-linker conjugate utilized in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy. It comprises the ADC linker Mal-Phe-C4-VC-PAB and the potent ADC cytotoxin DMEA-PNU-159682, which encompasses metabolites of nemorubicin (MMDX) derived from liver microsomes, as well as the ADC cytotoxin PNU-159682 [1].

BACE1 2-IN-1 (compound 34) is an effective BACE1 and BACE2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.01 and 0.0053 μM, respectively. It exhibits a lower Pgp efflux ratio, improved passive permeability, and decreased metabolic stability in liver microsomes.

CC-90005 is a potent, selective, and orally active inhibitor of protein kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) with an IC50 of 8 nM, demonstrating strong selectivity over PKC-δ (IC50=4440 nM). Additionally, CC-90005 can inhibit T cell activation by IL-2 expression[1].

Flutamide (SCH 13521) is an antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.