Glucose 6-phosphate isomeras (GPI), i.e., phosphoglucose isomerase/phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI) or phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), is often used in biochemical studies. Glucose 6-phosphate isomeras is a highly conserved glycolytic and dimeric enzyme. Glucose 6-phosphate isomeras catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate [1] .

Phosphomannose isomerase, the initial enzyme in GDP-Man biosynthesis, catalytically facilitates the interconversion of fructose-6-phosphate (Fru6P) and mannose-6-phosphate (Man6P), playing a crucial role in cell wall synthesis and protein glycosylation. It is also recognized as a significant antifungal target against threats from A. flavus [1].

Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI), a glycolytic enzyme, efficiently catalyzes the interconversion between dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The catalytic site of TPI is located at the dimer interface [1].

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 14 is a potent topoisomerase II inhibitor with anticancer and antioxidant activities.Topoisomerase II inhibitor 14 induces apoptosis and blocks the cell cycle in S phase.Topoisomerase II inhibitor 14 reduces the amount of GSH, MDA and NO. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 14 reduces the amount of GSH, MDA and NO.

Topoisomerase I Inhibitor 9 (compound 3d), a specific inhibitor of leishmanial topoisomerase IB, exhibits antileishmanial activity, demonstrating an IC50 value of 34.81μM against L. donovani promastigotes [1].

Compound 13, a topoisomerase I inhibitor 10, selectively inhibits leishmanial topoisomerase IB and exhibits antileishmanial activity. Specifically, it demonstrates efficacy against L. donovani promastigotes with an IC50 value of 27.91 μM [1].

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 13 inhibits topoisomerase II (Topo II) that shows strong anti-proliferation activity against HL-60/MX2 cancer cells derived from HL-60 against Topo II toxicity.

AY 9944 is a specific cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor. AY 9944 inhibits the 7-dehydro cholesterol Δ7-reductase (DHCR7) enzyme (IC50=13 nM). At high doses, AY 9944 inhibits also in cultured embryos sterol Δ7-Δ8 isomerase, which causes the accumulation o

PACMA 31 is an irreversible and covalent inhibitor of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) with an IC50 of 10 μM. PACMA 31 significantly suppresses ovarian tumor growth and exhibits tumor targeting ability.

Topoisomerase II Inhibitor 16 (compound CT3) is a selective, orally bioavailable, and irreversible inhibitor of trypanosomal topoisomerase II, possessing the ability to penetrate the brain and stabilize double-stranded DNA-enzyme cleavage complexes. It shows promise for research into Chagas disease [1].

Topoisomerase IIα-IN-8 (compound 15) serves as a modest inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase IIα (htIIα), exhibiting an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 462 ± 38.0 μM [1].

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 5 (Compound E24) is a DNAtopoisomerase II inhibitor with anticancer effects.

Topoisomerase I inhibitor 7 (Compound 8) is a potent inhibitor of Topoisomerase I. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 7 significantly inhibits tumor growth (up to 79%) and increases the lifespan (153%) of mice bearing P388 lymphoma transplants.

Topoisomerase IIα-IN-3 is a DNA-inserting topoisomerase-Iiα inhibitor that blocks the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase and induces apoptosis.

Topoisomerase I inhibitor 8, a hexacyclic analogue of camptothecin, is also a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase I and is toxic to tumour cells.

Topoisomerase I inhibitor 5 is an efficient inhibitor of topoisomerase I, with an IC50 value. It effectively disrupts DNA and inhibits the activity of topoisomerase I. Moreover, it can induce apoptosis in MCF-7 cells and arrest the cell cycle at the G1 phase. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 5 also exhibits potency in reversing P-gp-mediated resistance to Adriamycin [1].

Topoisomerase I/II inhibitor 3 (compound 7) is a potent dual inhibitor of topoisomerase I (Topo I) and II (Topo II) . By inhibiting PI3K /Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, Topoisomerase I/II inhibitor 3 can inhibit cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and induce apoptosis . Topoisomerase I/II inhibitor 3 has research value in liver cancer.

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 4 (compound E17) is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase II. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 4 has antitumour effects, blocking the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells and exhibiting cytotoxicity. It inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells and exhibits cytotoxicity.

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 3 (Compound 6 h) is an acridone derivative that acts as a Type II DNA topoisomerase (topo II) inhibitor. It specifically inhibits the topo IIα/β subtypes, with an IC50 value of 0.17 μM for topo IIα and 0.23 μM for topo IIβ. This compound elicits significant DNA damage and induces apoptosis by triggering the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential [1].

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 9 is a Topo II inhibitor (IC50: 0.97 μM) and DNA embedding agent (IC50: 43.51 μM) that blocks the Hep G-2 cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induces apoptosis.

Topoisomerase I inhibitor 4 (compound 7a) is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase I activity. It effectively inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cell lines including HepG2, A549, MCF-7, and HeLa, with IC50 values of 1.20 μM, 2.09 μM, 1.56 μM, and 1.92 μM, respectively. Thus, Topoisomerase I inhibitor 4 holds promise for cancer research applications [1].

Topoisomerase IIα-IN-2 (compound 5) is a DNA-binding ligands and a potent inhibitor of the topoisomerase TopoIIα. Topoisomerase IIα-IN-2 exhibits high anti-proliferative activity in human cancer cell lines. Topoisomerase IIα-IN-2 arrests the cell cycle of cancer cells in the G2/M phase and significantly induces DNA damage.

Topoisomerase I (Compound ZML-14) inhibitor 3 induces HepG2 cell apoptosis and arrests cell cycle at G2/M phase. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 3 is an inhibitor of topoisomerase I that interact with topoisomerase I-DNA complex [1].

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 8 (compound 22) shows good anti-proliferative activities and arrest the cell cycle at G2/M phase. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 8 is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase II (IC 50 = 0.52 μM) [1].

Topoisomerase I inhibitor 2 (ZML-8) is a highly selective DNA topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitor that inhibits Top1 activity and results DNA damage. Topoisomerase I inhibitor 2 blocks G2/M phase and induces apoptosis with anti-tumor effect [1].

Topoisomerase I/II inhibitor 4 is a potent dual inhibitor of topoisomerase I (Topo I) and II (Topo II) with inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, invasion and migration, and induction of apoptosis, and can be used to study hepatocellular carcinoma.

DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor 1 is a potent inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II that arrests the cell cycle in sub-G1 phase and induces apoptosis with anti-value-added effects.

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 7, a potent inhibitor of the topoisomerase II alpha subtype, exhibits an IC50 of 3.19 μM. It effectively induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Topoisomerase IV inhibitor 2 (compound 7d) is a potent inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase IV (TOPO IV), exhibiting IC50 values of 0.23 μM for TOPO IV and 0.43 μM for DNA gyrase. It also demonstrates antibacterial efficacy, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.972 μM against Staphylococcus aureus Newman and 0.608 μM against Escherichia coli ATCC8739 [1].

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 10 is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase II (IC50: 7.45 μM). Topoisomerase II inhibitor 10 was able to arrest the cell cycle of HepG-2 cells in the G2-M phase and induce apoptosis.

Topoisomerase IIα-IN-4 (F2) is a non-intercalative ATP-competitive inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase II, specifically inhibiting TopoIIα with an IC50 value of 3.8 μM and TopoIIβ with an IC50 value of 10.1 μM. It demonstrates significant efficacy in inducing apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle in HepG2 cells. Moreover, Topoisomerase IIα-IN-4 exhibits robust antitumor effects against various human cancer cell lines, making it a valuable compound for cancer research [1].

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 6 (Compound 5) is a tryptanthrin derivative. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 6 is a potent and selective topoisomerase II inhibitor. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 6 blocks the CCRF-CEM cell cycle in the G2 phase and induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). Topoisomerase II inhibitor 6 exhibits antiproliferative activity on different tumor cell lines. Topoisomerase II inhibitor 6 has the potential for the research of cancer diseases [1].

Topoisomerase Inhibitor 2 (18C) is a broad-spectrum bacterial topoisomerase inhibitor effective against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria [1].

Topoisomerase IV inhibitor 2 (compound 5d) is a potent inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase IV (TOPO IV), exhibiting IC50 values of 0.35 μM for TOPO IV and 0.55 μM for DNA gyrase. It also demonstrates antibacterial properties, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 1.985 μM against Staphylococcus aureus Newman and 0.744 μM against Escherichia coli ATCC8739 [1].

Topoisomerase I/II inhibitor 2 (compound 1a) can significantly reduce the xenograft tumor growth in mice model which can be used in treating liver cancer. Topoisomerase I/II inhibitor 2 is a DNA topoisomerase I/II dual inhibitor. Topoisomerase I/II inhibitor 2 is a potent Topoisomerase inhibitor with IC50 values of 6.83 μM and 9.82 μM for LM9 cells and Huh7 cells [1].

Topoisomerase I inhibitor 6 (Compound 3) is a potent inhibitor of Topoisomerase I that traps the DNA-Top1 cleavage complex and has low cytotoxicity in non-cancerous cell lines. Research value.

Topoisomerase IIα-IN-1 (compound 2) is a DNA-binding ligands and a potent inhibitor of TopoIIα, a topoisomerase. topoisomerase IIα-IN-1 shows good anti-proliferative effects on human cancer cell lines.

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 15 (compound 2g) serves as a potent apoptotic inducer, exhibiting heightened selectivity for head and neck tumors [1].

Type II topoisomerase inhibitor 1 is able to be used in the antibacterial area. Type II topoisomerase inhibitor 1 is a potent and selective inhibitor of E. coli DNA gyrase with a IC50 value of 1.7 nM as well as forms hydrogen bonds with Asp73 residue. Type II topoisomerase inhibitor 1 inhibits topoisomerase IV activity with an IC50 value of 0.98 μM [1] [2].

Topoisomerase II inhibitor 11 (compound 3d) is a potent inhibitor of Topoisomerase II (IC50: 2.89 μM). Topoisomerase II inhibitor 11 inhibits cell proliferation and has apoptotic activity by blocking the cell cycle in the G2/M phase.

2-deoxy-D-Glucose-13C6is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 2-deoxy-D-glucose by GC- or LC-MS. 2-deoxy-D-Glucose is a glucose antimetabolite and an inhibitor of glycolysis.1,2It inhibits hexokinase, the enzyme that converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, as well as phosphoglucose isomerase, the enzyme that converts glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.32-deoxy-D-Glucose (16 mM) induces apoptosis in SK-BR-3 cells, as well as inhibits the growth of 143B osteosarcoma cells cultured under hypoxic conditions when used at a concentration of 2 mg/ml.4,5In vivo, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (500 mg/kg) reduces tumor growth in 143B osteosarcoma and MV522 non-small cell lung cancer mouse xenograft models when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin or paclitaxel .6 1.Kang, H.T., and Hwang, E.S.2-Deoxyglucose: An anticancer and antiviral therapeutic, but not any more a low glucose mimeticLife Sci.78(12)1392-1399(2006) 2.Aft, R.L., Zhang, F.W., and Gius, D.Evaluation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as a chemotherapeutic agent: Mechanism of cell deathBr. J. Cancer87(7)805-812(2002) 3.Ralser, M., Wamelink, M.M., Struys, E.A., et al.A catabolic block does not sufficiently explain how 2-deoxy-D-glucose inhibits cell growthProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA105(46)17807-17811(2008) 4.Liu, H., Savaraj, N., Priebe, W., et al.Hypoxia increases tumor cell sensitivity to glycolytic inhibitors: A strategy for solid tumor therapy (Model C)Biochem. Pharmacol.64(12)1745-1751(2002) 5.Zhang, X.D., Deslandes, E., Villedieu, M., et al.Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on various malignant cell lines in vitroAnticancer Res.26(5A)3561-3566(2006) 6.Maschek, G., Savaraj, N., Priebe, W., et al.2-deoxy-D-glucose increases the efficacy of adriamycin and paclitaxel in human osteosarcoma and non-small cell lung cancers in vivoCancer Res.64(1)31-34(2004)

D-Ribofuranose (D-Ribose), an endogenous metabolite found in cerebrospinal fluid, serves as a research tool for studying Ribose 5 Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency and Medium Chain Acyl Co A Dehydrogenase Deficiency [1] [2].

Spiroxamine is a tertiary amine fungicide and an inhibitor of δ14 reductase and δ8→δ7 isomerase. Spiroxamine inhibits the growth of N. parvum, B. dothidea, D. seriata, and L. theobromae isolates from grape vines.

5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE is a C-11 double bond isomer of 5(S),6(R)-DiHETE that is formed by the enzymatic isomerization of 5(S),6(R)-DiHETE by a membrane bound factor. 5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE has been found in rat kidney homogenates and is potentially formed by the epoxide hydrolase pathway in this tissue. The isomerase activity responsible for the conversion of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) to 6-trans LTB4 in rat kidney homogenates has also been implicated in its formation. 5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE is not a substrate for soybean lipoxygenase. The biological activity of 5(S),6(R)-11-trans DiHETE has not been reported.

11-cisRetinol is an isomer of vitamin A . It is formed from vitamin A,viaatrans-retinyl ester intermediate, by the enzyme RPE65 in the retinal pigment epithelium and then converted to 11-cis retinal as part of the visual cycle.1,211-cisRetinol is an agonist of salamander and human red rod opsins expressed in COS cells and an inverse agonist of salamander red cone opsin, as well as human red and green cone opsins expressed in COS cells.3It promotes pigment formation in cone, but not rod, photoreceptors. 1.Rando, R.R.The biochemistry of the visual cycleChem. Rev.101(7)1881-1896(2001) 2.Guignard, T.J.P., Jin, M., Pequignot, M.O., et al.FATP1 inhibits 11-cis retinol formation via interaction with the visual cycle retinoid isomerase RPE65 and lecithin: Retinol acyltransferaseJ. Biol. Chem.285(24)18759-18768(2010) 3.Ala-Laurila, P., Cornwall, M.C., Crouch, R.K., et al.The action of 11-cis-retinol on cone opsins and intact cone photoreceptorsJ. Biol. Chem.284(24)16492-16500(2009)

Ribulose is an important metabolite in pentose interconversions. Ribulose is useful for analyzing L-ribose isomerase, engineering yeast for xylose metabolism, interesting chiral pool compound.

Tri-valine (NSC 35938) is a polypeptide isolated from creatine kinase, β-enolase, triosephosphate isomerase, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase [1].

SR-31747 free base is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory sigma ligand that efficiently inhibits cell proliferation through the inhibition of sterol isomerase activity.

Amorolfine HCL is an antifungal reagent. It exerts the antifungal activity by selectively interrupting two steps in the pathway of ergosterol synthesis and eventually disrupting the function and structure of fungal cell membrane. Amorolfine, a morpholine antifungal drug, can inhibit D14 reductase and D7-D8 isomerase. These enzymes can deplete ergosterol and cause ignosterol to accumulate in the fungal cytoplasmic cell membranes.

L-Arabinitol (L-(-)-Arabitol) is a potential biomarker for the comsuption of the food products such as sweet potato, deerberry, moth bean. L-Arabinitol is associated with Alzheimer's disease and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase deficiency.

Trilostane (Win 24540) is a synthetic derivative of androstane with adrenocortical suppressive properties. Trilostane reversibly inhibits 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta 5-4 isomerase in the adrenal cortex.