xanthine

Xanthine (Isoxanthine) is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the Xanthine oxidase enzyme. Xanthine is found in most body tissues and fluids in various organisms. Biologically Xanthine is produced from guanine by cypin (guanine deaminase). Furthermore, Xanthines act as antagonists for adenosine receptors, with selectivity depending on whether there are substitution of alkyl groups.

Xanthosine (9-Beta-D-Ribofuranosylxanthine) is a xanthine nucleoside that increases the number of mammary stem cells and milk production in goats and cattle.

Xanthine oxidase-IN-8 (Icarisids J) (Compound 7) acts as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 29.71 μM [1].

Xanthine Oxidase-IN-9 (also known as Icarisids E or Compound 2) effectively inhibits xanthine oxidase (XOD) with an IC50 value of 31.81 μM [1].

8-methyl-xanthine is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences and the catalog number is T131587.

Hypoxanthine (Purin-6-ol), also known as purine-6-ol or Hyp. Hypoxanthine is a naturally occurring purine derivative and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the nucleotide salvage pathway. Under normal circumstances hypoxanthine is readily converted to uric acid.hypoxanthine is first oxidized to xanthine, which is further oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase.

3-Methylxanthine, a xanthine derivative, is a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) inhibitor with an IC50 of 920 μM on guinea-pig isolated trachealis muscle. It inhibits xanthine crystallization and could protect patients with xanthinuria from developing renal xanthine calculi.

Nicotinamide N-oxide (Nicotinamide 1-oxide) is recognized as an in vivo metabolite of nicotinamide which is a precurser of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in animals. The enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of nicotinamide N-oxide to nicotinamide in the liver is xanthine oxidase.

Uric Acid (Lithic acid) is an oxidation product of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.

Theophylline (1,3-Dimethylxanthine) is a methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac, and central nervous system stimulant activities. It inhibits the 3', 5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that degrades cyclic AMP, thus potentiating the actions of agents that act through adenylyl cyclases and cyclic AMP.

Diphylline (Diprophylline) is a xanthine derivative. Diphylline exerts bronchodilator effects and to a lesser extent vasodilator and diuretic properties. Diphylline probably acts as a competitive inhibitor of phosphodiesterase which leads to an increase in intracellular cAMP. This results in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and other smooth muscles. Diphylline may also antagonize adenosinereceptors. Diphylline is used in the treatment of acute bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Theobromine (3,7-Dimethylxanthine), a xanthine alkaloid, is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator.

Pentoxifylline (PTX) modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It also inhibits platelet aggregation and improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility.

4-Hydroxyacetophenone (4-Acetylphenol) is a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Baicalein (5,6,7-Trihydroxyflavone) is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate (myo-Inositol, hexakis(dihydrogen phosphate) dodecasodium salt hydrate) is a phosphorus storage compound of seeds and cereal grains. Phytic acid dodecasodium salt hydrate inhibits the enzymatic superoxide source xanthine oxidase with an IC50 of 6 mM and has antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Phytic acid (Fytic Acid) is a complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.

Acefylline (Theophylline-7-acetic acid), a stimulant drug of the xanthine chemical class, acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. It is combined with diphenhydramine in the pharmaceutical preparation Etanautine to help offset its stimulant effects

Forsythoside F (Arenarioside) is a natural compound with GI50 values ranging from 10 to 16 μM against B16F10 cells.

7-Methylxanthine is a methyl derivative of xanthine, the purine component of human urinary calculi.7-Methylxanthine has an affinity for adenosine receptors.7-Methylxanthine is a methyl derivative of xanthine, the purine component of human urinary calculi.7-Methylxanthine has an affinity for adenosine receptors.

Paraxanthine (1,7-dimethylxanthine) is a metabolite of caffeine (sc-202514) which functions as an adenosine receptor ligand and a PARP-1 inhibitor in pulmonary epithelial cells. Studies suggest that Paraxanthine is structurally similar to caffeine and possibly mediates the physiological effects of caffeine. Also Paraxanthine acts as a competitive phosphodiesterase inhibitor, which increases intracellular cAMP, activates PKA, inhibits TNF-α and leukotriene synthesis. In addition, Paraxanthine acts as a Na+ K+ ATPase enzymatic effector.

1-Methylxanthine is a caffeine derivative. 1-Methylxanthine is an essential human urinary metabolite of caffeine and theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine, TP). 1-Methylxanthine enhances the radiosensitivity of tumor cells.

Purine (7H-Imidazo(4,5-d)pyrimidine) is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Two of the bases in nucleic acids, adenine and guanine, are purines. Purines from food (or from tissue turnover) are metabolised by several enzymes, including xanthine oxidase, into uric acid. High levels of uric acid can predispose to gout when the acid crystalises in joints; this phenomenon only happens in humans and some animal species (e.g. dogs) that lack an intrinsic uricase enzyme that can further degrade uric acid.

Prudomestin (3,5,7-Trihydroxy-4',8-dimethoxyflavone) is a natural product isolated from the heartwood of Prunus domestica, with xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity with IC50 of 6 µM.

N-Demethylricinine (4-Methoxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridine-3-carbonitrile) was reported as xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Broussochalcone A, an antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase inhibitor (IC 50 =2.21 μM), exhibits free radical scavenging activity. It prevents iron-induced lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide synthesis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages. Additionally, Broussochalcone A triggers apoptosis in human renal carcinoma cells by elevating ROS levels and activating FOXO3 signaling pathways.

Ellagic acid 4-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, a naturally occurring ellagitannin, exhibits antimicrobial properties and inhibits xanthine oxidase with an IC50 value of 2.1 μg mL [1].

Ilexoside O, a triterpene saponin derived from Ilex pubescens roots, demonstrates modest inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity with an IC50 value of 53.05 μM.

Oxypurinol is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor. Oxipurinol is potentially used for the treatment of congestive heart failure.

Cyanidin, an antioxidant, exhibits protective effects against DNA cleavage, demonstrates free radical scavenging activity, and significantly inhibits xanthine oxidase (XO) activity [1].

Axillarin has antioxidant activity, it shows xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity ( IC(50) :36.0 uM). Axillarin can strongly protect primary cultured neurons against glutamate-induced oxidative stress.

Myricetin 3-O-galactoside (Myricetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside) can inhibit xanthine oxidase (xanthine oxidase; XO) activity, lipid peroxidation and scavenging free radicals. Myricetin 3-O-galactoside has many effects, including cytotoxicity, anti-oxidation, anti-genotoxicity, anti-infectivity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and its main effect is to inhibit the synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The IC50 of Myricetin 3-O-galactoside inhibited lipid peroxidation was 160 μg mL.

Cistanoside F shows vasorelaxant, and antioxidative effects, it shows a strong free radical scavenging activity on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and xanthine xanthine oxidase (XOD) generated superoxide anion radical (O2-.).

Sappanchalcone shows xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Blumeatin has antioxidant properties, free radical scavenging activity,and has xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity.

Protosappanin A dimethyl acetal shows significant xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner.

Licoarylcoumarin is a strong inhibitor of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase. Licoarylcoumarin has antibacterial effects on the VRE strains; it has anti-HIV activity, and it has inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase.

Purpurogallin, a naturally occurring phenol extracted from Quercus spp. plants, exhibits potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.2 μM) and also possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Fraxamoside is a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) comparable in potency in vitro to the standard antigout drug allopurinol. It shows significant free radical scavenging effect against DPPH(EC50=62.6 uM).

7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene is a potential xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

Tubuloside A ( 8.6 microM) can inhibit D-galactosamine-induced death of hepatocytes. Tubuloside A has NO radical-scavenging activity, which possibly contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects.Tubuloside A shows stronger free radical scavenging activitie

Catalase is an essential enzyme in the metabolism of H2O2 and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The expression and localization of Catalase are markedly altered in tumors.