endonuclease

Flap endonuclease 1 FEN-1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50.0 kDa and the accession number is P39748.

Apurinic-Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1 (APE1) is required for efficient DNA base excision repair. When the DNA glycosylase remove the damaged bases, APE1 cleaves the AP site to allow resynthesis and ligation to complete repair. APE1 stimulates the DNA binding activity of many transcription factors, which participate in cancer promotion and progression. APE1 regulates the redox state of multiple transcription factors, such as c-Jun, c-Fos, NF-kB, p53. APEN is also involved in calcium-dependent down-regulation of PTH expression.

Nuclease that resolves Holliday junction intermediates in genetic recombination. Cleaves the cruciform structure in supercoiled DNA by nicking to strands with the same polarity at sites symmetrically opposed at the junction in the homologous arms and leaves a 5'-terminal phosphate and a 3'-terminal hydroxyl group.

NEIL1 is a member of DNA glycosylases. DNA glycosylases are a family homologous to the bacterial Fpg Nei family. They play a role in base excision repair which is the mechanism by which damaged bases in DNA are removed and replaced. The first step of this process is catalyzed by DNA glycosylases. They remove the damaged nitrogenous base while leaving the sugar-phosphate backbone intact, creating an apurinic apyrimidinic site, commonly referred to as an AP site. NEIL1 functions in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. It acts as a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes damaged bases. NEIL1 prefers to oxidized pyrimidines, such as thymine glycol, Formamidopyrimidine (Fapy), and 5-hydroxyuracil. Has marginal activity towards 8-oxoguanine. It has AP (apurinic apyrimidinic) lyase activity and introduces nicks in the DNA strand and cleaves the DNA backbone by beta-delta elimination to generate a single-strand break at the site of the removed base with both 3'- and 5'-phosphates.

Presents phospholipase and nuclease activities, depending on the different physiological conditions. Interaction with Mitoguardin (MIGA1 or MIGA2) affects the dimer conformation, facilitating the lipase activity over the nuclease activity. Plays a key role in mitochondrial fusion and fission via its phospholipase activity. In its phospholipase role, it uses the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin as substrate to generate phosphatidate (PA or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate), a second messenger signaling lipid. Production of PA facilitates Mitofusin-mediated fusion, whereas the cleavage of PA by the Lipin family of phosphatases produces diacylgycerol (DAG) which promotes mitochondrial fission. Both Lipin and DAG regulate mitochondrial dynamics and membrane fusion fission, important processes for adapting mitochondrial metabolism to changes in cell physiology. Mitochondrial fusion enables cells to cope with the increased nucleotide demand during DNA synthesis. Mitochondrial function and dynamics are closely associated with biological processes such as cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Mediator of MYC activity, promotes mitochondrial fusion and activates AMPK which in turn inhibits YAP TAZ, thereby inducing cell growth and proliferation. The endonuclease activity plays a critical role in PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) biogenesis during spermatogenesis. Implicated in spermatogenesis and sperm fertility in testicular germ cells, its single strand-specific nuclease activity is critical for the biogenesis maturation of PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA). MOV10L1 selectively binds to piRNA precursors and funnels them to the endonuclease that catalyzes the first cleavage step of piRNA processing to generate piRNA intermediate fragments that are subsequently loaded to Piwi proteins. Cleaves either DNA or RNA substrates with similar affinity, producing a 5' phosphate end, in this way it participates in the processing of primary piRNA transcripts. piRNAs provide essential protection against the activity of mobile genetic elements. piRNA-mediated transposon silencing is thus critical for maintaining genome stability, in particular in germline cells when transposons are mobilized as a consequence of wide-spread genomic demethylation. PA may act as signaling molecule in the recognition transport of the precursor RNAs of primary piRNAs. Interacts with tesmin in testes, suggesting a role in spermatogenesis via association with its interacting partner.

Polynucleotide kinase that can phosphorylate the 5'-hydroxyl groups of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and double-stranded DNA:RNA hybrids. dsRNA is phosphorylated more efficiently than dsDNA, and the RNA component of a DNA:RNA hybrid is phosphorylated more efficiently than the DNA component. Plays a role in both tRNA splicing and mRNA 3'-end formation. Component of the tRNA splicing endonuclease complex: phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of the tRNA 3'-exon during tRNA splicing; this phosphorylation event is a prerequisite for the subsequent ligation of the two exon halves and the production of a mature tRNA. Its role in tRNA splicing and maturation is required for cerebellar development. Component of the pre-mRNA cleavage complex II (CF-II), which seems to be required for mRNA 3'-end formation. Also phosphorylates the 5'-terminus of exogenously introduced short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which is a necessary prerequisite for their incorporation into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). However, endogenous siRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are produced by the cleavage of dsRNA precursors by dicer1 already contain a 5'-phosphate group, so this protein may be dispensible for normal RNA-mediated gene silencing.

The enzyme is known to be a redox factor (Ref-1) stimulating DNA binding activity of AP-1 binding proteins such as Fos and Jun as well as a multifunctional DNA repair enzyme having 5' AP endonuclease, DNA 3' repair diesterase, 3'-5' exonuclease and DNA 3'-phosphatase activities.Although Apex mRNA was expressed ubiquitously, the levels varied significantly, suggesting organ- or tissue-specific expression of the Apex gene. The highest level was observed in the testis, relatively high levels in the thymus, spleen, kidney and brain, and the lowest level in the liver in rats. However, the present results suggested that APEX Ref-1 gene product can interact with AP-1 binding proteins in brain, especially in the hippocampal formation, to regulate some brain functions by redox-activation.

Part of the tripartite complex that is required for the CDT activity. CdtB exhibits a DNA-nicking endonuclease activity, and very probably causes DNA damage in intoxicated cells. This damage induces G2 M cell cycle arrest, chromatin fragmentation, cell distention and nucleus enlargement. CDTB Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-SUMO and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47.4 kDa and the accession number is Q46669.

Nuclease required for the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL) recruited at sites of DNA damage by monoubiquitinated FANCD2. Specifically involved in repair of ICL-induced DNA breaks by being required for efficient homologous recombination, probably in the resolution of homologous recombination intermediates. Not involved in DNA double-strand breaks resection. Acts as a 5'-3' exonuclease that anchors at a cut end of DNA and cleaves DNA successively at every third nucleotide, allowing to excise an ICL from one strand through flanking incisions. Probably keeps excising with 3'-flap annealing until it reaches and unhooks the ICL. Acts at sites that have a 5'-terminal phosphate anchor at a nick or a 1- or 2-nucleotide flap and is augmented by a 3' flap. Also has endonuclease activity toward 5'-flaps.

RNase A, also known as ribonuclease A and RNASE1, belongs to ribonuclease A superfamily. It is a pancreatic-type of secretory ribonuclease. RNase A is a basic protein and its many positive charges are consistent with its binding to RNA (a poly-anion). More generally, RNase A is unusually polar or, rather, unusually lacking in hydrophobic groups, especially aliphatic ones. As an endonuclease, RNase A cleaves internal phosphodiester RNA bonds on the 3'-side of pyrimidine bases. It prefers poly(C) as a substrate and hydrolyzes 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides, with a pH optimum near 8.0. RNase A is monomeric and more commonly acts to degrade ds-RNA over ss-RNA. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and four transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified.

Colicins are polypeptide toxins produced by and active against E.coli and closely related bacteria. This colicin is an endonuclease. Colicin-E5 Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.8 kDa and the accession number is P18000.