Avibactam sodium (NXL-104) is a reversible β-lactamase inhibitor (IC50: 8/80/38 nM, for TEM-1/P99/KPC-2 β-lactamases).

Sodium Houttuyfonate (Houttuynin sodium bisulfite), the active compound of the Houttuynia plant, is mainly used for treating purulent skin infections, respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia in elderly patients, and chronic bronchitis.

Kanamycin sulfate (Kanamycin monosulfate) is an aminoglycoside bacteriocidal antibiotic.

Oseltamivir (GS 4104) is an orally active and highly potent viral neuraminidase (NA) with antiviral activity, inhibits A/H3N2, A/H1N2, A/H1N1 and influenza B viruses, and can be used in studies of influenza and pneumonia.

Trimethoprim (NSC-106568) is a Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor Antibacterial. The mechanism of action of trimethoprim is as a Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitor, and Cytochrome P450 2C8 Inhibitor, and Organic Cation Transporter 2 Inhibitor.

Pentamidine dihydrochloride (MP-601205 dihydrochloride) is an aromatic diamidine agent with activity against a number of microorganisms including protozoa (Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania spp., and Babesia spp.) and fungi (Pneumocystis jirovecii). Pentamidine dihydrochloride is a potent and selective protein tyrosine phosphatases and phosphatase of regenerating liver inhibitor. Pentamidine dihydrochloride inhibits parasite Leishmania infantum with an IC50 of 2.5 μM.

Vaborbactam (RPX7009) is a β-lactamase inhibitor that is often used in conjunction with meropenem to study pneumonia and CRE infections.

KT203 is a selective and potent structural domain 6 (ABHD6) inhibitor of alpha/beta hydrolytic enzymes with potential antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity for the study of pneumonia.

Lanopepden (GSK 1322322) is a potent peptide deformylase inhibitor of Staphylococcus aureus, inhibiting ATCC 29213 and ATCC 25923 strains, and can be used in the study of pneumonia, dermatological and infectious diseases.

Chlamydia pneumoniae-IN-1 is a benzimidazole analog that inhibits Chlamydia pneumoniae at low concentrations.Chlamydia pneumoniae-IN-1 exhibits antimicrobial activity with a MIC of 12.6 μM against CV-6 strains, and can be used for the study of pulmonary infections.Chlamydia pneumoniae-IN-1 is a benzimidazole analog that inhibits Chlamydia pneumoniae at low concentrations.Chlamydia pneumoniae-IN-1 has been used in the study of pulmonary infections.

Omadacycline (Amadacycline), a new tetracycline antibiotic, can inhibit the 30s subunit of bacterial ribosome.

Bofutrelvir (FB2001) is a SARS-CoV-2 3CL protease inhibitor with antiviral activity for the study of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) infections.

1-Palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid (1-Palmitoyl LPA) is a LPA analog containing palmitic acid at the sn-1 position. LPA binds to one of five different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to mediate a variety of biological responses including cell proliferation, smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, neurite retraction, and cell motility. In addition to playing a role in the aforementioned biological responses, 1-palmitoyl LPA enhances the action of β-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, piperacillin, and ceftazidime) on various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen associated with pulmonary disease and pneumonia, via binding both Ca2+ and Mg2+.

meplazumab is a humanized anti-CD147 antibody, as add-on therapy in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Ceftaroline fosamil hydrate acetate is a powerful cephalosporin antibiotic that exhibits broad-spectrum efficacy against both Gram-positive pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and common Gram-negative bacteria. It possesses anti-infective properties suitable for studying complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) [1] [2] [3].

Poly(I:C):Kanamycin (1:1) sodium is a symmetric complex combining Poly(I:C) sodium, a synthetic double-stranded RNA analog acting as a TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 agonist, with Kanamycin, an antibacterial agent effective against both Gram-negative and positive bacteria by inhibiting translocation and causing miscoding on the 70S ribosomal subunit. Poly(I:C) sodium serves as a potent vaccine adjuvant, bolstering innate and adaptive immunity and prompting apoptosis in cancer cells [1] [2]. Meanwhile, Kanamycin exhibits significant efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including drug-resistant strains, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, offering valuable insights for tuberculosis and pneumonia research [3] [4] [5] [6].

Decarboxy Moxifloxacin is a decarboxylated compound of moxifloxacin. Moxifloxacin is an oral active 8-methoxyquinolone antibiotic used in acute bacterial sinusitis, chronic bronchitis, acute bacterial deterioration, and community-acquired pneumonia.

Tebipenem Pivoxil (Orapenem) , an orally activity carbapenem antibiotic, is utilized in treating otolaryngologic and respiratory infections.

Zifanocycline (KBP-7072) TFA is a semi-synthetic aminomethylcycline antibiotic with oral bioavailability, targeting bacterial ribosomes to impede their function. Displaying a broad spectrum of in vitro antimicrobial efficacy, it combats both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, inclusive of numerous multidrug-resistant strains. Its clinical investigations focus on efficacies in treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, and complicated intra-abdominal infections [1] [2].

Cefaloridine is a first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C. It is unique among cephalosporins in that it exists as a zwitterion. Cephaloridine was very effective to cure pneumococcal pneumonia. It has a high clinical and bacteriologica

Grepafloxacin (OPC-17116) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is administered orally. It possesses strong efficacy against community-acquired respiratory pathogens, notably Streptococcus pneumonia. Grepafloxacin exhibits excellent tissue penetration and demonstrates a promising pharmacodynamic profile.

Garenoxacin (BMS284756) is a novel oral des-fluoro(6) quinolone for the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Otilimab (GSK 3196165) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against granulocyt-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Otilimab has anti-inflammatory activity, regulates the biological function of GM-CSF by blocking the interaction between GM-CSF and its cell surface receptors, and can be used in studies to treat severe COVID-19 pneumonia.

AMY-101 is a peptidic inhibitor of the central complement component C3 (KD: 0.5 nM). AMY-101 shows a favorable anti-inflammatory activity in models with COVID-19 severe pneumonia with systemic hyper inflammation.

NSC 55655 (5-[(2-Nitrophenyl)methylene]-2,4-thiazolidinedione) possesses antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and inhibits the proliferation of B. subtilis, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, E. coli, S. typhi , A. niger and C. albicans. A. niger and C. albicans, and can be used in diabetes mellitus.

Telithromycin (HMR3647) is a ketolide antibiotic to treat community acquired pneumonia of mild to moderate severity. Antibacterial Telithromycin prevents bacteria from growing, by interfering with their protein synthesis. Telithromycin binds to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, and blocks the progression of the growing polypeptide chain. Telithromycin has over 10 times higher affinity to the subunit 50S than erythromycin. In addition, telithromycin strongly bind simultaneously to two domains of 23S RNA of the 50 S ribosomal subunit, where older macrolides bind strongly only to one domain and weakly to the second domain. Telithromycin can also inhibit the formation of ribosomal subunits 50S and 30S.

TP-271, a tetracyclines antibiotic, is used potentially for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP).

AMY-101 TFA (Cp40 TFA) is a peptidic inhibitor of the central complement component C3 (KD: 0.5 nM). AMY-101 TFA shows a favorable anti-inflammatory activity in models with COVID-19 severe pneumonia with systemic hyper inflammation.

1-Hydroxyanthraquinone is an anthraquinone that has been found in Morinda officinalis and has genotoxic and carcinogenic activities. 1-Hydroxyanthraquinone generates strong DNA repair response.

Dehydroandrographolide succinate (potassium sodium salt), derived from the herbal medicine Andrographis paniculata (Burm f) Nees, is a versatile compound highly utilized for the treatment of viral pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections due to its potent immunostimulatory, anti-infective, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Acorafloxacin is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug being developed for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired pneumonia.

Nemonoxacin (TG-873870) is an orally available non-fluorinated quinolone antibiotic with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci, as well as against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae.Nemonoxacin is used in the study of bacterial infections and community-acquired pneumonia.

Cephalexin (Cefalexin) hydrochloride monohydrate is a potent, orally active, semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with a broad antibacterial spectrum against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It operates by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. This compound is utilized in the research of various bacterial infections, including pneumonia, strep throat, and bacterial endocarditis [1] [2].

Tosatoxumab (AR-301; KBSA301), a human immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody, specifically targets and neutralizes S. aureus alpha-toxin (alpha-hemolysin; Hla) by binding to its N-terminal epitope. This interaction blocks the toxin's ability to form functional pore oligomers, crucial for its pathogenic activity. As a result, Tosatoxumab offers promising potential as an adjunctive passive immunotherapy alongside conventional antibiotics for S. aureus pneumonia [1] [2].

Avarofloxacin (JNJ-Q2) is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug being developed for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and community-acquired pneumonia and skin structure infections.

Procaine penicillin G (Duphapen) (procaine benzylpenicillin) is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically, it is used for syphilis, anthrax, mouth infections, pneumonia, diphtheria, cellulitis, and animal bites.

Tulathromycin A (CP 472295) is a macrolide antibiotic.

Garenoxacin mesylate hydrate (Garenoxacin mesylate [USAN]) with potent antimicrobial activity, against common respiratory pathogens, including resistant strains.

Lysionotin (Nevadensin) has expectorant, eliminating phlegm, softening effects.

Faropenem-d7 Sodium Salt is a deuterated compound of Faropenem Sodium Salt. Faropenem Sodium Salt has a CAS number of 122547-49-3. Faropenem sodium is an orally bioavailable penem antibiotic which can efficiently kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis.It treatment of tuberculosis and community-acquired pneumonia.

Bexotegrast (PLN-74809) is an orally active and potent inhibitor of αvβ6 and αvβ1 integrins with antifibrotic effects, inhibits αvβ6 and αvβ1-induced activation of TGF-β, and can be used for the study of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).

l-Primaquine is used to treat and prevent malaria and to treat Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Hirsutide is a cyclotetrapeptide fungal metabolite produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Hirsutella. It has antibacterial activity against C. pyogenes, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and K. pneumonia (MICs = 25, 13, 6, and 21 μg/cm3, respectively). Hirsutide also has antifungal activity against C. albicans, M. audouinii, A. niger, and Ganoderma (MICs = 13, 6, 25, and 6 μg/cm3, respectively).

FIZZ-1 (32-51) (mouse), a cysteine-rich secretory protein, is predominantly expressed in macrophages, bronchial epithelial, and type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) during allergic airway inflammation. Additionally, it exhibits an anti-apoptotic effect on lung fibroblasts, indicating its potential utility in researching allergic pneumonia [1] [2].

Zifanocycline (KBP-7072), a third-generation semisynthetic aminomethylcycline antibiotic, inhibits bacterial ribosome function, displaying broad-spectrum antibacterial activity in vitro against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, notably multidrug-resistant strains. It is formulated for oral and injectable use, targeting research on acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, and complicated intra-abdominal infections [1] [2].

COVID-19 Spike Protein mRNA-LNP is a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulated with the novel coronavirus pneumonia spike protein, positioned on the membrane surface, designed for applications such as RNA delivery, translation efficiency, and cell viability assessment. This spike protein facilitates the COVID-19 virus's entry into host cells by binding to cell membrane receptors and enabling membrane fusion, making it a critical focal point for host neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development [1].

Antibacterial agent 111 (Compound 3) exhibits potent antibacterial activity against B. cereus and K. pneumonia, with MIC values of 3.90 μg/mL and 0.49 μg/mL, respectively. It achieves this antibacterial effect by strongly binding to specific residues of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase [1].

Suvratoxumab (MEDI4893) is a high-affinity, long-acting humanized IgG1κ anti-α-toxin monoclonal antibody. It effectively neutralizes α-toxin, a principal virulence factor of S. aureus, enhancing survival and diminishing lung injury in an immunocompromised mouse model of pneumonia. Additionally, Suvratoxumab augments the antibacterial efficacy of Vancomycin and Linezolid [1] [2] [3].

Pentamidine isethionate (Pentamidine diisethionate) is a synthetic amidine derivative, Pentamidine Isethionate is an antiprotozoal and antifungal agent.

Tiamulin (Thiamutilin) is a semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic