thyroid hormone

Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli.

Indispensable for the control of thyroid structure and metabolism. TSHB Protein, Rat, Recombinant (E. coli, His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.9 kDa and the accession number is P04652.

Binds to and inhibits kallikreins. Inhibits trypsin but not chymotrypsin or elastase. Serpin A3K Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 52.0 kDa and the accession number is P05545.

Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.

Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Yeast.

MED1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 32.2 kDa and the accession number is Q15648.

Indispensable for the control of thyroid structure and metabolism. TSHB Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 16.4 kDa and the accession number is P04652.

CIp4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 64 kDa and the accession number is Q15642-2.

Nuclear hormone receptor that can act as a repressor or activator of transcription. High affinity receptor for thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine and thyroxine.; Does not bind thyroid hormone and functions as a weak dominant negative inhibitor of thyroid hormone action. THRA Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 58.9 kDa and the accession number is P10827.

Thyroid hormone receptor beta (THRB), also known as TRbeta and NR1A2, belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. Featuring an N-terminal transactivation domain, a central DNA-binding domain, and a hormone/ligand-binding domain, THRB isoform 1/2 expression localizes predominately to the liver and pituitary, respectively. THRB regulates the feedback of T3-dependent thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) transcription in the pituitary by binding to thyroid hormone (TH) response elements present on promoters of TH-responsive genes. Located on chromosome 3p24, THRB gene mutation has been linked to autosomal dominant resistance to TH (RTH), which is characterized by goiter and elevated levels of T3, T4, and TSH. THRB is a known pharmacological target for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). THRB may be a target for future cancer therapies since its knockdown enhanced the viability of endometrial cancer cells and activated the mTOR-4EBP1/eIF4G pathway.

Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.

The role of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) in the release of growth hormone (GH) from the pituitary is well established. Extra-hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) plays an important role in infertility. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) has recently been shown to increase the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and activate GABA receptors (GABARs) in the cerebral cortex. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that can inhibit seizures. GHRH may play an important role in inhibiting seizures by activating GABAARs. GHRH is produced by tumor cells, acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner, and requires the presence of GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) on the tumor cells to exert its effects. GHRH activity can be effectively blocked by synthetic antagonists of its receptor and hence, the expression of GHRH-R by tumor cells could serve as a predictor of response to GHRH-R antagonist therapy. The neurovascular protective effect of GHRH analogs during the early stage of diabetic retinopathy through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. GHRH antagonists can be a therapeutic option for thyroid cancer patients.

Sulfotransferase family cytosolic 1B member 1, also known as Sulfotransferase 1B1, Sulfotransferase 1B2, Thyroid hormone sulfotransferase, SULT1B1 and ST1B2, is a cytoplasm protein that belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. SULT1B1 is highly expressed in the liver, peripheral blood leukocytes, colon (mucosal lining), small intestine (jejunum) and spleen. A lesser expression of SULT1B1 was observed in the lung, placenta and thymus. SULT1B1 catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs and xenobiotic compounds. Sulfonation increases the water solubility of most compounds, and therefore their renal excretion, but it can also result in bioactivation to form active metabolites. SULT1B1 sulfates dopamine, small phenols such as 1-naphthol and p-nitrophenol and thyroid hormones, including 3,3'-diiodothyronine, triidothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine and thyroxine.

C1D nuclear receptor corepressor belongs to the C1D family. It is a DNA binding and apoptosis-inducing protein.C1D nuclear receptor corepressorinteracts with TSNAX and DNA-PKcs. It acts as a corepressor for the thyroid hormone receptor. It is thought that C1D nuclear receptor corepressor regulates TRAX/Translin complex formation. It is expressed in kidney, heart, brain, spleen, lung, testis, liver and small intestine. It plays a role in the recruitment of the RNA exosome complex to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA; this function may include MPHOSPH6. It potentiates transcriptional repression by NR1D1 and THRB. C1D nuclear receptor corepressorcan activate PRKDC not only in the presence of linear DNA but also in the presence of supercoiled DNA. It also can induce apoptosis in a p53/TP53 dependent manner.

Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain. Transthyretin Protein, Mouse, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 13.5 kDa and the accession number is P07309.

Breast Carcinoma-Amplified Sequence 2 (BCAS2) is a member of the SPF27 family. BCAS2 is a nuclear protein and widely expressed in many rtissues. BCAS2 is identified as being overexpressed in various breast cancer cell lines. BCAS2 is a component of the spliceosome, taking part in the removal of introns from mRNA precursors. BCAS2 interacts with estrogen receptor alpha and beta, thyroid hormone receptor beta, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. BCAS2 functions as an ER co-activator and is capable of enhancing ER-mediated transcription.

Thiol protease involved in osteoclastic bone resorption and may participate partially in the disorder of bone remodeling. Displays potent endoprotease activity against fibrinogen at acid pH. May play an important role in extracellular matrix degradation. Involved in the release of thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) by limited proteolysis of TG/thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle lumen.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) is a mitochondrial protein that regulates the TCA cycle.PDK4, a vital mitochondrial protein, controls the switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation based upon nutrient availability.Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) mRNA has been reported as an up-regulated gene in the heart and skeletal muscle of carnitine-deficient juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice under fed conditions. PDK4 plays an important role in the inhibition of glucose oxidation via the phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).PDK4 gene expression is stimulated by thyroid hormone (T(3)), glucocorticoids, and long chain fatty acids.

Thyroid peroxidase, also called thyroperoxidase (TPO) or iodide peroxidase that encodes a 933 amino-acid residue (aa) molecule with a single membrane-spanning region. Thyroid peroxidase plays a key role in thyroid hormone synthesis by catalyzing both the iodination of tyrosine residues to form monoiodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT) residues and the coupling of iodotyrosine residues in Tg, resulting in the formation of T3 and T4. It is a frequent epitope of autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease, for example, the expression of thyroid peroxidase is lost in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Functions as a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone with GPHA2 able to bind and activate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), leading to increased cAMP production. Plays a central role in controlling thyroid cell metabolism. GPHB5 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.3 kDa and the accession number is Q812B2.

Functions as a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone with GPHA2 able to bind and activate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), leading to increased cAMP production. Plays a central role in controlling thyroid cell metabolism.

Thyroid peroxidase is a membrane-bound glycoprotein which belongs to the peroxidase family, XPO subfamily. It contains 1 EGF-like domain and 1 Sushi (CCP/SCR) domain. Thyroid Peroxidase represents one of the main autoantigenic targets in autoimmune thyroid disease of humans. It used to be taken as the formerly so-called `microsomal antigen` several years ago. As an integral membrane glycoprotein it is restricted to the apical plasma membrane of the follicular epithelial cells and comprises two identical subunits of approx 100 kDa molecular weight. Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme expressed abundantly in the thyroid that liberates iodine for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine or triiodothyronine, thyroid hormones. Thyroid peroxidase plays a key role in the thyroid hormone biosynthesis by catalysing both the iodination of tyrosyl residues and the coupling of iodotyrosyl residues in thyroglobulin to form precursors of the thyroid hormones T4 and T3.

Thiol protease involved in osteoclastic bone resorption and may participate partially in the disorder of bone remodeling. Displays potent endoprotease activity against fibrinogen at acid pH. May play an important role in extracellular matrix degradation. Involved in the release of thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) by limited proteolysis of TG/thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle lumen. Cathepsin K Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.5 kDa and the accession number is P43235.

Transcriptional coactivator that interacts with numerous nuclear receptors and coactivators and modulates the transcription of target genes. Interacts with chromatin depending on histone H3 modifications, having the highest affinity for histone H3 that is both unmodified at 'Lys-4' (H3K4me0) and acetylated at 'Lys-23' (H3K23ac). Has E3 protein-ubiquitin ligase activity. Promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of p53/TP53. Plays a role in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis, at least in part via its effects on p53/TP53 levels. Up-regulates ligand-dependent transcription activation by AR, GCR/NR3C1, thyroid hormone receptor (TR) and ESR1. Modulates transcription activation by retinoic acid (RA) receptors, including RARA. Plays a role in regulating retinoic acid-dependent proliferation of hepatocytes.

Thiol protease involved in osteoclastic bone resorption. Displays potent endoprotease activity against fibrinogen at acid pH. May play an important role in extracellular matrix degradation. Involved in the release of thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) by limited proteolysis of TG/thyroglobulin in the thyroid follicle lumen. Cathepsin K Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.4 kDa and the accession number is P55097.

Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain. Transthyretin Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 29.6 kDa and the accession number is P07309.

Acts as a substrate for the production of iodinated thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The synthesis of T3 and T4 involves iodination of selected tyrosine residues of TG/thyroglobulin followed by their oxidative coupling. Following TG re-internalization and lysosomal-mediated proteolysis, T3 and T4 are released from the polypeptide backbone leading to their secretion into the bloodstream. One dimer produces 7 thyroid hormone molecules. Thyroglobulin Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 48.0 kDa and the accession number is P06882.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the pituitary gland and promotes thyroid growth and function, with increased TSH levels typically associated with hypothyroidism. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed predominantly nuclei/peri-nuclei localization of TSHR in cancerous tissues but cell membrane localization in non-cancerous parts. Overexpression of TSHR was found in a great majority of HCC tissues and associated with unfavorable prognosis.