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Ceftaroline fosamil (TAK-599) inner salt, a cephalosporin derivative, is an N-phosphono prodrug of anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) T-91825. Ceftaroline fosamil inner salt can be used for the research of MRSA infection.

(Methoxycarbonylsulfamoyl)triethylammonium hydroxide, inner salt is a useful organic compound for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T65053 and the CAS number is 29684-56-8.

Amoxicillin (Amoxycillin) binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Amoxicillin Anhydrous is the anhydrous form of a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic aminopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

Ceftriaxone sodium hydrate is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.

Cefoperazone (Medocef) binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. It can inhibit rMrp2-mediated [3H]E217βG uptake (IC50: 199 μM).

Cefazolin sodium (cephazolin sodium) salt binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Cefazolin sodium salt is the sodium salt of cefazolin, a beta-lactam antibiotic and first-generation cephalosporin with bactericidal activity. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity, which results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis.

(CL227193) )binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), enzymes located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall, resulting in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and cell lysis. Piperacillin Sodium is the sodium salt of piperacillin, a broad-spectrum semisynthetic, ampicillin-derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity.

Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt (Sodium taurodeoxylate) is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. and it inhibits various inflammatory responses

Glutathione arsenoxide hydrochloride (Glutathione arsenoxide hydrochloride(1271726-51-2 Free base)) is a potentially active anti-cancer molecule and inhibitor of tumour metabolism. glutathione arsenoxide hydrochloride targets the mitochondrial inner membrane adenine nucleotidyl transferase (ANT), which inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. Glutathione arsenoxide hydrochloride can be used to recognize cell surface proteins such as protein disulfide isomerases.

Devapamil (Devapamilo) is a phenylalkylamine that blocks L-type calcium currents from the inner side of membrane cells in a use-dependent manner.

MAC13243 HCl, an inhibitor of LolA, a periplasmic chaperone that transports lipoproteins from the inner membrane to the outer membrane, is an antimicrobial agent with specificity and significant inhibitory effects on Gram-negative bacteria.

Elamipretide Triacetate (Elamipretide TriTFA) is an aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide that readily penetrates cell membranes and transiently localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it associates with cardiolipin.It has been used in trials studying the treatment of Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy.

Amoxicillin trihydrate (Moxaline trihydrate) binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 1A located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Amoxicillin trihydrate is a broad-spectrum, semisynthetic aminopenicillin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This interrupts bacterial cell wall synthesis and results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

Cefonicid binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Cefonicid sodium (Monocid sodium) is the sodium salt form of cefonicid, a semisynthetic second-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

UK-5099 (PF-1005023) is a specific and potent inhibitor of MPC carrier activity, effectively inhibiting pyruvate-dependent oxygen consumption in rat heart mitochondria with an IC50 of 50 nM [1].

Bovine Myeloid Antimicrobial Peptide (BMAP) 28, a synthetic peptide derived from bovine cathelicidin-5 (amino acids 132-158), exhibits antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, and the fungus C. albicans, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2, 2, 4, 1, and 8 µM respectively. At a concentration of 200 nM, BMAP 28 permeabilizes the inner membrane of E. coli, and at 5 µM, it inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication in Vero 76 cells. Furthermore, at 30 µM, it causes hemolysis in human erythrocytes and cytotoxicity in human neutrophils. In vivo, a dose of 0.8 mg/kg enhances survival in mice infected with E. coli or MRSA, but not P. aeruginosa.

Dhodh-in-20 (Compound 133) is a potent inhibitor of DHODH. Among them, DHODH is an iron-containing flavin-dependent enzyme that is present in the inner membrane of human mitochondria. DHODH-IN-20 showed an inhibitory effect on tumor growth. DHODH-IN-20 has the potential to be used in the study of acute myeloid leukemia.

Antimycin A4 is an active component of the antimycin A antibiotic complex that is more polar than antimycin A1 , antimycin A2 , and antimycin A3 . Antimycin A4 inhibits ATP-citrate lyase with a Ki value of 64.8 μM. The antimycin A complex is a mixture of antimycins A1, A2, A3, and A4 that demonstrates antifungal, insecticidal, nematocidal, and piscicidal properties. It blocks mitochondrial respiration and can deplete cellular levels of ATP via inhibition of complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Antimycin A prevents the transfer of electrons between the b-cytochromes and ubiquinone at the Q(inner) site of complex III. This results in the stabilization of the ubisemiquinone radical at the Q(outer) site of complex III, leading to increased production of superoxide. Antimycin A is widely used in research to shunt electron flow through the ETC to study the chemical details of oxygen respiration. Additionally, antimycin A has been shown to inhibit Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins, inducing apoptosis.

Cytochrome c fragment (93-108) is a peptide from Cytochrome c, which is a small heme protein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Cytochromes c from certain eukaryotes, including plants and fungi but not higher animals, contains methylated lysine residues at specific positions1. Cytochrome c is a required cofactor for Apaf-1 function2.

4-carboxy TEMPO is a nitroxide and spin label. Nitroxides such as 4-carboxy TEMPO react with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and can be used with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to monitor ROS production in vivo., It has also been used to study flavin-photosensitized damage in inner mitochondrial membranes.

Articaine (Hoe-045 free base), an amide anesthetic featuring an ester group, effectively relieves pain by reversibly binding to the α-subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channels located in the nerve's inner cavity. Furthermore, Articaine mitigates LPS-induced acute kidney injury through the suppression of NF-κB activation and inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Cefepime dihydrochloride, a broad-spectrum fourth-generation cephalosporin, binds and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall.

Phosphatidylserine is a naturally occurring phospholipid that comprises 2-10% of total phospholipids in mammals and is enriched in the central nervous system, particularly the retina. It is anionic and found mainly on the inner leaflet of the cell membrane. It is biosynthesized from phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidyl synthase 1 (PSS1) or PSS2, respectively, in the endoplasmic reticulum and can be reversibly converted back by the same enzymes. It can also be irreversibly converted to phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in the mitochondria. Phosphatidylserine binds to T cell immunoglobulin mucin type 1 (TIM-1) and TIM-4 receptors as well as brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), leading to anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects. It is also a cofactor involved in the activation of various signaling pathways through activation of protein kinase C, neutral sphingomyelinase, and c-Raf-1 protein kinase among others. Phosphatidylserine is externalized during apoptosis by scramblases in the plasma membrane as a signal for phagocytes to engulf the cell. Phosphatidylserines (bovine) is a mixture of bovine phosphatidylserines containing fatty acids with variable chain lengths at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions.

G907 is a selective and potent antagonist of the small molecule ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter protein MsbA, with bactericidal activity, which traps MsbA in the inner lipopolysaccharide. G907 inhibits E. coli MsbA with an IC50 value of 18 nM.

Phosphatidylserine is a naturally occurring phospholipid that comprises 2-10% of total phospholipids in mammals and is enriched in the central nervous system, particularly the retina. It is anionic and found mainly on the inner leaflet of the cell membrane. It is biosynthesized from phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidyl synthase 1 (PSS1) or PSS2, respectively, in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and can be reversibly converted back by the same enzymes. It can also be irreversibly converted to phosphatidylethanolamine by phosphatidylserine decarboxylase in the mitochondria. Phosphatidylserine binds to T cell immunoglobulin mucin type 1 (TIM-1) and TIM-4 receptors as well as brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1), leading to anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects. It is also a cofactor involved in the activation of various signaling pathways through activation of protein kinase C, neutral sphingomyelinase, and c-Raf-1 protein kinase among others. Phosphatidylserine is externalized during apoptosis by scramblases in the plasma membrane as a signal for phagocytes to engulf the cell. Phosphatidylserines (soy) is a mixture of soy phosphatidylserines containing fatty acids with variable chain lengths at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions.

Cefcanel is a semisynthetic third-generation cephalosporin with antibacterial activity. Cefcanel is active against the species E. coli, K. aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis; H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis has reasonable susceptibility. Cefcanel inhibits 90% of S. aureus strains at 2 µg/ml, irrespective of the presence of a β-lactamase. Cefcanel binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

MsbA-IN-6 is a potent antibiotic and inhibitor of the gram-negative ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter MsbA, an essential protein for transporting lipopolysaccharide across the inner bacterial membrane. It exerts a bactericidal effect on Escherichia coli by inhibiting the ATPase and transport activity of MsbA, while retaining efficacy against multidrug-resistant clinical strains [1] [2].

Taurodeoxycholic Acid-d4 Sodium Salt is a deuterated compound of Taurodeoxycholic Acid Sodium Salt. Taurodeoxycholic Acid Sodium Salt has a CAS number of 1180-95-6. Taurodeoxycholate sodium salt is a bile salt-related anionic detergent used for isolation of membrane proteins including inner mitochondrial membrane proteins. and it inhibits various inflammatory responses

Cefoperazone-d5 is a deuterated compound of Cefoperazone. Cefoperazone has a CAS number of 62893-19-0. Cefoperazone binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. PBPs are enzymes involved in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall and in reshaping the cell wall during growth and division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. It can inhibit rMrp2-mediated [3H]E217βG uptake (IC50: 199 μM).

Ganglioside GT1b is a trisialoganglioside that is characterized by having two sialic residues linked to the inner galactose unit. It binds to the neurotoxins botulinum toxin serotype A (BTxA), BTxA heavy chain, and tetanus toxin with IC50 values of 11, 0.74, and 7.2 μM, respectively.[1] Ganglioside GT1b-containing liposomes bind to the major coat protein VP1 from Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), which has been identified in Merkel cell carcinomas, identifying ganglioside GT1b as a putative MCPyV receptor. [2] Ganglioside GT1b decreases production of IL-6, IL-10, IgG, IgM, and IgA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by 31.4, 30.5, 60, 59.5, and 58%, respectively, when used at a concentration of 10 μM [3] . Ganglioside GT1b mixture contains ganglioside GT1b molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 sphingoid backbones.

Caroverine hydrochloride (Caroverine HCL) is a potent, competitive and reversible antagonist of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptor. It is also an antioxidant and calcium-blocking agent that exhibits vasorelaxant action, and can be used for the research of inner ear tinnitus.

hDHODH-IN-12 is a potent inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), exhibiting an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.421 μM. As the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines, critical for DNA RNA synthesis, DHODH is localized within the inner membrane of human mitochondria. hDHODH-IN-12 is applicable in lung cancer research [1].

1-Palmitoyl-d9-2-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE serves as an internal standard for the quantification of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE (1,2-DPPE) using GC- or LC-MS. 1,2-DPPE, a prevalent PE (phospholipid), contains C16:0 fatty acids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and is essential in the inner plasma membrane leaflet. This compound forms a condensed lipid monolayer with cholesterol through tight hydrogen bonding between 1,2-DPPE headgroups, enhancing membrane fluidity to support transport and signaling.

Ganglioside GD1b is an acidic glycosphingolipid that contains two sialic acid residues linked to an inner galactose unit. It is a component of plasma membranes where it packs densely with cholesterol to form lipid microdomains that modulate both intra- and intercellular signaling events. The concentration of ganglioside GD1b in human brain increases with age, constituting 7.85% of total sialic acid in the brain of 0- to 10-year-old subjects and 20.29% in 11- to 30-year-old subjects. Ganglioside GD1b mixture contains ganglioside GD1b molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 fatty acyl chains.

The early stage of atherosclerosis is characterized by the aggregation of foam cells, so called a fatty streak, in the inner arterial wall. CAY10487 inhibits formation of fatty streak lesions of the thoracic aorta in high cholesterol-fed rabbits without affecting plasma lipid profiles or significantly inhibiting ACAT-1 or ACAT-2 activity. The percent area occupied by the atherosclerotic lesion in rabbits supplemented with 0.05% CAY10487 in the diet was 16.1% compared to 53.5% in control rabbits. CAY10487 also exhibits antioxidant activity, inhibiting copper-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein by about 75% at a concentration of 2 μM.

Using specific antisera raised against synthetic peptides, we find that three distinct GTP-binding protein alpha subunits remain bound to the plasma membrane even after activation with nonhydrolyzable GTP analog. Trypsin cleaves each alpha subunit at a si

Lamin fragment has a peptide sequence of Lys-Ala-Gly-Gln-Val-Val-Thr-Ile-Trp. Lamin polypeptides have an almost complete α-helical conformation with multiple α-helical domains separated by non-α-helical linkers that are highly conserved in length and amin

Cinnarizine clofibrate is a calcium channel protein inhibitor as well as an antihistamine channel blocker. The compound is a drug derivative of piperazine. Cinnarizine is used for the control of vomiting due to motion sickness. It acts by interfering with the signal transmission between vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and the vomiting centre of the hypothalamus

Carnitine facilitates the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria to be used in fatty acid metabolism. It does so by accepting acyl groups from fatty acids complexed with coenzyme A, which yields esterified carnitine or acylcarnitines that enable the transport of fatty acyl groups into the inner mitochondrial matrix. β-Oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria is inhibited by uncoupling conditions, thus changes in circulating levels of various acylcarnitines have been used to identify alterations in metabolic state.[1] [2] Arachidonoyl-L-carnitine formed from carnitine conjugated to arachidonic acid .

Ganglioside GQ1b is a tetrasialoganglioside that contains two sialic acid residues linked to an inner galactose unit. It stimulates phosphorylation of several ecto-type protein kinase substrates on the surface of GOTO human neuroblastoma cells when used at a concentration of 5 nM. Ganglioside GQ1b promotes differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to neuronal precursor and glial cells via activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. It also induces differentiation of murine keratinocytes through phosphoinositide turnover. Ganglioside GQ1b mixture contains ganglioside GQ1b molecular species with C18:1 and C20:1 sphingoid backbones.

Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 (190-198) [Homo sapiens] is a peptide from Cytochrome c, which is a small heme protein found loosely associated with the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Cytochromes c from certain eukaryotes, including plants and fungi but not higher animals, contains methylated lysine residues at specific positions1. Cytochrome c is a required cofactor for Apaf-1 function2.

Cefpirome is a broad-spectrum, fourth-generation cephalosporin. It binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall.

Cephalothin sodium (Cefalotin) binds to and inactivates penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. Cephalothin sodium (Cefalotin) is the sodium salt form of cephalothin, a semisynthetic, beta-lactam, the first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with bactericidal activity. PBPs participate in the terminal stages of assembling the bacterial cell wall, and in reshaping the cell wall during cell division. Inactivation of PBPs interferes with the cross-linkage of peptidoglycan chains necessary for bacterial cell wall strength and rigidity. This results in the weakening of the bacterial cell wall and causes cell lysis.

Aprofene (Aprophen) is an antagonist of muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It may be used in the therapy of peptic ulcers, endarteritis (inflammation of the inner shell of the artery), cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), and sp

JB-95 acetate, a β-hairpin macrocyclic peptide, demonstrates potent antimicrobial properties by selectively compromising the outer membrane of Escherichia coli while sparing the inner membrane [1].