t-type

T-Type calcium channel inhibitor 2 (compound 6g) is a potent inhibitor of the T-type calcium channel, specifically acting on Cav3.1 (α1G) with an IC50 of 31.0 μM, Cav3.2 (α1H) with an IC50 of 83.1 μM, and Cav3.3 (α1I) (α1H). T-Type calcium channel inhibitor 2 exhibited cytotoxicity against A549 and HCT-116 cells with IC50s of 5.0 μM and 6.4 μM, respectively.

Dazostinag disodium (TAK-676) is a synthetic novel interferon gene (STING) agonist that triggers STING signaling pathway activation and type I interferon activation. Dazostinag disodium (TAK-676) is also a highly effective immune system modulator with complete resolution and lasting memory of T cell immunity and the ability to promote lasting interferon-dependent anti-tumor immune responses.

Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4) is an immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface antigen CTLA-4 and also a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor.

SAK3 is a novel modulator of nAChR activity that enhances T-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (T-VGCC) activity, and has potentiating effects on both Cav3.1 and Cav3.3 T-type Ca2+ channel currents.SAK3 is neuroprotective against scopolamine-induced cholinergic dysfunction in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.SAK3 is used for the study of memory deficits and Alzheimer's disease. SAK3 can be used to study memory deficits and Alzheimer's disease.

2-Nitrobenzoic acid (o-Nitrobenzoic acid) is a antiproliferation agent. 2-Nitrobenzoic acid shows IC50 of 8.3 μM to jurkat cell line expressing T type calcium channel alpha 1H or its splice variant delta 25.

Lomerizine dihydrochloride (KB-2796) is an antagonist of L- and T-type voltage-gated calcium channels used to treat migraine.

Zonisamide (AD 810), a sulfonamide anticonvulsant, is approved for use as an adjunctive treatment in adults with partial-onset seizures. It may inhibit a carbonic anhydrase although this is not one of the main mechanisms of action. Zonisamide may act by blocking repetitive firing of voltage-gated sodium channels results in a reduction of T-type calcium channel currents, or by binding allosterically to GABA receptors. This latter action may lower the uptake of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA while increasing the uptake of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.

Ethosuximide (Zarontin) is an anticonvulsant, blocks the low voltage-activated T-type calcium channel used in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.

1-Octanol, a saturated fatty alcohol, functions as an inhibitor of T-type calcium channels (T-channels), showing an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. Additionally, 1-Octanol is recognized for its potential as a biofuel, possessing diesel-like properties[2].

Oxodipine, a dihydropyridine-type calcium antagonist, inhibited KCl-induced aortic contraction in rabbits and reduced cardiac force in less potent rat ventricular test-paper contractions. In rat cultured neonatal ventricular myocytes, Oxodipine reduced L-type Ca currents (I) with an IC of 0.24 μM, and against T-type Ca currents (I) with an IC of 0.41 μM. Oxodipine causes constipation in mice and gingival hyperplasia in dogs.

TTA-A8 is an antagonist of T-type calcium channel.

T-0156 is a novel, potent and selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor that inhibits the hydrolysis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) with low affinity for PDE6, PDE1, PDE2, PDE3 and PDE4.

Benzoylmesaconine (Mesaconine 14-benzoate) is the most abundant component of Wutou decoction, which is widely used in China because of its therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis. Benzoylmesconine has analgesic activity. Benzoylmesconine may improve the resistance of T6S-mice (or thermally injured mice) to the infection of HSV-1, through the induction of antagonistic CD4+ T cells against burn-associated type-2 T cells.

Mibefradil is a calcium channel blocker with moderate selectivity for T-type Ca2+ channels (IC50s: 2.7 μM and 18.6 μM for T-type and L-type currents).

TTA-A2 is a selective T-type calcium channel antagonist as a potent anticonvulsant that the Cav3.1 isoform plays a prominent role in mediating. TTA-A2 is equally potent against the Cav3.1 (a1G) and Cav3.2 (a1H) channels with IC50 values of 89 nM and 92 nM, respectively, at -80 and -100 mV holding potentials. TTA-A2 can be used for the research of a variety of human neurological diseases, including sleep disorders and epilepsy.

Z944 is a T-type calcium channel blocker. Z944 delays the progression of seizures in the amygdala kindling model. Z944 disrupts prepulse inhibition in both epileptic and non-epileptic rats.

TMPA is a nuclear receptor Nur77 and LKB1 interaction antagonist.

ZSET1446 (ST-101) is a T-type calcium channel activator potentially for the treatment of learning deficits in various types of Alzheimer disease (AD) models.

Suvecaltamide (MK-8998) as potent inhibitors of T-type calcium channels.

Fostemsavir Tris (BMS-663068 Tris) is the prodrug of BMS-626529,is a oral, safe and effective inhibitor of HIV-1 attachment. It inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by binding to gp120 and interfering with the attachment of virus to CD4+ T-cells.

1. Lycobetaine (Ungeremine) is a potential biofungicide against Penicillium roqueforti and Aspergillus niger.2. Lycobetaine have strong antibacterial activity against Flavobacterium columnare . 3. Lycobetaine effectively targets mammalian as well as bacterial type I and type II topoisomerases.4. Lycobetaine shows strong acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity(IC(50) value of 0.35 microM). 5. Lycobetaine has antiprotozoal activity, it shows good activity in in vitro assays against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. cruzi.

NNC 55-0396 is a highly selective T-type calcium channel blocker with an IC50 of 6.8 μM, used in studies to prevent human ovarian cancer cell proliferation.

NY-ESO-1 (87-111) is a pan-MHC class II-restricted peptide interacting with various HLA-DR and HLA-DP4 molecules, inducing activation of CD4+ T cells with Th1-type and Th-2 Th0-type responses when presented with these molecules.

GAD65 (206-220) is a synthetic peptide derived from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65, specifically corresponding to residues 180-188. It is known that GAD65 interacts with I-Ag7 MHC class II molecules and is a significant pancreatic antigen that self-reactive T cells target in type I diabetes mellitus.

PDE5-IN-10 (compound 4b), a potent phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, exhibits an effective half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 20 nM, enhanced in vitro microsomal stability (t 1/2 = 44.6 min), and excellent efficacy in restoring long-term potentiation, making it suitable for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research [1].

Plipastatin A1, a lipopeptide isolated from B. cereus, demonstrates enzyme inhibitory and immunosuppressant properties. It effectively inhibits enzymes phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase C (PLC), and phospholipase D (PLD) with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 2.9, 1.3, and 1.4 µM, respectively. Additionally, at a concentration of 100 µg/ml, plipastatin A1 inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B cell blastogenesis and T cell blastogenesis triggered by concanavalin A. In vivo studies reveal that a dose of 0.1 mg/animal effectively suppresses delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice.

Isogarcinol is a natural polyisoprenylated benzophenone first isolated from plant species in the genus Garcinia. It has immunosuppressant actions, inhibiting the protein phosphatase calcineurin (IC50 = 36 μM) and suppressing the proliferation of T cells. Oral administration of isogarcinol in mice decreases delayed type hypersensitivity, prolongs graft survival in allogeneic skin transplants, suppresses inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis, and reduces clinical symptoms in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Isogarcinol inhibits the proliferation of HL-60 and PC-3 cancer cells (IC50s = 4 and 8 μg/ml, respectively) through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Concanamycin B is a macrolide antibiotic that selectively inhibits vacuolar type H+-ATPases (IC50 = 5 nM), thereby blocking vacuolar organelle acidification and early to late endosomal transport. It interferes with bone resorption, maturation of CD8 T lymphocytes, and prevents processing of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II precursors in human B cells, inhibiting MHC class II molecule expression on the cell surface.

5(6)-EET is a fully racemic version of the enantiomeric forms biosynthesized from arachidonic acid by cytochrome P450 enzymes. In solution, 5(6)-EET degrades into 5,6-DiHET and 5(6)-δ-lactone, which can be converted to 5(6)-DiHET and quantified by GC-MS. In neuroendocrine cells, such as the anterior pituitary and pancreatic islets, 5(6)-EET has been implicated in the mobilization of calcium and hormone secretion. 5(6)-EET is an inhibitor of T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav3) that inhibits isoforms Cav3.1, Cav3.2 (IC50 = 0.54 μM), and Cav3.3 and decreases nifedipine-resistant phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction in isolated mouse mesenteric arteries via Cav3.2 blockade when used at a concentration of 3 μM. In addition, it is a substrate of COX-1 and COX-2, as measured by oxygen consumption and product formation assays when used at a concentration of 50 μM. (±)5(6)-EET is provided as a mixture of the free acid and lactone.

This cyclic CTT Gelatinase Inhibitor peptide is an inhibitor for matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. It is also called type IV collagenase or gelatinase. Gelatinases are potential targets of therapeutic intervention in cancer, and inhibitors of t

Mibefradil dihydrochloride (Ro 40-5967 (dihydrochloride)) is an blocker of calcium channel with moderate selectivity for T-type Ca2+ channels (T-type and L-type currents with IC50s of 2.7 μM and 18.6 μM, respectively).

(2R S)-6-PNG (6-Prenylnaringenin) is a novel natural histone deacetylase inhibitor with anticancer and antitumor activity, and it blocks T-type calcium channels to reduce neuropathic and visceral pain in mice.

NNL-2 is a synthetic cannabinoid and T-type calcium channel inhibitor. This product is for research use only.

IAB15 is a potent inhibitor of T-type calcium channel that can be used in the research of epilepsy [1].

Cav 3.2 Inhibitor 4 (Compound 21) is a selective and potent inhibitor of the T-type calcium channel (Ca v 3.2), demonstrating peripheral restriction with an IC50 value of 0.6 μM. It is utilized in atrial fibrillation research [1].

Azemiopsin, a potent inhibitor of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), demonstrates half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 0.18 μM for T. californica nAChR and 22 μM for human α7 nAChR. Moreover, it effectively blocks acetylcholine-induced currents in Xenopus oocytes that heterologously express human muscle-type nAChR [1].

U-7524, also known as AOAA and Aminooxyacetic acid, is an inhibitor of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase (GABA-T). AOAA is also a general inhibitor of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes (this includes GABA-T). It functions as an inhibitor by attac

IAA65 is a potent inhibitor of T-type calcium channels, exhibiting an IC50 value of 18.9 μM, and holds potential for use in epilepsy research [1].

ML218 is an orally active, selective, potent, and blood-brain barrier-crossing inhibitor of T-type Ca2+ channels (Cav3.1, Cav3.2, Cav3.3) (IC50 for Cav3.2 and Cav3.3 is 310 nM and 270 nM, respectively).ML218 inhibits the burst activity of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus (STN).

C12 Galactosylceramide is a bioactive sphingolipid. It inhibits IL-4 production by 53.84% in EL4 T cells when used at a concentration of 10 μM. C12 Galactosylceramide reduces the growth of human papillomavirus type 16-associated tumors in mice and reduces tumor recurrence following surgical removal or chemotherapy. It also reduces natural killer T cell activity, delays the onset of proteinuria, and improves survival in a mouse model of systemic lupus.

Zonisamide-13C2,15N is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of zonisamide by GC- or LC-MS. Zonisamide is an antiepileptic agent.1 It selectively inhibits the repeated firing of sodium channels (IC50 = 2 μg/ml) in mouse embryo spinal cord neurons and inhibits spontaneous channel firing when used at concentrations greater than 10 μg/ml.2 In rat cerebral cortex neurons, zonisamide (1-1,000 μM) inhibits T-type calcium channels with a maximum reduction of 60% of the calcium current.3 Zonisamide inhibits H. pylori recombinant carbonic anhydrase (CA) and the human CA isoforms I, II, and V with Ki values of 218, 56, 35, and 21 nM, respectively.4,5 In mice, it has anticonvulsant activity against maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and pentylenetetrazole-induced maximal, but not minimal, seizures (ED50s = 19.6, 9.3, and >500 mg/kg, respectively). Zonisamide (40 mg/kg, p.o.) prevents MPTP-induced decreases in the levels of dopamine , but not homovanillic acid or dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid , and increases MPTP-induced decreases in the dopamine turnover rate in mouse striatum in a model of Parkinson's disease.6 Formulations containing zonisamide have been used in the treatment of partial seizures in adults with epilepsy. |1. Masuda, Y., Ishizaki, M., and Shimizu, M. Zonisamide: Pharmacology and clinical efficacy in epilepsy. CNS Drug Rev. 4(4), 341-360 (1998).|2. Rock, D.M., Macdonald, R.L., and Taylor, C.P. Blockade of sustained repetitive action potentials in cultured spinal cord neurons by zonisamide (AD 810, CI 912), a novel anticonvulsant. Epilepsy Res. 3(2), 138-143 (1989).|3. Suzuki, S., Kawakami, K., Nishimura, S., et al. Zonisamide blocks T-type calcium channel in cultured neurons of rat cerebral cortex. Epilepsy Res. 12(1), 21-27 (1992).|4. Nishimori, I., Vullo, D., Minakuchi, T., et al. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Cloning and sulfonamide inhibition studies of a carboxyterminal truncated α-carbonic anhydrase from Helicobacter pylori. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16(8), 2182-2188 (2006).|5. De Simone, G., Di Fiore, A., Menchise, V., et al. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Zonisamide is an effective inhibitor of the cytosolic isozyme II and mitochondrial isozyme V: Solution and X-ray crystallographic studies. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 15(9), 2315-2320 (2005).|6. Yabe, H., Choudhury, M.E., Kubo, M., et al. Zonisamide increases dopamine turnover in the striatum of mice and common marmosets treated with MPTP. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 110(1), 64-68 (2009).

Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011). Urocortin III is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin II , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Human urocortin III shares 90, 40, 37, and 21% identity to mouse urocortin III , mouse urocortin II , human urocortin , and mouse urocortin, respectively. Urocortin III selectively binds to type 2 CRF receptors (Kis = 21.7, 13.5, and >100 nM for rat CRF2α, rat CRF2β, and human CRF1, respectively). It stimulates cAMP production in CHO cells expressing rat CRF2α and mouse CRF2β (EC50s = 0.16 and 0.12 nM, respectively) as well as cultured anterior pituitary cells expressing endogenous CRF2β. Urocortin III is co-released with insulin to potentiate glucose-stimulated somatostatin release in vitro in human pancreatic β-cells.2 In vivo, urocortin III reduces food intake in a dose- and time-dependent manner in mice with a minimum effective dose (MED) of 0.3 nmol/animal.3 It increases swimming time in a forced swim test in mice, indicating antidepressant-like activity.4 References1. Lewis, K., Li, C., Perrin, M.H., et al. Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(13), 7570-7575 (2001).2. van der Meulen, T., Donaldson, C.J., Cáceres, E., et al. Urocortin3 mediates somatostatin-dependent negative feedback control of insulin secretion. Nat. Med. 21(7), 769-776 (2015).3. Pelleymounter, M.A., Joppa, M., Ling, N., et al. Behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the selective CRF2 receptor agonists urocortin II and urocortin III. Peptides 25(4), 659-666 (2004).4. Tanaka, M., Kádár, K., Tóth, G., et al. Antidepressant-like effects of urocortin 3 fragments. Brain Res. Bull. 84(6), 414-418 (2011).

NG 25 is a type II kinase inhibitor that inhibits MAP4K2 and TAK1 (IC50s = 21.7 and 149 nM, respectively).1It also inhibits the Src family kinases Src and LYN (IC50s = 113 and 12.9 nM, respectively) and Abl family kinases (IC50s = 75.2 nM), as well as CSK, FER, and p38α (IC50s = 56.4, 82.3, and 102 nM, respectively). NG 25 (100 nM) prevents TNF-α-induced IKKα/β phosphorylation and IκB-α degradation in L929 cells. It inhibits secretion of IFN-α and IFN-β induced by CpG type B and CL097, respectively, in Gen2.2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.2NG 25 decreases cell viability of HCT116KRASWT, and to a greater degree of HCT116KRASG13D, colorectal cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner.3It also reduces tumor growth and increases the number of TUNEL-positive tumor cells in a CT26KRASG12Dmouse orthotopic model of colorectal cancer. 1.Tan, L., Nomanbhoy, T., Gurbani, D., et al.Discovery of type II inhibitors of TGFβ-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 2 (MAP4K2)J. Med. Chem.58(1)183-196(2015) 2.Pauls, E., Shpiro, N., Peggie, M., et al.Essential role for IKKβ in production of type 1 interferons by plasmacytoid dendritic cellsJ. Biol. Chem. 287(23)19216-19228(2012) 3.Ma, Q., Gu, L., Liao, S., et al.NG25, a novel inhibitor of TAK1, suppresses KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer growth in vitro and in vivoApoptosis24(1-2)83-94(2019)

MBX-8025 is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ).1 It is greater than 750- and 2,500-fold selective for PPARδ over PPARα and PPARγ. MBX-8025 (10 mg/kg per day for eight weeks) reduces increases in fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels, and decreases insulin resistance in Alms1 mutant (foz/foz) mice fed an atherogenic diet as a model of diet-induced obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).2 It also decreases serum alanine transaminase (ALT), as well as serum and hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, levels and reduces markers of NASH in the same model. |1. Bays, H.E., Schwartz, S., Littlejohn, T., 3rd, et al. MBX-8025, a novel peroxisome proliferator receptor-δ agonist: Lipid and other metabolic effects in dyslipidemic overweight patients treated with and without atorvastatin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(9), 2889-2897 (2011).|2. Haczeyni, F., Wang, H., Barn, V., et al. The selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta agonist seladelpar reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis pathology by abrogating lipotoxicity in diabetic obese mice. Hepatol. Commun. 1(7), 663-674 (2017).

Phosphatidylserine is a naturally occurring phospholipid that comprises 2-10% of total phospholipids in mammals and is enriched in the central nervous system, particularly the retina. It is anionic and found mainly on the inner leaflet of the cell membrane. It is biosynthesized from phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidyl synthase 1 (PSS1) or PSS2, respectively, in the endoplasmic reticulum and can be reversibly converted back by the same enzymes. It can also be irreversibly converted to phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in the mitochondria. Phosphatidylserine binds to T cell immunoglobulin mucin type 1 (TIM-1) and TIM-4 receptors as well as brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), leading to anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects. It is also a cofactor involved in the activation of various signaling pathways through activation of protein kinase C, neutral sphingomyelinase, and c-Raf-1 protein kinase among others. Phosphatidylserine is externalized during apoptosis by scramblases in the plasma membrane as a signal for phagocytes to engulf the cell. Phosphatidylserines (bovine) is a mixture of bovine phosphatidylserines containing fatty acids with variable chain lengths at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions.

Stephacidin B is a fungal metabolite that has been found inA. ochraceus.1Dimeric stephacidin B is rapidly converted to a monomer, avrainvillamide ,in vitro.2Stephacidin B is cytotoxic to a variety of cancer cells, including testosterone-independent PC3 and -sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells (IC50s = 0.37 and 0.06 μM, respectively) and estradiol-independent SK-BR-3 and -sensitive MCF-7 breast cancer cells (IC50s = 0.32 and 0.27 μM, respectively).1It induces apoptosis in HepG2 and Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells when used at a concentration of 4 μM.3 1.Qian-Cutrone, J., Huang, S., Shu, Y.-Z., et al.Stephacidin A and B: Two structurally novel, selective inhibitors of the testosterone-dependent prostate LNCaP cellsJ. Am. Chem. Soc.124(49)14556-14557(2002) 2.Wulff, J.E., Herzon, S.B., Siegrist, R., et al.Evidence for the rapid conversion of stephacidin B into the electrophilic monomer avrainvillamide in cell cultureJ. Am. Chem. Soc.129(16)4898-4899(2007) 3.Hu, L., Zhang, T., Liu, D., et al.Notoamide-type alkaloid induced apoptosis and autophagy via a P38/JNK signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cellsRSC Adv.9(34)19855-19868(2019)

Mulberrofuran C shows protective effects on t-BHP-induced oxidative stress with the EC50 value of 0.41 ± 0.48 uM ; it also shows protective effects on glutamate-induced cell death with the EC50 value of 16.50 ± 7.82 uM. Mulberrofuran C has antiviral effects against herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2).

Tregalizumab, a humanized IgG1-type monoclonal antibody targeting CD4, selectively activates regulatory T cells (Tregs) with suppressive functions in vitro and has potential applications in researching autoimmune diseases (due to inadequate Treg activity) and allergies [1] [2] [3].