clearance

Receptor for the natriuretic peptide hormones, binding with similar affinities atrial natriuretic peptide NPPA/ANP, brain natriuretic peptide NPPB/BNP, and C-type natriuretic peptide NPPC/CNP. May function as a clearance receptor for NPPA, NPPB and NPPC, regulating their local concentrations and effects. May regulate diuresis, blood pressure and skeletal development. Does not have guanylate cyclase activity. NPR3 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 64.9 kDa and the accession number is P41740.

Receptor for the natriuretic peptide hormones, binding with similar affinities atrial natriuretic peptide NPPA/ANP, brain natriuretic peptide NPPB/BNP, and C-type natriuretic peptide NPPC/CNP. May function as a clearance receptor for NPPA, NPPB and NPPC, regulating their local concentrations and effects. May regulate diuresis, blood pressure and skeletal development. Does not have guanylate cyclase activity. NPR3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 54.0 kDa and the accession number is P17342.

Human Natriuretic peptides B acts as a cardiac hormone; it is associated with many biological actions, such as diuresis, natriuresis, vasorelaxation, which inhibits the secretion of rennin and aldosterone. It acts as a paracrine antifibrotic factor in the heart. Natriuretic peptides B can help restore the body balance of salt and water, improves the heart function. Natriuretic peptides B binds and stimulates the cGMP production of the NPR1 receptor and binds the clearance receptor NPR3.

Uteroglobin-Related Protein 1 (UGRP1) belongs to the secretoglobin family which has been suggested to play a role in lung inflammation and allergic diseases. UGRP1 is a 17 kDa secreted homodimeric protein that shows amino acid sequence similarity with uteroglobin. UGRP1 is expressed predominantly in the lung and low levels of expression are detected in the thyroid. Expression of UGRP1 in lung epithelial cells is enhanced by IL-10 and decreased through the activities of IL-9 and IL-5. UGRP1 interacts with the macrophage scavenger receptor with collagenous structure which is expressed by alveolar macrophages in the lung. It have suggested that UGRP1 may be involved in inflammation and pathogen clearance in the lung by binding to its receptor.

MD2, a 160-residue accessory glycoprotein, is responsible for the recognition and binding of Gram-negative bacterial membrane component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Internalization of pathogen inside the mononuclear phagocytes has also been attributed to MD2 which leads to the clearance of pathogens from the host. MD2/LY96 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.97 kDa and the accession number is B3Y6B0.

Secretory calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 that primarily targets extracellular phospholipids. Hydrolyzes the ester bond of the fatty acyl group attached at sn-2 position of phospholipids with preference for phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylglycerols over phosphatidylethanolamines. Preferentially releases sn-2 omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA) chains over saturated fatty acyls. Contributes to phospholipid remodeling of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Hydrolyzes LDL phospholipids releasing unsaturated fatty acids that regulate macrophage differentiation toward foam cells. Efficiently hydrolyzes and inactivates PAF, a potent lipid mediator present in oxidized LDL. May act in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Secreted by lung epithelium, targets membrane phospholipids of infiltrating eosinophils, releasing arachidonate and boosting eicosanoid and cysteinyl leukotriene synthesis involved in airway inflammatory response. Secreted by gut epithelium, hydrolyzes dietary and biliary phosphatidylcholines in the gastrointestinal lumen, thereby regulating adipogenesis and body weight. Plays a stem cell regulator role in colon epithelium. Within intracellular compartment, mediates Paneth-like cell differentiation and its stem cell supporting functions by inhibiting Wnt signaling pathway in intestinal stem cell (ISC). Secreted in the intestinal lumen upon inflammation, acts in an autocrine way and promotes prostaglandin E2 synthesis that stimulates the Wnt signaling pathway in ISCs and tissue regeneration. May participate in hair follicle morphogenesis by regulating phosphatidylethanolamines metabolism at the outermost epithelial layer and facilitating melanin synthesis. By generating lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) at sperm acrosome controls sperm cell capacitation, acrosome reaction and overall fertility. May promote neurite outgrowth in neuron fibers involved in nociception. Contributes to lipid remodeling of cellular membranes and generation of lipid mediators involved in pathogen clearance. Cleaves sn-2 fatty acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerols and phosphatidylethanolamines, which are major components of membrane phospholipids in bacteria. Displays bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria by directly hydrolyzing phospholipids of the bacterial membrane. In pulmonary epithelium, may contribute to host defense response against adenoviral infection. Prevents adenovirus entry into host cells by hydrolyzing host cell plasma membrane, releasing C16:0 LPCs that inhibit virus-mediated membrane fusion and viral infection. Likely prevents adenoviral entry into the endosomes of host cells. May play a role in maturation and activation of innate immune cells including macrophages, group 2 innate lymphoid cells and mast cells.

Non-enzymatic component of C3 and C5 convertases and thus essential for the propagation of the classical complement pathway. Covalently binds to immunoglobulins and immune complexes and enhances the solubilization of immune aggregates and the clearance of IC through CR1 on erythrocytes. Catalyzes the transacylation of the thioester carbonyl group to form ester bonds with carbohydrate antigens.

Important in the maintenance of hemostasis, it promotes adhesion of platelets to the sites of vascular injury by forming a molecular bridge between sub-endothelial collagen matrix and platelet-surface receptor complex GPIb-IX-V. Also acts as a chaperone for coagulation factor VIII, delivering it to the site of injury, stabilizing its heterodimeric structure and protecting it from premature clearance from plasma. Von Willebrand Factor/vWF Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.9 kDa and the accession number is Q8CIZ8.

MD2, a 160-residue accessory glycoprotein, is responsible for the recognition and binding of Gram-negative bacterial membrane component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS).Internalization of pathogen inside the mononuclear phagocytes has also been attributed to MD2 which leads to the clearance of pathogens from the host. MD2/LY96 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 18.07 kDa and the accession number is Q9Y6Y9-1.

Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough. An essential step in the disease process is the attachment of the bacteria to the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract, enabling the organism to resist normal host-clearance mechanisms. It is unclear which bacterial cell surface component are responsible for adherence but the fimbriae of B.pertussis are prime candidates for being involved in this process. Serotype 3 fimbrial subunit Protein, Bordetella pertussis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.2 kDa and the accession number is P17835.

HLA-B*15:01 is strongly associated with asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is likely to be involved in the mechanism underlying early viral clearance. T cells from pre-pandemic individuals carrying HLA-B*15:01 were reactive to the immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 S-derived peptide NQKLIANQF, and 100% of the reactive cells displayed memory phenotype.

Anterior gradient protein (AGR) 3 is a highly related homologue of pro-oncogenic AGR2 and belongs to the family of protein disulfide isomerases. AGR3 was found in breast, ovary, prostate, and liver cancer, it is associated with the level of differentiation, slowly proliferating tumors, and more favorable prognosis of breast cancer patients. AGR3 is a specialized member of the PDI family that plays an unexpected role in the regulation of CBF and mucociliary clearance in the airway. AGR3 had been characterised as a novel potential biomarker both for breast cancer prognosis and early breast cancer detection from blood.

Pentraxin-related protein PTX3, also known as Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 14 protein (TSG-14), belongs to the pentraxin family. PTX3 plays a role in the regulation of innate resistance to pathogens, inflammatory reactions, possibly clearance of self-components and female fertility. It’s subunit is a disulfide-linked homooctamer that binds to C1q. PTX3 concentration is elevated in the joint fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), indicating that PTX3 may be a potential mediator of immune response. PTX3 may also function in the regulation of the uptake and clearance of apoptotic cells by dendritic cells. An in vivo study showed that PTX3 transgenic mice are more resistant to sepsis and endotoxemia compared to wild-type during inflammatory injury.

Insulin-Degrading Enzyme (IDE) is a secreted enzyme that belongs to the peptidase M16 family. IDE is a large zinc-binding protease and cleaves multiple short polypeptides that vary considerably in sequence. IDE plays a role in the cellular breakdown of insulin, IAPP, glucagon, bradykinin, kallidin, and other peptides, and thereby plays a role in intercellular peptide signaling. IDE degrades amyloid formed by APP and IAPP. IDE may participate in the degradation and clearance of naturally secreted amyloid β-protein by neurons and microglia. IDE, which migrates at 110 kDa during gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, has since been shown to have additional substrates, including the signaling peptides glucagon, TGF α and β-endorphin.

Atherosclerosis, characterized by the formation of fat-laden plaques, is a chronic inflammatory disease. ABCA1 promotes cholesterol efflux, reduces cellular cholesterol accumulation, and regulates anti-inflammatory activities in an apoA-I- or ANXA1-dependent manner. The latter activity occurs by mediating the efflux of ANXA1, which plays a critical role in anti-inflammatory effects, cholesterol transport, exosome and microparticle secretion, and apoptotic cell clearance. ANXA1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 39.5 kDa and the accession number is P04083.

Atherosclerosis, characterized by the formation of fat-laden plaques, is a chronic inflammatory disease. ABCA1 promotes cholesterol efflux, reduces cellular cholesterol accumulation, and regulates anti-inflammatory activities in an apoA-I- or ANXA1-dependent manner. The latter activity occurs by mediating the efflux of ANXA1, which plays a critical role in anti-inflammatory effects, cholesterol transport, exosome and microparticle secretion, and apoptotic cell clearance. ANXA1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 39.69 kDa and the accession number is A0A2K5W030.

Probable role in the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein from blood. Binds chylomicrons, LDL and VLDL in presence of free fatty acids and allows their subsequent uptake in the cells.

Cellular myosin that appears to play a role in cytokinesis, cell shape, and specialized functions such as secretion and capping. Required for cortical actin clearance prior to oocyte exocytosis. Promotes cell motility in conjunction with S100A4. During cell spreading, plays an important role in cytoskeleton reorganization, focal contact formation (in the margins but not the central part of spreading cells), and lamellipodial retraction; this function is mechanically antagonized by MYH10. Myosin-9/MYH9 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 54.2 kDa and the accession number is P35579.

Protein cytoskeleton-associated which plays a role in gliding motility and perhaps also in mucociliary clearance.

Cell surface-associated calcium-binding protein which plays an important role in adhesion and pathogenesis. Contributes to the resistance to killing by innate immune components in blood and thus attenuates bacterial clearance by interacting with host complement factor H/CFAH and modulating its activity. Inhibits also bacterial opsonization and killing by interacting with host complement regulator C4BPA and thus inhibiting classical complement pathway activation. SdrE Protein, S. aureus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 64.5 kDa and the accession number is Q932F7.

HLA-B*15:01 is strongly associated with asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is likely to be involved in the mechanism underlying early viral clearance. T cells from pre-pandemic individuals carrying HLA-B*15:01 were reactive to the immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 S-derived peptide NQKLIANQF, and 100% of the reactive cells displayed memory phenotype.

alpha-2-macroglobulin, also known as α2-macroglobulin (α2M and A2M), is an abundant protein of the plasma of vertebrates and members of several invertebrate phyla and functions as a broad-spectrum protease-binding protein. alpha-2-macroglobulin is produced by the liver, and is a major component of the alpha-2 band in protein electrophoresis. alpha-2-macroglobulin is a large plasma glycoprotein that has long been known as an irreversible inhibitor of a variety of proteinases. More recently, it has been reported that numerous growth factors, cytokines and hormones bind to alpha 2M through diverse mechanisms. A2M is also produced in the brain where it binds multiple extracellular ligands and is internalized by neurons and astrocytes. In the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, A2M has been localized to diffuse amyloid plaques. A2M also binds soluble beta-amyloid, of which it mediates degradation. Protease-conjugated alpha2-macroglobulin is selectively bound by cells contacting the body fluids and alpha2-macroglobulin and its protease cargo are then internalized and degraded in secondary lysosomes of those cells. In addition to this function as an agent for protease clearance, alpha2-macroglobulin binds a variety of other ligands, including several peptide growth factors and modulates the activity of a lectin-dependent cytolytic pathway in arthropods.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-3 (NPR3), also known as NPRC or ANPR-C, is one of the three natriuretic peptide receptors, is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein. The natriuretic system is key to the maintenance of vascular tone and cardiovascular homeostasis. Receptor for the natriuretic peptide hormones, binding with similar affinities atrial natriuretic peptide NPPA/ANP, brain natriuretic peptide NPPB/BNP, and C-type natriuretic peptide NPPC/CNP. May function as a clearance receptor for NPPA, NPPB and NPPC, regulating their local concentrations and effects. Osteocrin was found to be a specific ligand to NPR3. NPR3 is necessary for Osteocrin to regulate femoral, tibial, and metatarsal bone elongation.

Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors (m-csf) are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and themonocytes-macrophages. CSF-1 promotes the release of proinflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. It also plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development. CSF-1 is required for normal male and female fertility and promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. it also plays a role in lipoprotein clearance.

ILDR2 is a member of the B7-like family of proteins that regulate T cell activity, is also a known endoplasmic reticulum molecule that regulates lipid homeostasis. The human ILDR2 lumenal domain shares a 99% and 98% homology with the mouse and rat respectively. The human gene encoding ILDR2 is located in a region on Chr1q23–25 that has been associated with type 2 diabetes. ILDR2 plays critical roles in hepatic clearance of lipoproteins and in lipid homeostasis. ILDR2 regulates human dendritic cells (DC2 cells, a subpopulation of polarized DCs that promotes Th2 differentiation). Recent publications reported that ILDR2 displayed negative regulatory functions on human and mouse T cells in various experimental systems. Fusion protein of ILDR2 lumenal domain with an Fc fragment, displays therapeutic effects in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ILDR2 represents a novel B7-like ligand that exerts negative immune modulation via interaction with a putative counterpart receptor expressed on activated T cells.

Tyrosine-protein kinase Mer (MERTK) is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the MER/AXL/TYRO3 receptor kinase family. MERTK include two fibronectin type-III domains, two Ig-like C2-type domains, and one tyrosine kinase domain. It can’t be expressed in normal B- and T-lymphocytes, but it is usually expressed in numerous neoplastic B- and T-cell lines. MERTK could regulate many physiological processes, such as cell survival, migration, differentiation. It was demonstrated that the MERTK plays critical role in the engulfment and efficient clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Not only these, it also plays an important role in inhibition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated innate immune response by activating STAT1, which selectively induces production of suppressors of cytokine signaling SOCS1 and SOCS3. In addition, MERTK could regulate rod outer segments fragments phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)， deficiency in MERTK are the cause of retinitis pigmentosa.

Anterior gradient protein 3 (AGR3) is an 18 kDa member of the AGR family of proteins. It is expressed in the ciliated cells of the airway epithelium, not detected in the mucous cells. Mature human AGR3 shares 92% amino acid sequence identity with mouse AGR3. It is required for calcium-mediated regulation of ciliary beat frequency and mucociliary clearance in the airway. AGR3 might be involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium in tracheal epithelial cells.

Pentraxin-related protein PTX3, also known as Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 5, Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 14 protein, TSG-14, PTX3 and TNFAIP5, is a secreted protein that contains one pentaxin domain. PTX3 plays a role in the regulation of innate resistance to pathogens, inflammatory reactions, possibly clearance of self-components and female fertility. Pentraxins are a family of evolutionarily conserved multifunctional pattern-recognition proteins characterized by a cyclic multimeric structure. Based on the primary structure of the subunit, the pentraxins are divided into two groups: short pentraxins and long pentraxins. C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P-component (SAP) are the two short pentraxins. The prototype protein of the long pentraxin group is pentraxin 3 (PTX3). CRP and SAP are produced primarily in the liver in response to IL-6, while PTX3 is produced by a variety of tissues and cells and in particular by innate immunity cells in response to proinflammatory signals and Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement. PTX3 is essential in female fertility by acting as a nodal point for the assembly of the cumulus oophorus hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix. PTX3 interacts with several ligands, including growth factors, extracellular matrix components and selected pathogens, playing a role in complement activation and facilitating pathogen recognition by phagocytes, acting as a predecessor of antibodies. PTX3 may also contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Rat Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1(MCSF,CSF1) is a single-pass type I membrane cytokine. It is a hematopoietic growth factor that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. MCSF promotes the release of proinflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. It is involved in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development which for normal male and female fertility. It promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. MCSF also plays a role in lipoprotein clearance.

Atherosclerosis, characterized by the formation of fat-laden plaques, is a chronic inflammatory disease. ABCA1 promotes cholesterol efflux, reduces cellular cholesterol accumulation, and regulates anti-inflammatory activities in an apoA-I- or ANXA1-dependent manner. The latter activity occurs by mediating the efflux of ANXA1, which plays a critical role in anti-inflammatory effects, cholesterol transport, exosome and microparticle secretion, and apoptotic cell clearance. ANXA1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 39.6 kDa and the accession number is P10107.