Levetiracetam (SIB-S1) is a relatively unique anticonvulsant that is typically used in combination with other antiepileptic medications for partial onset seizures. Levetiracetam has been linked to rare instances of serum aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase elevations during treatment and to rare cases of clinically apparent drug induced liver disease.

Phenytoin sodium (Diphantoine) is an inactive stabilizer for voltage-gated sodium channel .

Iminodibenzyl is used for the intermediates of antiepileptic drug carbamazepine.

5-hydroxytryptophan (NSC-92523) is the immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.

Gamibetal (4-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric Acid) is used as a chiral reagent in the synthesis of antiepileptic and hypotensive drug GABOB and analogues. Also used in the preparation of HIV-1 inhibitors derived from Betulinic Acid (B330250).

Sabeluzole (R-58735) has antiepileptic and cognitive enhancing effects, inhibits neurotoxin-induced tau expression and cell death.Sabeluzole is protective against chlordiazepoxide-induced habituation disorders and may be useful in the study of Alzheimer's disease.

Carabersat（SB 204269） is a novel and effective anticonvulsant and antiepileptic agent.

Decimemide (V-285) is an alkoxybenzoic acid derivative with antiepileptic activity and potential anticonvulsant activity that can be used to study neurological disorders.

2',5-Difluoro-2'-deoxy-1-arabinosyluracil (2'-Deoxy-2'-fluoro-5-fluoro-arabinouridine) is a urinary pyrimidine nucleoside analogue with potential antiepileptic and antihypertensive activity, which can be used to study anticonvulsant and anxiety disorders.

Elpetrigine (GW273293) is a potential sodium channel blocker with antiepileptic activity that can be used to study epilepsy.

Anticonvulsant agent 2 is a potent orally active anticonvulsant that has shown antiepileptic activity in a model of drug-resistant epilepsy.

4-Hydroxymephenytoin ((+/-)-4'-Hydroxymephenytoin) is the metabolism of an antiepileptic drug mephenytoin. Mephenytoin is used as a CYP2C19 substrate.

Sultiame is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase. Sultiame can be used in antiepileptic research.

Sipatrigine (619C89) is an antiepileptic compound with neuroprotective activity through glutamate release, TREK ion channels, TRESK channels, sodium channels, and calcium channel inhibitors in the CNS, and can be used to study TRESK channels.

Valrocemide (TV1901), also known as TV-1901, is an antiepileptic drug (AED). Valrocemide has a broad spectrum of anticonvulsant activity and promising potential as a new AED. Valrocemide is an anticonvulsant agent under development by Teva and Acorda as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of epilepsy.

Glutaurine aceate containing glutamine and taurine residues is an orally active hormone of the parathyroid. Glutaurine aceate, as a hormone, is isolated from parathyroid gland oxyphil cells. Glutaurine aceate can be used for the research of antiepileptic and anti-amnesia[1][2][3][4].

Qingyangshengenin B (Otophylloside B) is a C-21 steroidal glycoside isolated from Qingyangshen. Qingyangshengenin B protects against Aβ toxicity, which decreases Aβ deposition by decreasing the expression of Aβ at the mRNA level. Qingyangshengenin B has antiepileptic and anti-aging effects, it can extend lifespan, increase heat stress-resistance, delay body paralysis, and increase the chemotaxis response in C. elegans models of Alzheimer's disease. Otophylloside B can suppress the seizure-like locomotor activity caused by pentylenetetrazole in zebrafish.

Trimethadione (3,5,5,-Trimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione) is a dione-type anticonvulsant with antiepileptic activity.

Topiramate lithium (McN 4853) is a wide-ranging antiepileptic compound with GluR5 receptor antagonistic properties. Its mechanism of action involves enhancing GABAergic activity, inhibiting kainate/AMPA receptors, voltage-sensitive sodium and calcium channels, and increasing potassium conductance. Additionally, this compound inhibits carbonic anhydrase. [1][2][3]

5’(R)-C-Methyl-5-fluorouridine, a uridine analogue, possesses potential antiepileptic properties. Its analogues are instrumental in investigating anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects and are pivotal in crafting novel antihypertensive agents [1].

N3-(2S)-[2-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)amino-3-(tert-butoxy carbonyl)]propyluridine, a uridine analog, exhibits potential for antiepileptic effects. Its analogs hold promise for research into anticonvulsant and anxiolytic activities, besides contributing to the development of novel antihypertensive agents [1].

N3-[(Pyrid-4-yl)methyl]uridine, a uridine analog, exhibits potential antiepileptic properties. Its analogs serve in researching anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects, alongside facilitating the development of novel antihypertensive agents [1].

LY367385 hydrochloride is a potent and selective mGluR1a antagonist with an IC50 value of 8.8 μM for inhibiting quisqualate-induced phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, showing significantly higher selectivity compared to its >100 μM IC50 value for mGlu5a. This compound exhibits neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, and antiepileptic effects [1] [2].

Proglumide hemicalcium is a antagonist of nonpeptide and orally active cholecystokinin (CCK)-A/B receptors, has antiepileptic and antioxidant activities.

FG8119 is a novel benzodiazepine agonist with potential anticonvulsant and antiepileptic activity for the study of neurological disorders.

CGP-47292 is a metabolite of the novel antiepileptic compound CGP 33,101.

Cromakalim (BRL 34915) is an ATP-dependent K(+) channel opener and a smooth muscle relaxant.Cromakalim has antiepileptic and anticonvulsant activity and may be useful in studies of asthma and disorders associated with vasodilation.

Lacosamide-d3 (Acetyl-d3) is a deuterated compound of Lacosamide. Lacosamide has a CAS number of 175481-36-4. Lacosamide is a functionalized amino acids. Lacosamide modulates sodium channels in a novel manner: It selectively enhances sodium channel slow inactivation with no effects on fast inactivation Lacosamide has demonstrated antiepileptic effectiveness in different rodent seizure models and antinociceptive potential in experimental animal models that reflect distinct types and symptoms of neuropathic as well as chronic inflammatory pain.

Dezinamide is a potential antiepileptic drug. It shows preliminary evidence of efficacy and safety in an open-label study.

Becampanel (AMP397) is the first competitive AMPA antagonist. Becampanel (AMP397) also is an antiepileptic agent.

Carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide is an active metabolite of the anticonvulsant carbamazepine.1,2It is formed from carbamazepine by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in microsomes prepared from HepG2 cells expressing CYP3A4 or CYP2C8, respectively.1Carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide has anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock-induced seizures in mice.2It has been found in wastewater effluent.3 1.Kerr, B.M., Thummel, K.E., Wurden, C.J., et al.Human liver carbamazepine metabolism. Role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in 10,11-epoxide formationBiochem. Pharmacol.47(11)1969-1979(1994) 2.Bourgeois, B.F., and Wad, N.Individual and combined antiepileptic and neurotoxic activity of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in miceJ. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.231(2)411-415(1984) 3.Miao, X.-S., Yang, J.-J., and Metcalfe, C.D.Carbamazepine and its metabolites in wastewater and in biosolids in a municipal wastewater treatment plantEnviron. Sci. Technol.39(19)7469-7475(2005)

Lvguidingan is an Anticonvulsant agent.

Loreclezole hydrochloride, an antiepileptic compound, functions as a selective modulator of GABA A receptors. Specifically, it acts as a positive allosteric modulator on receptors containing β2 or β3-subunits.

1. Decursin (Decursinol angelate) is able to attenuate kainic acid-induced seizures and could have potential as an antiepileptic drug. 2. Decursin exhibits hepatoprotective effects , potentially by inhibiting the TGF-β1 induced NOX activation and Smad signaling. 3. Decursin has anti-cancer activity , mediated suppression of the PKCα, MAPK and NF-κB pathways in MCF-7 cells. 4. Decursin exhibits cytotoxicity against various human cancer cells and to possess anti-amnesic activity in vivo through the inhibition of AChE activity.

Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin) is a hydantoin derivative and a non-sedative antiepileptic agent with anticonvulsant activity. Phenytoin potentially acts by promoting sodium efflux from neurons located in the motor cortex reducing post-tetanic potentiation at synapses. The reduction of potentiation prevents cortical seizure foci spreading to adjacent areas, stabilizing the threshold against hyperexcitability. In addition, this agent appears to reduce sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch causing muscle relaxation.

Qingyangshengenin (Cynanchagenin) is a steroid used in the preparation of antiepileptic agents.

Vigabatrin Hydrochloride (γ-Vinyl-GABA hydrochloride) is a structural analog of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which irreversibly inhibits the catabolism of GABA by GABA transaminase.

10,11-Dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy Carbamazepine, a metabolite of the anticonvulsant carbamazepine and the antiepileptic prodrug oxcarbazepine, is produced through the biotransformation of carbamazepine via a carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide intermediate by epoxide hydrolase, and from oxcarbazepine via a 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine intermediate. This compound has been detected in wastewater effluent, highlighting its environmental presence following pharmaceutical use.

Lamotrigine hydrate is an effective oral active anticonvulsant or antiepileptic agent that selectively blocks voltage-gated Na + channels, stabilizes presynaptic neuronal membranes and inhibits glutamate release. Lamotrigine hydrate can be used in epilepsy, focal seizure, et al [1] [2].

1. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (p-Oxybenzaldehyde) shows an inhibitory effect on the GABA transaminase to contribute to an antiepileptic and anticonvulsive activity, and its inhibitory activity was higher than that of valproic acid, a known anticonvulsant.

E2730 is a selective and noncompetitive inhibitor of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (GAT1) that exhibits oral availability as well as antiepileptic properties. Its inhibition of GAT1 is dependent on the prevailing GABA concentrations and specifically targets GAT1-mediated GABA uptake. Demonstrating in vivo effectiveness, E2730 has been tested at doses ranging from 5-50 mg/kg orally in various models, including the rat amygdala kindling and the mouse corneal kindling models, as well as in drug-resistant psychomotor epilepsy, fragile X syndrome at 2.5-300 mg/kg, and Dravet syndrome at dosages of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg [1].

Glutaurine (Litoralon) TFA, a compound featuring glutamine and taurine residues, functions as an orally active parathyroid hormone. Originating from the oxyphil cells of the parathyroid gland, this hormone is employed in the study of antiepileptic and anti-amnesia treatments, as evidenced by references [1] [2] [3] [4].

ICA-27243 is less effective at activating KCNQ4 and KCNQ3/Q5. ICA-27243 is a potent and orally active KCNQ2/Q3 potassium channel opener (EC50: 0.38 μM). ICA-27243 also has antiepileptic and anticonvulsant effects.

Suclofenide is a benzenesulfonamide derivative that acts as an anticonvulsant and antiepileptic agent. In preclinical models, it showed potent anticonvulsant activity against electroshock and pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions in mice. Sublethal toxicity was demonstrated by lethargy, myoclonic jerks and diarrhea.

Seletracetam is an analog of the antiepileptic agent Levetiracetam. Seletracetam is a small molecule SV2A modulator for the research of epilepsy.

LY367385 is a highly effective and selective mGluR1a antagonist. LY367385 has neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, and antiepileptic effects. Compared with > 100 μM for mGlu5a, LY367385 has an IC50 of 8.8 μM for inhibits of quisqualate-induced phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis.

R 57720 is an antiepileptic agent.

HN37 as a potent and chemically stable antiepileptic drug candidate, with an EC 50 of 37 nM for KCNQ2 [1].

Seletracetam (Ucb 44212) lithium bromide is a SV2A modulator, intended for epilepsy research. It is an analog of Levetiracetam, an antiepileptic agent.

Divalproex Sodium (Valproate semisodium) binds to and inhibits gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase and its anticonvulsant activity may be exerted by increasing brain concentration of GABA and by inhibiting enzymes that catabolize GABA or block the reuptake of GABA into glia and nerve endings. It also is an HDAC inhibitor， Comprised of sodium valproate and valproic acid with anticonvulsant and antiepileptic activities. Divalproex may also work by suppressing repetitive neuronal firing through the inhibition of voltage-sensitive sodium channels.