biomarker

5'-Guanylic acid disodium salt (GMP-5) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as purine ribonucleoside monophosphates. In particular, L-Glutamic acid and guanosine monophosphate can be biosynthesized from xanthylic acid and L-glutamine; which is catalyzed by the enzyme GMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]. In addition, Guanosine triphosphate and guanosine monophosphate can be biosynthesized from diguanosine tetraphosphate; which is catalyzed by the enzyme bis(5'-nucleosyl)-tetraphosphatase [asymmetrical]. In humans, guanosine monophosphate is involved in the kanamycin action pathway, the telithromycin action pathway, the tobramycin action pathway, and the erythromycin action pathway. Guanosine monophosphate is also involved in several metabolic disorders, some of which include the AICA-ribosiduria pathway, adenosine deaminase deficiency, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency (aprt), and the 2-hydroxyglutric aciduria (D and L form) pathway. Outside of the human body, guanosine monophosphate can be found in a number of food items such as onion-family vegetables, millet, chinese water chestnut, and red rice. This makes guanosine monophosphate a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

D-(-)-Tartaric acid (D-Tartaric acid; (S, S)-tartarate; D-threaric acid) is mainly located in the cytoplasm. D-(-)-Tartaric acid can be converted into (2S,3S)-cis-fertaric acid and (2S,3S)-trans-fertaric acid. Outside the human body, it can be found in vinegar. This makes it a potential biomarker for the consumption of this food.

Trans-Aconitic acid is normally present in normal human urine, and it has been suggested that is present in larger amounts with Reye's syndrome and organic aciduria. trans-Aconitic acid is a substrate of enzyme trans-aconitate 2-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.

L-(+)-Abrine (L-N-Methyltryptophan) is a toxic protein found in the jequirity seed.,can be used as a biomarker for abrin exposure.

Lathosterol, a molecule akin to cholesterol, serves as a biomarker for the body's total cholesterol synthesis, as indicated by its serum concentration.

1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-Formylindole), also known as 3-formylindole or 3-indolealdehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as indoles. Indoles are compounds containing an indole moiety, which consists of pyrrole ring fused to benzene to form 2,3-benzopyrrole. 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde is an extremely weak basic (essentially neutral) compound (based on its pKa). Outside of the human body, 1H-Indole-3-carboxaldehyde has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as gram beans, brussel sprouts, cucumbers, cereals and cereal products, and white cabbages. This could make 1H-indole-3-carboxaldehyde a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. A heteroarenecarbaldehyde that is indole in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a formyl group.

Quercitrin (3-rhamnosyl quercetin) is a plant-derived flavonoid compound, displays antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Quercitrin can be found in a number of food items such as garden tomato (var. ), German camomile, endive, and kiwi, which makes quercitrin a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

18-Oxocortisol is a cortisol derivative generated by aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). It acts as a naturally occurring mineralocorticoid agonist and serves as a biomarker in adrenal vein sampling.

Kuwanon B belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 3-prenylated flavones. Within the cell, kuwanon B is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP). Outside of the human body, kuwanon b can be found in fruits. This makes kuwanon b a

1-Linoleoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-PC (LGPC) is a lysophospholipid containing linoleic acid at thesn-1 position that has been found in mouse heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, plasma, and serum.1Serum levels of LGPC decrease with increasing insulin resistance and dysglycemia in humans.2 1.Okudaira, M., Inoue, A., Shuto, A., et al.Separation and quantification of 2-acyl-1-lysophospholipids and 1-acyl-2-lysophospholipids in biological samples by LC-MS/MSJ. Lipid Res.55(10)2178-2192(2014) 2.Gall, W.E., Beebe, K., Lawton, K.A., et al.α-Hydroxybutyrate is an early biomarker of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in a nondiabetic populationPLoS One5(5)e10883(2010)

Dopamine 3-O-sulfate, primarily found in plasma, serves as a biomarker for identifying aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency [1].

Lyso-globotriaosylceramide is a form of globotriaosylceramide that is lacking the fatty acyl group. It binds to Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) in the presence of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine but does not bind Stx2. It also reduces viability and aggregation of human neutrophils induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate when used at concentrations of 50 and 1 μM, respectively. Lyso-globotriaosylceramide accumulates in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen in a mouse model of Fabry disease, a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme α-galactosidase A. It also accumulates in the urine, kidney, and plasma of patients with Fabry disease. Lyso-globotriaosylceramide levels decrease in response to administration of the α-galactosidase inhibitor 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin in a transgenic mouse model of Fabry disease. Decreases in plasma and urine concentrations of lyso-globotriaosylceramide have been used as a biomarker for efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and other therapies in the treatment of Fabry disease.

Aloinoside A, an aloin isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, is the enantiomer of Aloinoside B and is a biomarker used in metabolic research. Its metabolic products by rat intestinal bacteria include aloin, isoaloin and hydroxy metabolites.

N-Acetylhistamine acetate is a histamine metabolite. It can be used as a potential biomarker of histidine metabolism for anaphylactoid reactions.

Aureusimine B, also known as phevalin, is a natural pyrazinone produced by certain fungi and by Staphylococcus spp., including S. aureus. Its synthesis appears to be initiated by a conserved nonribosomal peptide synthetase that creates a dipeptide (phenylalanine-valine) aldehyde, which then undergoes cyclization and oxidation. Aureusimine B inhibits calpain in a casein hydrolysis assay (IC50 = 1.3 μM), contributes to S. aureus infection in mice, and alters human keratinocyte gene expression.

L-Arabinitol (L-(-)-Arabitol) is a potential biomarker for the comsuption of the food products such as sweet potato, deerberry, moth bean. L-Arabinitol is associated with Alzheimer's disease and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency.

3(Z),6(Z),9(Z),12(Z),15(Z)-Octadecapentaenoic acid, a microalgal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is identified in G. kowalevskii and serves as a chemotaxonomic biomarker for microalgae and dinoflagellates.

3β,5α,6β-Trihydroxycholestane is a cholesterol metabolite found mainly in animal fats and can modulate SMO activity.3β,5α,6β-Trihydroxycholestane can be used as a biomarker for schizophrenia.

Aminomalonic acid is an amino endogenous metabolite that acts as a potent inhibitor of L-asparagine synthetase from Leukemia 5178Y/AR and mouse pancreas in vitro (Leukemia 5178Y/AR: Ki= 0.0023 M, mouse pancreas: Ki= 0.0015 M). It has the potential to be used as a biomarker to distinguish between different stages of melanoma metastasis.

2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (Ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid) can be found in a number of food items such as natal plum, lemon verbena, half-highbush blueberry, and parsley, which makes 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products. 2-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (Ortho-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid) can be found primarily in blood, feces, and urine.

Indole-3-methanamine has been detected, but not quantified in, barley, cereals, and cereal products.

3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is one of several metabolites produced when insufficient levels of GCDH are available. It is used as a biomarker of GCDH deficiency.

3-Phosphoglyceric acid (Glycerate 3-phosphate) is a glycolic acid derivative involved in glycolysis and the Calvin cycle, epigenetic regulation of alveolar macrophages, and is a common biomarker.

Stearoylcarnitine (Stearoyl-L-carnitine) is a fatty ester lipid molecule, a human endogenous metabolite that serves as a biomarker for early-onset preeclampsia and late-onset preeclampsia.

D-(+)-Xylose (Wood sugar) is an aldopentose - a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms and an aldehyde functional group. It has chemical formula C5H10O5 and is 40% as sweet as sucrose. Xylose is also found in mucopolysaccharides of connective tissue and sometimes in the urine. Xylose is the first sugar added to serine or threonine residues during proteoglycan type O-glycosylation. Therefore xylose is involved in the biosythetic pathways of most anionic polysaccharides such as heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. In medicine, xylose is used to test for malabsorption by administering a xylose solution to the patient after fasting. If xylose is detected in the blood and/or urine within the next few hours, it has been absorbed by the intestines. Xylose is said to be one of eight sugars which are essential for human nutrition, the others being galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. . Xylose in the urine is a biomarker for the consumption of apples and other fruits.

2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is a ketone and amino acid derivative with a variety of biological functions including vasodilatory, immunomodulatory, and neuromodulatory activities.2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is the precursor of niacin. 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is the precursor of nicotinic acid. Abnormal production of 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid has been linked to cognitive deficits and depressive symptoms associated with neurological disorders. 2-Amino-4-(2-aminophenyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells and may be used to assess cancer risk. Expressed and may be used as a biomarker for assessing cancer risk.

1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid is a purine alkaloid that occurs as a minor metabolite of caffeine in humans. As an antioxidant, it has shown an ability to scavenge hydroxyl radicals as well as protective potential against lipid peroxidation in erythrocyte membranes

1,3,5-Trimethoxybenzene (Phloroglucinol trimethyl ether) is a methoxybenzene carrying methoxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5. It has been found to be a biomarker of flavonoid consumption in humans. It has a role as a biomarker and a human xenobiotic metabolite.

L-Octanoylcarnitine is the active octanoylcarnitine present in plasma and is a potential biomarker for breast cancer.

Fibronectin is a macromolecular glycoprotein found in blood, connective tissue, and cell surfaces that serves as a biomarker for tissue damage.Fibronectin is recognized by the integrin family of surface receptors.Fibronectin is used in the study of primary open-angle glaucoma.Fibronectin is used in the study of primary open-angle glaucoma.Fibronectin is used in the study of metastatic prostat

Cinnamoylglycine is a glycine conjugate of cinnamic acid and a urinary metabolite in humans. It is used as a potential urinary biomarker.

Benzydamine N-Oxide, a metabolite of Benzydamine, serves as a biomarker for flavin-containing monooxygenase activity [1] [2].

3-Methylcytidine (methosulfate), a derivative of cytidine, serves as an internal standard for HPLC and is recognized for its epigenetic modification in tRNA, although its cellular role remains unclear. Research has explored its utility as a cancer biomarker, with findings indicating a notable increase in the urine of breast cancer patients.

N-Acetyl-L-arginine (Ac-Arg-OH) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as n-acyl-l-alpha-amino acids. These are n-acylated alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine serum levels (and other guanidino compounds) were elevated of all the hyperargininemic patients are higher than the normal range. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine is a very strong basic compound (based on its pKa). Untreated hyperargininemic patients have the highest guanidino compound levels in cerebrospinal fluid. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine is one of the guanidino compounds found elevated in the serum of an hemodialyzed renal insufficient (uremic) pediatric population. Outside of the human body, N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine has been detected, but not quantified in, apples and loquats. This could make N-a-acetyl-L-arginine a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine, with regard to humans, has been found to be associated with several diseases such as uremia and colorectal cancer; N-a-acetyl-L-arginine has also been linked to the inborn metabolic disorder hyperargininemia. During a low-arginine diet, together with sodium benzoate therapy, there was a marked decrease in plasma N-alpha-acetylarginine. N-a-Acetyl-L-arginine increases in urine hyperargininemic patients.

5-Hydroxytryptophol is a metabolite of tryptophan. It is used as a biomarker for recent alcohol consumption and causes sleeping sickness

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid is a metabolite of alkylresorcinols in human urine and plasma, a potential biomarker of food intake such as beer, nuts, peanuts, and legumes, and a selective hydroxycarboxylic acid 1 (HCA1) inhibitor.

3-Deoxyglucosone(3-Deoxy-D-glucosone) is synthesized by the intermediate pathway of the melad and polyol reactions.3-Deoxyglucosone reacts rapidly with protein amino groups to form advanced glycosylated end proteins (AGEs).3-Deoxyglucosone inactivates glutathione peroxidase and synergizes with low glucose to enhance GLP-1 secretion.3-Deoxyglucosone is used as a biomarker for diabetes mellitus.3-Deoxyglucosone has been shown to be an inhibitor of GLP-1 secretion in the presence of low glucose. 3-Deoxyglucosone inactivates glutathione oxidase, synergizes with low glucose to enhance GLP-1 secretion, and can be used as a biologic marker for diabetes.

Juzirine is a member of the class of benzylisoquinolines. Benzylisoquinolines are organic compounds containing an isoquinoline to which a benzyl group is attached. Juzirine, practically insoluble (in water), is a very weakly acidic compound (based on its

Tricosanoic acid (Tricosan-1-oic acid) , also known as N-tricosanoate or tricosylate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as very long-chain fatty acids.Tricosanoic acid has been detected in multiple biofluids, such as blood and urine. Within the cell, Tricosanoic acid is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP), cytoplasm and adiposome. Tricosanoic acid is also a parent compound for other transformation products, including but not limited to, beta-D-galactosyl-N-(tricosanoyl)sphingosine, beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(11)-N-tricosanoylsphingosine, and N-(tricosanoyl)-[(4E,6E)-tetradecasphingadienine]-1-phosphoethanolamine. Outside of the human body, Tricosanoic acid can be found in citrus, date, and papaya. This makes Tricosanoic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these food products.

γ-Hexalactone (γ-caprolactone) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Thus, Gamma-caprolactone is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Gamma-Caprolactone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Gamma-Caprolactone exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Outside of the human body, Gamma-caprolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as potato, cereals and cereal products, pomes, alcoholic beverages, and fruits. This could make Gamma-caprolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4-hydroxy-Hexanoic acid gamma-lactone is occasionally found as a volatile component of human urine. In some cases differences up to an order of magnitude are observed. 4-hydroxy-Hexanoic acid gamma-lactone has been found in the polar fraction of human blood. Biological fluids such as blood and urine have been shown to contain a large number of components, some of them volatiles (low boiling point) apparently present in all individuals, while others such are much more variable. Although some of these changes may have dietary origins, others seem to be characteristic of the individual.

4-O-p-Coumaroylquinic acid (4-O-pCoQA) is a hydroxycinnamic acid extracted from the skin and pulp of papaya, which can be used as a biomarker for the identification of biomarkers associated with rose apple aphid resistance.

3-Methylhistidine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. Histidine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group

Creatine riboside, a urinary metabolite, is a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of lung cancer.

Brassicasterol may be a relevant additional biomarker in Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Stachydrine (N,N-Dimethyl-L-proline) is a major constituent of Chinese herb leonurus heterophyllus sweet used to promote blood circulation and dispel blood stasis. Stachydrine (N,N-Dimethyl-L-proline) can inhibit the NF-κB signal pathway. Stachydrine (N,N-Dimethyl-L-proline) is a biomarker for the consumption of citrus fruits.

7α-Hydroxycholesterol is a cholesterol oxide formed by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation. It can be used as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation.

21-Deoxycortisol is a corticosteroid metabolite of 17-hydroxyprogesterone produced in the adrenal glandvia11-hydroxylation by 11β-hydroxylase.1,2Serum levels of 21-deoxycortisol are elevated in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia that are heterozygous for mutations inCYP2A21, the gene encoding steroid 21-hydroxylase, and have been used as a biomarker for the detection of 21-hydroxylase deficiencies. 1.Fiet, J., Villette, J.-M., Galons, H., et al.The application of a new highly-sensitive radioimmunoassay for plasma 21-deoxycortisol to the detection of steroid-21-hydroxylase deficiencyAnn. Clin. Biochem.31(Pt. 1)56-64(1994) 2.Cristoni, S., Cuccato, D., Sciannamblo, M., et al.Analysis of 21-deoxycortisol, a marker of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in blood by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization using multiple reaction monitoringRapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.18(1)77-82(2004)

Aminomalonic acid is an amino endogenous metabolite that acts as a potent inhibitor of L-asparagine synthetase from Leukemia 5178Y/AR and mouse pancreas in vitro (Leukemia 5178Y/AR: Ki= 0.0023 M, mouse pancreas: Ki= 0.0015 M). It has the potential to be used as a biomarker to distinguish between different stages of melanoma metastasis.

2-Hydroxybutyric acid (α-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a product of protein metabolism and a biomarker for type 2 diabetes and pre-eclampsia.

Glucosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb1), a deacylated glucosylceramide derivative metabolized by glucocerebrosidase, serves as a promising, reliable, and specific biomarker for Gaucher disease monitoring [1].