flow

Vadimezan (DMXAA) is a vascular disrupting agent, a murine STING agonist, and an inducer of cytokines such as type I IFN. Vadimezan has antitumor activity and induces a rapid cessation of blood flow in tumors without affecting blood flow in normal tissues.

Rhodamine B (Brilliant Pink B) is used as a tracer dye in water to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport.

Vardenafil (Vivanza) is an oral therapy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. It is a selective inhibitor of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). Penile erection is a hemodynamic process initiated by the relaxation of smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum and its associated arterioles. During sexual stimulation, nitric oxide is released from nerve endings and endothelial cells in the corpus cavernosum. Nitric oxide activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase resulting in increased synthesis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the smooth muscle cells of the corpus cavernosum. The cGMP in turn triggers smooth muscle relaxation, allowing increased blood flow into the penis, resulting in erection. The tissue concentration of cGMP is regulated by both the rates of synthesis and degradation via phosphodiesterases (PDEs). The most abundant PDE in the human corpus cavernosum is the cGMPspecific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5); therefore, the inhibition of PDE5 enhances erectile function by increasing the amount of cGMP.

Safflower yellow (Saffron powder) is extracted from the flowers of the plant safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). As traditional Chinese medicine, safflower has been extensively used for the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.

Xanthine amine congener trihydrochloride is a potent adenosine antagonist that reverses the reduction in urine flow, sodium excretion and heart rate produced by the adenosine agonist, N6-cyclohexyladenosine.

GLF16 HCl is a fluorophore-coupled Sudan Black B analog that allows rapid detection, isolation and real-time tracking of senescent cells by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

PFB-FDGlu is a lysosomal Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) substrate with cell-permeable specificity that is cleaved to produce fluorescein.PFB-FDGlu is often used in conjunction with a flow cytometer to measure GCase activity in living cells on an individual cell basis.

Safflower yellow is extracted from the flowers of the plant safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) and as the traditional Chinese medicine it has been extensively used for the treatment of cardio cerebrovascular diseases.

Pentoxifylline (PTX) modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It also inhibits platelet aggregation and improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility.

Prostaglandin E1 (Alprostadil) is the naturally occurring prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) which displays a variety of pharmacologic actions. Prostaglandin E1 is a potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow, inhibits platelet aggregation, and induces bronchodilation. Used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, this agent produces corporal smooth muscle relaxation by binding to PGE receptors, resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and the subsequent accumulation of 3'5'-cAMP.

N-methyltaxol C and paclitaxel can produce a positive inotropic effect in papillary muscle, without alterations in the action potential. They can induced conduction arrhythmias and reduce coronary flow and left ventricular systolic pressure in the isolate

FITC-labeled ODN 2395 (sodium), a class C oligodeoxynucleotide and TLR9 agonist, facilitates the assessment of CpG ODN cellular uptake and localization through confocal laser-scanning microscopy (excitation 495 nm, emission 520 nm) or flow cytometry.

Spexin-2 (53-70), human, mouse, rat (NPQ 53-70), is a biologically active, non-amidated peptide derived from the prohormone proNPQ, conserved across mammalian species. It acts as a central modulator of cardiovascular and renal function, with observed effects in rats including a decrease in heart rate and an increase in urine flow rate.

Antimycin A4 is an active component of the antimycin A antibiotic complex that is more polar than antimycin A1 , antimycin A2 , and antimycin A3 . Antimycin A4 inhibits ATP-citrate lyase with a Ki value of 64.8 μM. The antimycin A complex is a mixture of antimycins A1, A2, A3, and A4 that demonstrates antifungal, insecticidal, nematocidal, and piscicidal properties. It blocks mitochondrial respiration and can deplete cellular levels of ATP via inhibition of complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Antimycin A prevents the transfer of electrons between the b-cytochromes and ubiquinone at the Q(inner) site of complex III. This results in the stabilization of the ubisemiquinone radical at the Q(outer) site of complex III, leading to increased production of superoxide. Antimycin A is widely used in research to shunt electron flow through the ETC to study the chemical details of oxygen respiration. Additionally, antimycin A has been shown to inhibit Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins, inducing apoptosis.

D-Epinephrine can be used as a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication. Epinephrine can be normally obtained from the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It involves in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the hear

Potent equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) inhibitor (IC50 = 0.43 nM). Inhibits hENT1 and hENT2 uptake of [H3]uridine in K562 cells and K15NTD cells respectively. Lin et al (2011) Design, synthesis, and evaluation of 2-diethanolamino-4,8-diheptamethyleneimino-2-(N-aminoethyl-N-ethanolamino)-6-(N,N-diethanolamino)pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-fluorescein conjugate (8MDP-fluor), as a novel equilibrativ Bioconjug.Chem. 22 1221 PMID:21539390 |Lin et al (2007) Synthesis, flow cytometric evaluation, and identification of highly potent dipyrid. analogues as equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 inhibitors. J.Med.Chem. 50 3906 PMID:17636949

Bicisate is usually complex with technetium Tc99m for its usage as a tracer to measure cerebral blood flow with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Fluorescein tyramide is a widely utilized green fluorescent reagent (λ abs : 494 nm; λ em : 517 nm), primarily employed for tyramide signal amplification (TSA) in low-abundance IHC, ICC, in situ hybridization (FISH), and flow cytometry (FCM) applications.

Auriculin A, a synthetic atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), exhibits hemodynamic properties by antagonizing renal vasoconstriction in dogs and affects arterial baroreflex regulation of heart rate, systemic blood pressure, and constant flow-perfused hind limb perfusion pressure in rabbits [1] [2].

Actinopyrone A is a pyrone isolated from S. pactum with diverse biological activities. It has selective and potent antimicrobial activity against H. pylori (MIC = 0.1 ng/mL) with no activity against other Gram-negative bacteria including E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and B. fragilis. Actinopyrone A also mildly inhibits growth of Gram-positive bacteria and dermatophytes with MIC values ranging from <6.25 to 25 μg/mL. Intravenous administration of actinopyrone A (30 μg/kg) increases coronary blood flow in dogs by 196.2%.

Tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer, a pharmacological CO donor, prevents ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced oxidative damage to the gastric mucosa by enhancing gastric blood flow (GBF) and reducing DNA oxidation and systemic inflammatory response.

Fluorescein-6-carbonyl-Asp(OMe)-Glu(OMe)-Val-DL-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone is a cell-permeable, non-toxic inhibitor that irreversibly binds to activated caspase-3 in apoptotic cells, with its fluorescence intensity measurable via flow cytometry, microwell plate reader, or fluorescence microscopy [1].

Limaprost (17α,20-dimethyl-δ2-PGE1) is an analog of PGE1 with structural modifications intended to give it a prolonged half-life and greater potency.It is a potent and orally active vasodilator. Limaprost increases blood flow and inhibits platelet aggregation. Limaprost (17α,20-dimethyl-δ2-PGE1) can be used for pain relief, has antianginal effects, and has potential for ischaemic symptoms treatment.

BODIPY-aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal (BAAA-DA) is a stable precursor to BODIPY-aminoacetaldehyde, a cell-permeable fluorescent substrate for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH).1,2BODIPY-aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal is converted under acidic conditions to BODIPY-aminoacetaldehyde (BAAA).2BAAA is cell-permeant and is converted intracellularly by ALDH to BODIPY aminoacetate (BAA), which is retained by cells and can be used to identify cells with high ALDH activity.1BAA is a substrate for the efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) but co-application of BAAA with a P-gp inhibitor, such as verapamil , inhibits BAA efflux.2BAAA-DA has been used to isolate human hematopoietic progenitor cells, which have high ALDH activity, andviaflow cytometry to sort cancer stem cells that contain high levels of ALDH.1,3BAA used in cells can be excited at 488 nm and displays an emission maximum of 512 nm.4 1.Storms, R.W., Trujillo, A.P., Springer, J.B., et al.Isolation of primitive human hematopoietic progenitors on the basis of aldehyde dehydrogenase activityProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America96(16)9118-9123(1999) 2.Smith, C.A., Colvin, M., Storms, R.W., et al.BODIPY aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal08010501.81-15(2010) 3.Leng, Z., Yang, Z., Li, L., et al.A reliable method for the sorting and identification of ALDHhigh cancer stem cells by flow cytometryExp. Ther. Med.(2017) 4.Pomper, M.G., Wang, H., Minn, I., et al.Red fluorescent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) substrate(2015)

(R)-IDHP, an isomer of IDHP and a metabolite of salvia, exhibits vasorelaxant properties by inhibiting calcium (Ca 2+) release and inward flow through both voltage-dependent and receptor-operated calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. It is utilized in cardiovascular disease research [1].

AK-135 is a derivative of 1,4-naphthoquinone (Menadione). AK-135 has been shown to restore the electron flow in defective respiratory chain (hypoxia or rotenone) systems more effectively than Menadione.

PD-1/PD-L1 interaction inhibitor. Binds to PD-L1 (Kd = 0.51 μM). Inhibits interaction at 1 mg/mL in flow cytometry. Inhibits tumor growth and prolongs survival time of mice in vivo.

Secoxyloganin possesses a hepato-protective effect. Secoxyloganin possesses antibacterial activity. Secoxyloganin has cytotoxic activity against UACC-62 cell line.Secoxyloganin possesses the perfect protective effect on PRRSV infected cell and with the minimum protection concentration of 6. 25 μg/mL.

Imperatoxin A, a peptide toxin sourced from the African scorpion Pandinus imperator, functions as an activator of Ca2+-release channels/ryanodine receptors (RyRs), facilitating increased Ca2+ flow from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cell [1].

FITC-labeled ODN 1585 (sodium) effectively induces IFN and TNFα production and serves to assess CpG ODN cellular uptake and localization through confocal laser-scanning microscopy (excitation 495 nm, emission 520 nm) or flow cytometry.

FITC-labeled ODN TTAGGG (sodium) is an inhibitory oligonucleotide that functions as an antagonist of TLR9, AIM2, and cGAS. This compound facilitates the assessment of CpG ODN cellular uptake and localization via confocal laser-scanning microscopy (excitation at 495 nm, emission at 520 nm) or flow cytometry.

CELT-327 is a potent, selective fluorescent hA2B/A3 adenosine receptor antagonist, exhibiting K_i values of 35.6 nM at A2B and 45.7 nM at A3 receptors. It efficiently labels HCT116 cells expressing A2B adenosine receptors in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating rapid, uniform spread and integration of fluorescence within cell monolayers. In live HCT116 spheroids, it achieves consistent staining throughout, penetrating even the deepest layers. As a fluorescent adenosine receptor probe, CELT-327 is ideal for applications in fluorescence binding assays, live cell imaging, flow cytometry, and fluorescence polarization assays, serving as an effective alternative to GPCR radiolabeling ligands. Its excitation and emission peaks are at 589 nm and 616 nm, respectively, making it suitable for TR-FRET assays as an acceptor dye, particularly in combination with the CoraFlor1 TR-FRET donor.

CDy9 is a highly selective fluorescent probe for the detection and isolation of mESC using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. CDy9 allows the detection and isolation of intact stem cells with marginal impact on their function and capabilities. CD

AZD1283 is an effective P2Y12 receptor antagonist (EC50: 3.0 ug/kg/min, binding IC50: 11 nM). AZD1283 dose-dependently induced increases in blood flow and inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation with antithrombotic ED50 values of 3.0 and 10 μg/kg/min, respectively. The doses induced the increase in bleeding time at 33 and 100 μg/kg/min for 3- and 13-fold, respectively. Thus, the therapeutic index (TI) was ≥10 for both compounds.

Bicisate dihydrochloride is usually complex with technetium Tc99m to measure cerebral blood flow with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Dopexamine hydrochloride (FPL60278AR) is a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist. Dopexamine can attenuate the inflammatory response and protect against organ injury in the absence of significant effects on hemodynamics or regional microvascular flow.

Hemicellulase, a member of the glycoside hydrolase enzyme family, plays a pivotal role in the degradation of plant biomass and carbon flow in nature. It facilitates the breakdown of glucose and polymer bonds within plant fibers to water molecules, making it an essential tool in biochemical research [1].

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) (6-27) is a PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 1,500, 600, and 300 nM, respectively, for rat PAC1, rat VPAC1, and human VPAC2 recombinant receptors expressed in CHO cells. It binds to PACAP receptors on SH-SY5Y and SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma and T47D human breast cancer cells (IC50s = 24.5, 106, and 105 nM, respectively) and inhibits cAMP accumulation induced by PACAP (1-38) (Kis = 457, 102, and 283 nM, respectively, in SH-SY5Y, SK-N-MC, and T47D cells). In vivo, in newborn pigs, PACAP (6-27) (10 μM) inhibits vasodilation of pial arterioles induced by PACAP (1-27) and PACAP (1-38) . It also inhibits PACAP (1-27)-stimulated increases in plasma insulin and glucagon levels and pancreatic venous blood flow in dogs when administered locally to the pancreas at a dose of 500 μg.

Carbazochrome (Adchnon) is an antihemorrhagic, or hemostatic, agent that will cease blood flow by causing the aggregation and adhesion of platelets in the blood to form a platelet plug, ceasing blood flow from an open wound. It is hoped that this drug can be used in the future for preventing excessive blood flow during surgical operations and the treatment of hemorrhoids, but research on its effectiveness and the severity of possible side effects remains to be fairly inconclusive. Carbazochrome has been investigated for use in the treatment of hemorrhoids in a mixture with troxerutin.

AY 31906 is a high ceiling diuretic with a relative potassium-sparing effect. AY 31906 has been shown to produce significant increases in the fractional excretion of sodium and chloride in dogs at a dose that produces no statistically significant changes

Arnolol is a beta blocker. Beta blockers block the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. This causes the heart to beat more slowly and with less force, thereby reducing blood pressure. Beta blockers also help blood vessels open up to improve blood flow.

DNP-INT is a quinone analog that inhibits electron transport in plants by competitively inhibiting plastoquinol oxidation by binding at the Qo site of cytochrome b6f (Kd = 1.4 nM). It inhibits electron flow from water to NADP or methylviologen by 50 and 100% when used at concentrations of 0.5 or 5 μM, respectively.

Methazolamide-d6 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of methazolamide by GC- or LC-MS. Methazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It reduces intraocular pressure and cerebrospinal fluid flow in a rat model of glaucoma. Methazolamide reduces electroshock-induced seizures in rats with an ED50 value of 19.2 mg/kg. It also inhibits production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a primary cortical neuron (PCN) cellular model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and reduces cerebral edema in a mouse model of SAH.3 Methazolamide is larvicidal, with a 50% larvicidal concentration (LC50) value of 724 ppm, but has no activity when administered in the diet to adult A. aegypti. Formulations containing methazolamide have been used in the treatment of glaucoma.

MeAIB is an N-acetyltransferase inhibitor that inhibits SNAT2-related signaling pathways. MeAIB is a specific substrate for amino acid transport system a (ATA1). Amino acid transport system a (ATA1) regulates the uptake of short chain neutral amino acids by Na+ flow.

Pinoresinol ((+)-Pinoresinol) has antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, and fungicidal activities, it can protect pial microcirculation from I-reperfusion injury, to increase nitric oxide release and to reduce oxidative stress preserving pial blood flow distribution; it may exert pharmacologically interesting effects via modulation of the insulin-like signalling pathway in C.elegans. Pinoresinol causes an upregulation of the CDK inhibitor p21(WAF1/Cip1) both at mRNA and protein levels, inhibits NF-kappaB and activating protein 1 (AP-1).

Amlodipine maleate (Amvaz) is an orally active dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that inhibits calcium inward flow by blocking voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels.Amlodipine maleate is used in the study of hypertension and cancer.

Maurotoxin, a 34-residue peptide featuring four disulfide bridges, is extracted from the chactoid scorpion (Scorpio maurus) and known to impede Shaker potassium channels (ShB) K+ flow, exhibiting an IC50 of 2 nM [1] [2].

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) (54-72), a peptide comprising amino acids 54-72 from the mature IL-8 sequence and 81-99 from the pre-processed form, inhibits the flow-based adhesion of primary human neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Metoprolol is a selective β1 receptor blocker medication. It is used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain due to poor blood flow to the heart, and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. It is also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in those with migraines.

Mepivacaine (Carbocaine) is an amide compound for local anaesthesia that causes transient loss of self-consciousness in humans or animals. mepivacaine acts by binding to specific voltage-gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, inhibiting sodium inward flow and membrane depolarisation. mepivacaine is indicated for nerve blocks and epidurals.