urinary

Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor Fragment, a proteolytically derived segment of urinary trypsin inhibitor, demonstrates the capability to inhibit tumor cell invasion through limited proteolysis [1].

Substance P 1-9 aceate is nonapeptide, which decreases the inactivation of substance P by the guinea-pig ileum and urinary bladder.

Lysipressin ([Lys8]-Vasopressin), Induces contraction of the rabbit urinary bladder smooth muscle, activate adenylate-cyclase. Lysipressin is Antidiuretic hormone that have been found in pigs and some marsupial families.

Stromatoxin 1, a peptide isolated from tarantulas, acts as an inhibitor of various potassium channels, including K(V)2.1, K(V)2.2, K(V)4.2, and K(V)2.1/9.3. It selectively targets K(V)2.1 and K(V)2.2 channel subunits, which are crucial in counteracting myogenic and neurogenic contractions of rat urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) [1].

Urofollitropin, a protein extract derived from human menopausal urine, promotes follicle development and maturation while containing minimal amounts of urinary proteins [1].

EPI-X4, an endogenous peptide fragment of human serum albumin (amino acids 408-423), serves as an antagonist to the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4). It effectively prevents calcium mobilization and receptor internalization triggered by chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) in HEK293 cells with CXCR4 expression, at concentrations between 0.8 and 1,000 µM. Moreover, EPI-X4 hampers the CXCL12-driven migration of both Jurkat T cells and human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. In an acute allergic airway hypereosinophilia mouse model, EPI-X4 intrinsically decreases Cxcr4-dependent inflammatory cell infiltration in airways at a dose of 16 µmol/kg. Additionally, increased urinary EPI-X4 levels, inversely related to glomerular filtration rate (GFR), are observed in chronic kidney disease patients, indicating its potential biomarker role.

Brain natriuretic peptide-32 (BNP-32), a fragment of the proBNP cardiovascular hormone precursor, exhibits affinity for natriuretic peptide receptors in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (IC50 = 7.3 nM) and promotes cGMP accumulation within these cells (EC50 = 170 nM). Additionally, BNP-32 effectively mediates the relaxation of norepinephrine-precontracted isolated rat aortic strips (EC50 = 6.7 nM). Upon administration at a dosage of 3 µg/kg, it elevates urine and urinary electrolyte outputs and induces hypotension in rats.

Fexapotide (NX-1207 free acid) selectively induces apoptosis, effectively reducing prostate volume at the cellular level. This compound is applicable in the research of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [1] [2] [3].

Lysipressin acetate(50-57-7(fb_acetate)) ([Lys8]-Vasopressin acetate) , Induces contraction of the rabbit urinary bladder smooth muscle, activate adenylate-cyclase. Lysipressin is Antidiuretic hormone that have been found in pigs and some marsupial families.

Substance P (1-9) is nonapeptide, which decreases the inactivation of substance P by the guinea-pig ileum and urinary bladder. Subtance P is responsible for a number of excitatory effects on both central and peripheral neurons.

MTP 131 is a mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidant.1,2It localizes to the mitochondria and reducestert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells when used at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 nM.1MTP 131 (2 mg/kg) reduces infarct volume, hemispheric swelling, and glutathione (GSH) depletion in a mouse model of acute cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).2It increases survival, improves motor function, and decreases degeneration of the lumbar spinal cord in a superoxide dismutase 1 mutant (SOD1G93A) transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) when administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg. MTP 131 reduces albuminuria, urinary hydrogen peroxide levels, and mesangial matrix accumulation, as well as preserves superoxide production, in adb/dbmouse model of diabetic nephropathy.3 1.Zhao, K., Luo, G., Giannelli, S., et al.Mitochondria-targeted peptide prevents mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in neuronal cell linesBiochem. Pharmacol.70(12)1796-1806(2005) 2.Szeto, H.H.Mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidants: Novel neuroprotective agentsAAPS J.8(3)E521-E531(2006) 3.Miyamoto, S., Zhang, G., Hall, D., et al.Restoring mitochondrial superoxide levels with elamipretide (MTP-131) protects db/db mice against progression of diabetic kidney diseaseJ. Biol. Chem.295(21)7249-7260(2020)

[Glp6] Substance P (6-11) is an analogue of the native peptide, Substance P (6-11), known to act on 'septide-sensitive' tachykinin receptors, thereby stimulating the formation of [3H]-inositol monophosphate ([3H]-IP1) in rat urinary bladder, as evidenced by references [1] [2].