sugar

Cemdisiran, an investigational N-acetylgalactosamine-conjugated RNAi (RNA interference) agent with terminal sugar modification, is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to specifically target and suppress the C5 mRNA, thereby reducing the liver's production of the complement component C5 [1].

Invert sugar is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T35380 and the CAS number is 8013-17-0.

UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (BlUSP) is an enzyme that activates glucose-1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) to UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc) and catalyzes the reversible transfer of the uridyl group from UTP to sugar-1-phosphate, resulting in the production of UDP-sugar and pyrophosphate (PPi) [1].

D-(+)-Trehalose (Mycose) can inhibit the decomposition of collagen, so it can be used to improve osteoporosis.

D-Fructose (D-arabino-hexulose) , also known as D-(-)-Fructose or D-(-)-Levulose, is classified as a member of the Monosaccharides.

D-Glucose (Glucopyranose) is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Maltose (maltobiose) is a dextrodisaccharide from malt and starch. It is used as a sweetening agent and fermentable intermediate in brewing.

Perillartine (DL-Perillartine) is a sweetener. Perillartine activates the taste receptor type 1 member 2 (Tas1r2) subunit in a species-dependent manner.

D-(+)-Xylose (Wood sugar) is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and/or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. . Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits.

(E)-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid is a small molecule compound isolated from the rhizome of Etlingera pavieana (Pierre ex Gagnep.) R. M. Sm. It is a novel α-glucosidase inhibitor. (E)-3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid has hepatoprotective activity, antiamnesic activity, enhances cognitive effects, and can be used to lower blood pressure sugar.

Magnesium glycinate (magnesium 2-aminoacetate) is a supplement that boost magnesium levels in people with a deficiency of the mineral. Magnesium is a vital nutrient for regulating many body processes, including muscle and nerve function, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. This mineral also supports the making of protein, bone, and DNA.

Glucosamine (Chitosamine) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis.

D-Galactose (Alpha-D-galactose) is an aldohexose that exists naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins and is converted enzymatically into D-glucose for metabolism or polysaccharides for storage. It accelerates senescence in invertebrates and mammals and has been used as a model for aging.

Maltotriose is an inducer of E. coli maltose regulator, the second most abundant sugar in brewing. It induces beta-galactosidase synthesis.

D-(+)-Melezitose hydrate (melicitose) is a nonreducing trisaccharide sugar that is produced by many plant sap-eating insects, including aphids such as Cinara pilicornis by an enzyme reaction.

DL-Xylose ((±)-Xylos) is a sugar first derived from wood. DL-Xylose is classified as a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type.

L-Isoleucine (Ile) is an essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.

D-Ribose(mixture of isomers) (D-(-)-Ribose), commonly referred to as simply ribose, is a five-carbon sugar found in all living cells. Ribose is not an essential nutrient because it can be synthesized by almost every tissue in the body from other substances, such as glucose. It is vital for life as a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP, and AMP.

Esafosfan trisodium (FDP trisodium) is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate for the potential treatment of sickle cell anemia, cardiovascular ischemia and asthma. It acts by stimulating anaerobic glycolysis which generates adenosine triphosphate under ischemic conditions.

5-(Hydroxymethyl)uracil is a product of oxidative DNA damage and is capable of enhancing or inhibiting potential epigenetic markers for transcription by bacterial RNA polymerases.

L-(-)-Mannose ((2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal) is a naturally occurring non-reducing sugar commonly used as a food additive.

N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) is a terminal essential amino sugar derived from galactose and forms the antigens of blood group A in humans.

BenzeneazoMalononitrile inhibits the growth of many types of cells, including therapeutic cells. It has also been shown to inhibit the activity of several enzymes, including those involved in drug metabolism. It has also been shown to inhibit the activity of several hormones, including those involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels.

D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate (D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate), also known as Fosfructose, is a cytoprotective natural sugar phosphate. It functions by promoting anaerobic glycolysis, which generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) under ischemic conditions. This compound holds potential for research in cardiovascular ischemia, sickle cell anemia, and asthma.

Ecomustine is a water-soluble nitrosoureido sugar derived from acosamine, with alkylating activity. Ecomustine is a novel antitumor compound that alkylates and crosslinks DNA, thereby inhibiting replication and transcription and eventually resulting in a reduction of cellular proliferation.

Betaine (trimethylglycine) is a methyl derivative of glycine first isolated from sugar beets. It has been shown to have potential benefits for fighting heart disease, improving body composition, and helping promote muscle gain and fat loss because of its abilities to promote protein synthesis in the body.

Liothyronine (Tresitope) is an active form of thyroid hormone, binding to β1 thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ1), and activates its activity.

D-Sorbitol (Sorbitol) is a polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. D-Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications.

Inosinic acid (IMP) is a purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety. Inosinic acid is a nucleotide present in muscle and other tissues. It is formed by the deamination of AMP and when hydrolysed produces inosine. Inosinic acid is the ribonucleotide of hypoxanthine and is the first compound formed during the synthesis of purine.Inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) is used as a substrate to study the distribution, specificity and kinetics of inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH).

D-(+)-Cellobiose (Cellobiose) is a disaccharide, a reducing sugar, consists of two β-glucose molecules linked by a β(1→4) bond. It can be hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically or with acid.

5-fluorouridine is also known as FUrd, 5-Fluorouracil 1-beta-D-ribofuranoside, 5-Fur, or 5-Fluoro-uridine. 5-fluorouridine is a solid. This compound belongs to the pyrimidine nucleosides and analogues. These are compounds comprising a pyrimidine base attached to a sugar. 5-fluorouridine is known to target uridine phosphorylase. FUrd is often used in chemical and biochemical comparison studies with fluorouracil and thymine analogs.

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate monohydrate (5'-AMP) , also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide that is used as a monomer in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate monohydrate consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl-.

Tyvelose is an unusual 3,6-dideoxyhexose terminal sugar and the immunodominant component of glycoprotein antigens in the parasitic helminth T. spiralis, which is responsible for trichinosis in humans. It is produced in high amounts by the infective larva and is immunodominant during the muscle stage of infection. Mice immunized with tyvelose-BSA produce IgG1 antibodies to tyvelose but are not resistant to infection by T. spiralis. Tyvelose-specific antibodies (2.5 mg/20 g) administered to rat pups leads to expulsion of first stage larvae from the intestine within one hour.

UDP-Glucuronic acid is a nucleoside diphosphate sugar that is a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. This compound can be used for the formation of many glucuronides with various aglycones.1 1.Green, M.D., and Tephly, T.R.Glucuronidation of amine substrates by purified and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase proteinsDrug Metab. Dispos.26(9)860-867(1998)

Cellobiosan is an anhydro sugar formed during biofuel production from the fast pyrolysis of wood.

SQDG, a membrane glycolipid characterized by sugar moieties in its head groups, is instrumental in studying the influence of structural lipids in LNP formulations [1].

N-Acetyl-α-D-glucosamine 1-phosphate disodium (GlcNAc-1-P), an anomeric sugar phosphate, plays a crucial role as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of N-linked glycoproteins. Additionally, it serves as a metabolic precursor for the synthesis of bacterial cell-wall components, particularly teichoic acid and murein [1].

D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (Triose phosphate), a pivotal molecule in cellular metabolism, serves as a crucial intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and as a sugar derivative in the Calvin cycle. Additionally, it plays a significant role in the biosynthesis of tryptophan and thiamin [1].

D-Epinephrine can be used as a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication. Epinephrine can be normally obtained from the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It involves in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the hear

Volemitol is a seven-carbon sugar alcohol that fulfills several important physiological functions in certain species of the genus Primula.

Fucosamine is a type of amino sugar from fucose.

Azp-531 is a disacylated ghrelin used to improve blood sugar control and weight loss.

Dalapon is a selective herbicide used to control perennial grasses. The major use of dalapon is on food crops including sugarcane and sugar beets. Its use is no longer authorized in France. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in the

Pharmatose DCL 14 (D-Lactose monohydrate) is the major sugar present in milk and the main source of energy supplied to the newborn mammalian in its mother's milk. Pharmatose DCL 14 is also an important osmotic regulator of lactation. It could regulate human's intestinal microflora.

Lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LNDFH I), a connecting agent, may facilitate the attachment of Lewis b sugar chain-bearing oligosaccharides to water-insoluble polysaccharides [1].

Neuraminic acid, an acidic amino sugar characterized by a nine-carbon atom backbone, can be understood as the aldol-condensation product of pyruvic acid and D-mannosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-mannose). It serves as a functional group in various biologically active mucoproteins [1].

Dehydrolycopene is a major steroidal sugar alkaloid (SGAs), which is mainly found in mature green fruits, leaves and flowers of tomatoes. Dehydrotomato is targeted at bacteria, fungi, insects and animals.

Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) ammonium, formed through the enzymatic action of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, serves as a crucial cofactor in sugar nucleotide biosynthesis. It acts as a pivotal precursor and a common substrate for C4-epimerases and decarboxylases, which generate UDP-galacturonic acid (UDP-GalA) and UDP-pentose, respectively. Additionally, as a glucuronic acid donor, UDP-GlcA ammonium is utilized in research for studying bilirubin conjugation within the endoplasmic recticulum [1].

Insulin Detemir, an artificial insulin, effectively controls blood sugar levels by stimulating GLP-1 secretion through enhanced Gcg expression via the activation of Akt- and/or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent-cat and CREB signaling pathways. It is applicable for type 2 diabetes research [1] [2].

Galactonic acid, a sugar acid, serves as a metabolic byproduct of galactose degradation. It is produced through the conversion of galactose into galactonolactone by galactose dehydrogenase. This intermediate subsequently undergoes spontaneous or enzymatic transformation to form galactonic acid [1].