flux

Fluxametamide is a novel isoxazoline insecticide that acts via distinctive antagonism of insect ligand-gated chloride channels, acts as an antagonist of GABA- and glutamate-gated chloride channels(IC50 of 1.95 nM and 225 nM for M. domestica GABACls and Gl

ML-SA5 is an MCOLN1 agonist and arrests autophagic flux by perturbing fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes.

V-9302 (V9302) is a competitive antagonist of transmembrane glutamine flux that selectively and potently targets the amino acid transporter ASCT2 (IC50: 9.6 uM).

Theophylline monohydrate (Quibron) appears to inhibit phosphodiesterase and prostaglandin production, regulate calcium flux and intracellular calcium distribution, and antagonize adenosine. Theophylline monohydrate is a natural alkaloid derivative of xanthine isolated from the plants Camellia sinensis and Coffea arabica. Physiologically, this agent relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle, produces vasodilation (except in cerebral vessels), stimulates the CNS, stimulates the cardiac muscle, induces diuresis, and increases gastric acid secretion; it may also suppress inflammation and improve contractility of the diaphragm.

Vesnarinone HCl (OPC-8212 HCl) is an orally active phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) inhibitor.Vesnarinone HCl modulates calcium and potassium ions, increasing calcium flux and decreasing potassium flux.Vesnarinone HCl is a new positive inotropic compound that enhances myocardial contractility and can be be used in heart failure studies.

Indomethacin farnesil (Infree) is a prodrug of indomethacin. It acts as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD).

EACC, a reversible autophagy inhibitor, selectively impedes Stx17, an autophagosome-specific SNARE, from translocating, hence obstructing the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. This compound effectively halts autophagic flux.

Fluxapyroxad is a broad-spectrum fungicide that inhibits the succinate dehydrogenase (SQR) enzyme.

Efflux inhibitor-1 is a pyrazolopyrimidine efflux inhibitor. Efflux inhibitor-1 selectively targets toward ABCG2/BCRP over ABCB1 with IC 50 s of 0.45 μM and 2.17 μM, respectively .

Clarithromycin (A-56268) is a Macrolide Antimicrobial. The mechanism of action of clarithromycin is as a Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitor, and Cytochrome P450 3A Inhibitor, and P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor. The chemical classification of clarithromycin is Macrolides.

Senicapoc (ICA-17043) is a potent inhibitor of the Gardos channel and ameliorates RBC dehydration in the SAD mouse. Senicapoc blocked Ca2+-induced rubidium flux from human RBCs with an IC50 value of 11 ± 2 nM (CLT IC50 = 100 ± 12 nM) and inhibited RBC dehydration with an IC50 of 30 ± 20 nM. Senicapoc is in treatment of Sickle Cell Disease and Sickle Cell Anemia

Surfactin is a potent cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactants that mediates flux of mono-and divalent cations, such as calcium, across lipid bilayer membranes, with anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antimycoplasma and hemolytic effects.

A-317491 sodium salt hydrate is a non-nucleotide P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptor antagonist, which inhibits calcium flux mediated by the receptors.

BMS-195270 is a tissue-specific inhibitor of bladder muscle tone and spontaneous contraction in rats. It can inhibit Carbachol-induced tone and inhibit calcium flux in isolated rat bladder tissue strips in an isolated bladder model.

N-Arachidonoyl taurine is an arachidonoyl amino acid. It is oxygenated by 12(S)- and 15(S)-lipoxygenase and is converted to 12-HETE-taurine (12-HETE-T) in murine resident peritoneal macrophages. N-Arachidonoyl taurine is an activator of the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels TRPV1 and TRPV4 (EC50s = 28 and 21 μM, respectively). It increases calcium flux in HIT-T15 pancreatic β-cells and INS-1 rat islet cells when used at a concentration of 10 μM and increases insulin secretion from 832/13 INS-1 pancreatic β-cells. The levels of N-arachidonoyl taurine are changed in mouse brain following administration of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ9-THC).

FG 7142 (LSU-65) also modulates GABA-induced chloride flux at GABAA receptors expressing the α1 subunit (EC50= 137 nM). FG 7142 can increase tyrosine hydroxylation and cause upregulation of β-adrenoceptors in mouse cerebral cortex. FG 7142 , a non-selectively benzodiazepine inverse agonist, has high affinity for the α1 subunit-containing GABAA receptor (Ki=91 nM).

This novel compound is an orally bioavailable antagonist of P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors, exhibiting potent activity with a pIC50 of 8 in both human and rat, and a pIC50 of 7.3 specifically for the human P2X2/3 receptor. It demonstrates high brain penetration, evidenced by a brain to plasma ratio of 6, and effectively blocks agonist-evoked intracellular Ca2+ flux and inward currents within the nanomolar range (10 nM to 1 µM) in cell lines that express human P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors recombinantly. The compound also shows favorable pharmacokinetic properties, with a half-life (t1/2) of 1.63 hours and a time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of 30 minutes.

CCR1 antagonist 9 is an effective and selective CCR1 antagonist (IC50: 6.8 nM in calcium flux assay).

Balixafortide TFA (POL6326 TFA) is a potent, selective CXCR4 antagonist that exhibits excellent tolerance levels and demonstrates an IC50 of less than 10 nM. It displays over 1000-fold selectivity for CXCR4 over a large panel of other receptors, including CXCR7. This compound effectively inhibits β-arrestin recruitment and calcium flux with IC50 values under 10 nM. Additionally, Balixafortide TFA serves as a powerful agent for mobilizing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) and has documented anti-cancer effects [1] [2].

TC-AQP1-1 is a blocker of the aquaporin 1 channel identified by virtual screening and inhibits water flux through hAQP1 in Xenopus laevis oocyte swelling assays at low micromolar concentrations.

GPR120 Agonist 1 is a selective GPR120 agonist. In GPR120 transfected HEK293 cells, GPR120 Agonist 1 displays good EC50 of 42 nM and 77 nM for human and mouse GPR120 (the calcium flux assay), respectively.

ML218 is an orally active, selective, potent, and blood-brain barrier-crossing inhibitor of T-type Ca2+ channels (Cav3.1, Cav3.2, Cav3.3) (IC50 for Cav3.2 and Cav3.3 is 310 nM and 270 nM, respectively).ML218 inhibits the burst activity of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN).

Balixafortide TFA (POL6326 TFA) is a selective, well-tolerated peptidic CXCR4 antagonist (IC50 < 10 nM). It shows 1000-fold selective for CXCR4 than a large panel of receptors including CXCR7. Balixafortide TFA blocks β-arrestin recruitment and calcium fl

CTB (Cholera Toxin B subunit) is an activator of p300 histone acetyltransferase and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.

AMG 837 sodium salt is a potent GPR40 agonist(EC50=13 nM) with a superior pharmacokinetic profile and robust glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion in rodents. IC50 value: 13 nM (EC50) [1] Target: GPR40 agonist AMG 837 displayed the expected t

AMG 837 is a partial GPR40 agonist with an EC50 value of 13 nM, showcasing 85% of the maximal activity displayed by DHA in standard assay conditions, indicating its high potency and selectivity in vitro. This compound excels as a GPR40 agonist with a notable pharmacokinetic profile, effectively stimulating insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner in rodents and demonstrating potent insulin secretion stimulation in MIN6 cells, with efficacy comparable to that observed in aequorin Ca2+-flux assays. Moreover, AMG 837 exhibits a two-fold increase in potency compared to its racemic counterpart on GPR40, with demonstrated activity across rat and mouse GPR40 versions (EC50 = 23 and 13 nM, respectively). It lacks significant activity against PPARα, δ, and γ in cell-based assays, and an analysis against an external panel of 64 receptors revealed negligible activity, except for a weak inhibition (IC50 = 3 μM) on the a2-adrenergic receptor.

GW406108X (GW108X) is a Kif15 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.82 uM in ATPase assays. GW406108X is also an ULK1 kinase inhibitor with pIC50 values of 6.37 (427 nM) and block autophagic flux.

PF-06807656 is insensitive to the introduction of the N171D mutation in the ROMK conduction pore that greatly diminishes the activity of other small-molecule inhibitors. PF-06807656 is an effective ROMK inhibitor (Tl+ flux IC50 = 160 nM).

ML218 hydrochloride is a selective and orally active T-type Ca2+ channels (Cav3.1, Cav3.2, Cav3.3) inhibitor (Cav3.2 and Cav3.3 with IC50s of 310 nM and 270 nM , respectively).

NBI-42902 is a potent inhibitor of peptide radioligand binding to the human GnRH receptor (K(i) = 0.56 nm). Tritiated NBI-42902 binds with high affinity (K(d) = 0.19 nm) to a single class of binding sites and can be displaced by a range of peptide and nonpeptide GnRH receptor ligands. In vitro experiments demonstrate that NBI-42902 is a potent functional, competitive antagonist of GnRH stimulated IP accumulation, Ca(2+) flux, and ERK1/2 activation. It did not stimulate histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Finally, it is effective in lowering serum LH in castrated male macaques after oral administration. Overall, these data provide a benchmark of pharmacological characteristics required for a nonpeptide GnRH antagonist to effectively suppress gonadotropins in humans and suggest that NBI-42902 may have clinical utility as an oral agent for suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. (source: Endocrinology. 2007 Feb;148(2):857-67. Epub 2006 Nov 9.)

Autophagy-IN-2 (Compound 7h) is an inhibitor of autophagic flux which induces cancer cell apoptosis and can be used for the research of triple-negative breast cancer [1].

Gypenoside L inhibits autophagic flux and induces cell death in human esophageal cancer cells through endoplasm reticulum stress-mediated Ca2+ release. It also inhibit non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cell inhibitory activity.

YW3-56 is a potent peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitor, with an IC50 of 1-5 μM for PAD4. Compared with Cl-amidine, YW3-56 shows >60-fold increase in cell growth inhibition efficacy (IC50 about 2.5 μM) but only 5-fold increase in PAD4 inhibition (IC sub>50 about 1-5 μM). At 2-4 μM concentrations, YW3-56 displays mainly cytostatic effects by slowing cell division, whereas at higher concentrations, it exerts cytotoxic effects by altering cell morphology and killing cells[1]. [1]. Wang Y, et al. Anticancer peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitors regulate the autophagy flux and t he mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activity. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jul 27;287(31):25941-53.

CCR1 antagonist 8, a third azaindazole series compound, is a CCR1 antagonist (IC50: 1.8 nM in Ca2+ flux assay).

Bryonolic acid (20-epi-Bryonolic acid), a triterpenoid extracted from Sandoricum indicum, possesses immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer activities and protects PC12 cells from NMDA-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Ca2+ in-flux and modulating gene expression in the Ca2+-CaMKII-CREB signalling pathway.

Lup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid exhibits anticancer activities in various cancer types, it Inhibits autophagic flux and synergistically enhances the anticancer activity of chemotherapeutic agents against HeLa cells.Pulsatilla saponin D has strong haemolytic act

Balixafortide (POL6326) is a potent, selective, well-tolerated peptidic CXCR4 antagonist with an IC50 < 10 nM and it is also a potent hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilizing agent. Anti-cancer effects[1][2]. Balixafortide blocks β-arresti

LV-320 is a potent and uncompetitive ATG4B inhibitor with an IC 50 of 24.5 μM and a K d of 16 μM. LV-320 inhibits ATG4B enzymatic activity, blocks autophagic flux in cells, and is stable, non-toxic and active in vivo. These findings suggest that LV-320 will serve as a relevant chemical tool to study the various roles of ATG4B in cancer and other contexts [1].

PIK5-12d, a potent PROTAC PIKfyve degrader (DC50: 1.48 nM), effectively induces cytoplasmic vacuolization and inhibits autophagic flux in various prostate cancer cell lines, concurrently halting their proliferation. This compound has demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity [1].

DCAP, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, disrupts the membranes of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, it inhibits late-stage autophagy by blocking autophagolysosome maturation and interrupting autophagic flux [1].

This novel compound is an orally bioavailable antagonist of P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors, exhibiting potent activity with a pIC50 of 8 in both human and rat, and a pIC50 of 7.3 specifically for the human P2X2/3 receptor. It demonstrates high brain penetration, evidenced by a brain to plasma ratio of 6, and effectively blocks agonist-evoked intracellular Ca2+ flux and inward currents within the nanomolar range (10 nM to 1 µM) in cell lines that express human P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors recombinantly. The compound also shows favorable pharmacokinetic properties, with a half-life (t1/2) of 1.63 hours and a time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of 30 minutes.

CCR4 antagonist 3 hydrochloride is an orally active, potent and selective CCR4 antagonist. CCR4 antagonist 3, featuring a novel piperidinyl-azetidine motif, has IC 50 s of 22 nM and 50 nM in the calcium flux and CTX assay. CCR4 antagonist 3 has antitumor activity.

Procaine hydrochloride (Novocaine HCl) is the hydrochloride salt form of procaine, a benzoic acid derivative with local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic properties. Procaine binds to and inhibits voltage-gated sodiumchannels, thereby inhibiting the ionic flux required for the initiation and conduction of impulses. In addition, this agent increases electrical excitation threshold, reduces rate of rise of action potential and slows nerve impulse propagation thereby causing loss of sensation.

YW3-56 is an inhibitor of protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) and PAD4 (IC50s = 0.5-1 and 1-5 μM, respectively).1It inhibits the growth of U2OS osteosarcoma cells (IC50= ~2.5 μM) in a p53-dependent mannerviainduction of SESN2 and subsequent inhibition of mTORC1. YW3-56 (10 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in an S-180 murine sarcoma tumor model. It also inhibits tumor growth in the 1883 MDA-MB-231 breast cancer bone metastasis mouse xenograft model.2 1.Wang, Y., Li, P., Wang, S., et al.Anticancer peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) inhibitors regulate the autophagy flux and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activityThe Journal of Biological Chemisty287(31)25941-25952(2012) 2.Wang, S., Chen, X.A., Hu, J., et al.ATF4 gene network mediates cellular response to the anticancer PAD inhibitor YW3-56 in triple-negative breast cancer cellsMol. Cancer Ther.14(4)877-888(2015)

Linoleic Acid Amide (Linoleamide) is derived from linoleic acid and regulates Ca2+ flux by inhibiting the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase.

D-threo-PPMP is a glucosylceramide (GlyCer) synthetase inhibitor.1,2It is the active enanantiomer and enzymatic inhibitory component of the racemic DL-threo-PPMP . In MDCK kidney epithelial cells, D-threo-PPMP induces a 70% reduction in cell growthin vitroat 20 μM and significantly inhibits DNA synthesis at 3 μM.3[Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1865] 1.Shen, W., Henry, A.G., Paumier, K.L., et al.Inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase stimulates autophagy flux in neuronsJ. Neurochem.129(5)884-894(2014) 2.Lee, L., Abe, A., and Shayman, J.A.Improved inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthaseJ. Biol. Chem.274(21)14662-14669(1999) 3.Abe, A., Inokuchi, J.-i., Jimbo, M., et al.Improved inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthaseJ. Biochem.111(2)191-196(1992)

Autophagy-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of autophagy/mitophagy, blocking autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion in cancer cells while selectively increasing autophagic flux. Autophagy-IN-1 significantly inhibits tumour growth in the HCT116 mouse xenograft tumour model with low toxicity.Autophagy-IN-1 can be used to study colorectal cancer.

CCR4 antagonist 3 is an orally active, potent and selective CCR4 antagonist. CCR4 antagonist 3, featuring a novel piperidinyl-azetidine motif, has IC 50 s of 22 nM and 50 nM in the calcium flux and CTX assay. CCR4 antagonist 3 has antitumor activity.

SX-517 is a potent noncompetitive boronic acid CXCR1/2 antagonist. SX-517 inhibits CXCL1-induced Ca(2+) flux (IC50 = 38 nM) in human PMNs.

Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a secondary messenger that induces calcium mobilization. It induces calcium release from endosomes and lysosomes via two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) and TPC1, which then stimulates large-scale calcium release from granules and the endoplasmic reticulum mediated by type 1 ryanodine receptors (RyR2s), RyR3s, and inositol-(1,4,5)-triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). NAADP induces calcium mobilization in sea urchin and starfish eggs post fertilization to block polyspermy and activate embryogenesis. NAADP-induced calcium mobilization induces VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). It also alkalizes lysosomal pH thereby inhibiting fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes and arresting autophagic flux in mouse embryonic stem cells.