lipid peroxidation

Lipid peroxidation inhibitor 1 is an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation (IC50: 0.07 μM).

Imidazole ketone erastin (IKE) is an ferroptosis inducer with inhibitory effects on system Xc-cystine/glutamate transporter proteins. Imidazole ketone erastin has antitumor activity and induces glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation.

Cepharanthine (NSC-623442), a biscoclaurine alkaloid, suppresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-mediated NFκB stimulation, plasma membrane lipid peroxidation and platelet aggregation and inhibits cytokine production.

Thiamine monochloride (Vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin with erythropoietic, glucose-regulatory, antioxidant, and mood-regulatory properties.Thiamine monochloride inhibits lead-induced lipid peroxidation, thereby preventing lead poisoning.Thiamine monochloride plays an important role in the production of energy by the cells that ingest the food, and enhances normal Thiamine monochloride plays an important role in the energy production of ingested food cells and enhances normal neuronal activity.

Ethyl cinnamate has antifungal, and vasorelaxant effects. Ethyl cinnamate can lead to the damage of cell membrane system and metabolic disorder through inducing lipid peroxidation via initiating ROS overproduction. Ethyl cinnamate can inhibit the tonic contractions induced by high K+ and phenylephrine (PE) in a concentration-dependent manner, with respective IC50 values of 0.30 mM and 0.38 mM.

1. Citric acid (Citro) (1-2 g/kg) can decrease brain lipid peroxidation and inflammation, liver damage, and DNA fragmentation. 2. Citric acid denture cleansers can reduce C. albicans biofilm accumulation and cell viability. However, this CT did not prevent biofilm recolonization.

Mopidamol (RA 233) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, a dipyridamole derivative, with anticancer activity that prevents retinal vascular defects in experimental diabetes.

5-Hydroxy-7-acetoxy-8-methoxyflavone is a flavonoid compound that inhibits lipid peroxidation and may have anti-influenza virus activity.

Tirilazad mesylate (U 74006F) is a non-glucocorticoid, lipid peroxidation inhibitor with antiviral activity and neuroprotective activity.Tirilazad mesylate confines intracellular intramembranous foci, attenuates spinal cord injury induced by trauma, stroke, and ischemia/reperfusion injuries, inhibits toxins in dogs, reduces the effects of Tirilazad mesylate is used in the study of neurological disorders.

Sculponeatin O may have protective effects on the lipid peroxidation-damaged live cells.

VK-28 is a brain permeable iron chelator with neuroprotection. VK-28 inhibits basal as well as iron-induced mitochondrial lipid peroxidation.

Hederacolchiside E has antioxidant activity and shows neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD) models via modulating oxidative stress. Hederacolchiside E exhibits inhibition on lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion. Hederacolchiside E ma

Sculponeatin N may have protective effects on the lipid peroxidation-damaged live cells.

KKII5 is a potent inhibitor of the lipoxygenase LOX-1 with an IC50 of 19 μM.KKII5 inhibits lipid peroxidation and enhances the ability of the active centers of some compounds to receive electrons.

FINO2 is a potent ferroptosis-inducing compound that inhibits GPX4 activity. It functions as a stable oxidant, effectively oxidizing ferrous iron and demonstrating stability across varying pH levels. Furthermore, FINO2 induces widespread lipid peroxidation.

1. Peimisine (Ebeiensine) can affect M-receptor, excit β-receptor, restrain the release of internal calcium, and promote to releaseing nitrogen monoxidum in order to relax tracheal smooth muscle and relieve asthma. 2. Peimisine can attenuate lung tissue injury( ALI), LDH and MDA amount in ALI mice in a dose dependent manner, it also lower the total protein, total white blood cells, lymphocyte and neutrophilic leukocyte in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid( BALF); suggests that peimisine can play a protective role against LPS-induced acute lung injury. 3. Peimisine has the protective effect on the experimental hepatic fibrosis formation, the possible mechanisms are associated with inhibiting fibrogenesis and fibrosis accumulation, and decreasing lipid peroxidation. 4. Peimisine can inhibit angiotensin I converting enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner, displaying 5 % inhibitory concentration values of 526.5 microM, thus, it may have antihypertensive action.

Kielcorin shows antibacterial activity against strain EMRSA-16. It also shows in vitro anti-inflammatory (respiratory burst) inhibiting activities using isolated human neutrophils (IC (50) = 965.21 ± 65.80 uM). trans-Kielcorin has hepatoprotective activity, it can prevent tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation and cell death in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes.

Ferroptosis-IN-3 (Compound 25), a ferroptosis inhibitor, demonstrates potent activity by inhibiting RSL3-induced ferroptosis in HT-1080 cells (EC50: 8.6 nM). It exhibits radical scavenging abilities against DPPH and ABTS (EC50: 3.94 and 6.3 μM, respectively), and effectively reduces lipid peroxidation [1].

4-hydroxy Nonenal is a lipid peroxidation product derived from oxidized ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, that is widely used as a marker of oxidative stress. 4-HNE exhibits various biological activities such as cytotoxicity, growth inhibiting activity, genotoxicity, and chemotactic activity. 4-hydroperoxy 2-Nonenal is the immediate precursor of 4-HNE formed from the cleavage of ω-6 hydroperoxides. Analogous reactions are expected to occur with hydroperoxides from other ω-6 fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid.

Mitoquinol, a ubiquinone derivative, specifically accumulates in mitochondria due to the covalent attachment of the cation triphenylphosphonium. Mitoquinol is an antioxidant, protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage and preventing lipid peroxidation-

Metipranolol (Betamann) is a type of β- Adrenergic receptors（ β- A potent antagonist of adrenergic receptor on guinea pig atria β 1- Adrenergic receptors and rat uterus β The 2-adrenergic receptor exhibited the beta blocking potentials (pA2) of 8.3 and 8.4, respectively. It is also a potent substituent in the 3H DHA binding assay, with a ligand concentration of 0.7 nM and a Ki of 39 ± 24 nM.

Argininosuccinic acid disodium, involved in the urea cycle's fourth step, is cleaved by argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) into arginine and fumarate. It diminishes reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and elevates reactive oxygen species in the cerebral cortex and striatum, leading to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and oxidative stress in the developing rat brain [1] [2].

Prasterone is an endogenous steroid hormone. Prasterone acts as an agonist at ERβ, NMDA, and σ1 receptors, a partial agonist at ERα and AR, and antagonist at GABA-A receptors. It displays a variety of biologocial activities, including enhancing working me

6-O-Acetyldaidzin is an isoflavone glycoside isolated from soybeans. It significantly inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome (IC50: 8.2 μM).

Cryptopine in vivo disturbs the cellular defense system, so that it tips in the direction of autoxidative lipid peroxidation, producing cytotoxicity.

DKI5 ((E)-N'-benzylidenehydrazinecarbothiohydrazide) is a LOX-1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 22.5 μM.DKI5 may have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and has shown anti-lipid peroxidation activity in in vitro bioassays.

4-Methyldaphnetin (DHMC) is a potent inhibitor (low micromolar) of lipid peroxidation and scavengers of superoxide anion radicals and of aqueous alkylperoxyl radicals, but may be pro-oxidant (enhancing generation of hydroxyl radicals) in the presence of free iron ions.2. 4-Methyldaphnetin(7,8-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin) inhibits the proinflammatory 5-lipoxygenase enzyme at micromolar concentrations.

Anticancer agent 154 (Compound 8h) enhances reactive oxygen species production, causing mitochondrial damage, and promotes cell apoptosis and DNA damage. It triggers ferroptosis by depleting GSH, diminishing GPX4 expression, and escalating lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, it effectively suppresses the proliferation of various cancer cells (HT29, H1975, A549, and MCF-7) with IC50 values ranging from 1.0 to 1.9 μM [1].

Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide with anti-aging properties.1,2,3,4 Dietary administration of epitalon (0.00001% w/w) reduces levels of lipid peroxidation products in aged D. melanogaster tissue homogenates.1 Epitalon (1 μg/animal) delays age-related estrous shutdown and decreases the frequency of bone marrow cell chromosomal aberrations in female mice.2 It decreases spontaneous mammary gland and ovarian tumor development and metastasis in aged female mice.3 Epitalon also stimulates melatonin synthesis and normalizes the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion in senescent female M. mulatta monkeys.4References1. Khavinson, V.K., and Myl'nikov, S.V. Effect of epithalone on the age-specific changes in the time course of lipid peroxidation in Drosophila melanogaster. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 130(11), 1116-1119 (2000).2. Anisimov, V.N., Khavinson, V.K., Popovich, I.G., et al. Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice. Biogerontology 4(4), 193-202 (2003).3. Kossoy, G., Anisimov, V.N., Ben-Hur, H., et al. Effect of the synthetic pineal peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in female C3H/He mice. In Vivo 20(2), 253-257 (2006).4. Khavinson, V., Goncharova, N., and Lapin, B. Synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon restores disturbed neuroendocrine regulation in senescent monkeys. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 22(4), 251-254 (2001). Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide with anti-aging properties.1,2,3,4 Dietary administration of epitalon (0.00001% w/w) reduces levels of lipid peroxidation products in aged D. melanogaster tissue homogenates.1 Epitalon (1 μg/animal) delays age-related estrous shutdown and decreases the frequency of bone marrow cell chromosomal aberrations in female mice.2 It decreases spontaneous mammary gland and ovarian tumor development and metastasis in aged female mice.3 Epitalon also stimulates melatonin synthesis and normalizes the circadian rhythm of cortisol secretion in senescent female M. mulatta monkeys.4 References1. Khavinson, V.K., and Myl'nikov, S.V. Effect of epithalone on the age-specific changes in the time course of lipid peroxidation in Drosophila melanogaster. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 130(11), 1116-1119 (2000).2. Anisimov, V.N., Khavinson, V.K., Popovich, I.G., et al. Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice. Biogerontology 4(4), 193-202 (2003).3. Kossoy, G., Anisimov, V.N., Ben-Hur, H., et al. Effect of the synthetic pineal peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in female C3H/He mice. In Vivo 20(2), 253-257 (2006).4. Khavinson, V., Goncharova, N., and Lapin, B. Synthetic tetrapeptide epitalon restores disturbed neuroendocrine regulation in senescent monkeys. Neuro. Endocrinol. Lett. 22(4), 251-254 (2001).

SP4f, an activator of PPAR-γ, exhibits an EC50 value of 826 nM in HK-2 cells. In Swiss albino mice, it diminishes blood glucose levels and lipid peroxidation while enhancing glutathione levels and catalase activity [1].

Luteolin 5-O-α2-glucopyranoside has antioxidant activity, it can inhibit lipid peroxidation, and has DPPH radical-scavenging activity.

Phyllostadimer A can significantly inhibit liposomal lipid peroxidation.

9(S)-HODE cholesteryl ester was originally extracted from atherosclerotic lesions. It remains uncertain whether the oxidized fatty acid portion of the molecule results from enzymatic lipoxygenation or from random lipid peroxidation. 9(S)-HODE cholesteryl ester can be used as a standard for analysis of chiral HODE cholesteryl esters.

9(Z),11(E),13(E)-Octadecatrienoic Acid (α-ESA) is a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid commonly found in plant seed oil. This fatty acid accounts for about 60% of the total fatty acid composition of bitter gourd seed oil and about 70% in tung oil. α-ESA is metabolized and converted to conjugated linoleic acid (9Z,11E-CLA) in rats. It has shown potential as a tumor growth suppressor. In colon cancer Caco-2 cells, α-ESA induced apoptosis through up-regulation of GADD45, p53, and PPARγ. In DLD-1 cells supplemented with α-ESA, apoptosis was induced via lipid peroxidation with an EC50 of 20 μM. It also inhibits DNA polymerases and topoisomerases with IC50s ranging from ~5-20 μM for different isoforms of the enzymes.

6-O-Acetylgenistin is an isoflavone glycoside isolated from soybeans. 6-O-Acetylgenistin significantly inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsome with an IC50 of 10.6 μM[1][2].

Docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (Ethyl docosahexaenoate) enhances 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal damage by inducing lipid peroxidation in the mouse striatum, and can be used to study oxidative diseases of the retina or neurons.

Hirsutanonol is a secondary metabolite from the bark of Alnus glutinosa. Hirsutanonol has potent antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities and exhibits an inhibition effect on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation. Hirsutanonol can be used for studies

SP4e, a PPAR-γ activator, exhibits an EC50 of 739 nM in HK-2 cells. In Swiss albino mice, it diminishes blood glucose and lipid peroxidation while enhancing glutathione levels and catalase activity [1].

Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside-7-O-glucoside (compound 8), an antioxidant present in Hemerocallis fulva, exhibits potent inhibitory action against lipid peroxidation [1].

(±)9-HETE is one of the six monohydroxy fatty acids produced by the non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid. The individual R and S isomers of racemic HETEs have been separated and identified using chiral phase HPLC. The racemic HETEs have been quantified as an index of lipid peroxidation using GC/MS.

Methyl alpha-eleostearate (α-ESA) is a conjugated polyunsaturated fatty acid commonly found in plant seed oil. This fatty acid accounts for about 60% of the total fatty acid composition of bitter gourd seed oil and about 70% in tung oil. α-ESA is metabolized and converted to conjugated linoleic acid (9Z,11E-CLA) in rats. It has shown potential as a tumor growth suppressor. In colon cancer Caco-2 cells, α-ESA induced apoptosis through up-regulation of GADD45, p53, and PPARγ. In DLD-1 cells supplemented with α-ESA, apoptosis was induced via lipid peroxidation with an EC50 of 20 μM. It also inhibits DNA polymerases and topoisomerases with IC50s ranging from ~5-20 μM for different isoforms of the enzymes. α-ESA methyl ester is a neutral, more lipid soluble form of the free acid.

Dihydroisotanshinone I has protective action against menadione-induced hepatotoxicity, attributed to its antioxidant properties including the free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation.

(±)11-HETE is one of the six monohydroxy fatty acids produced by the non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid . The individual R and S isomers of racemic HETEs have been separated and identified using chiral phase HPLC. The racemic HETEs have been quantified as an index of lipid peroxidation using GC/MS.

4-hydroxy Nonenal is a lipid peroxidation product derived from oxidized ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. [1] [2] It exhibits various biological activities such as cytotoxicity, growth inhibiting activity, genotoxicity, and chemotactic activity and has been widely used as a marker of lipid peroxidation.[1][2][3] 4-oxo-2-Nonenal is a more recently identified product of lipid peroxidation.[4][5][6] It actively modifies histidine and lysine residues on proteins and causes protein cross-linking. [7][8] 4-oxo-2-Nonenal also modifies 2’-deoxyguanosine, further implicating lipid peroxidation in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis.[4]

9(R)-HODE cholesteryl ester was originally extracted from atherosclerotic lesions. It remains uncertain whether the oxidized fatty acid portion of the molecule results from enzymatic lipoxygenation or from random lipid peroxidation. 9(R)-HODE cholesteryl ester can be used as a standard for analysis of chiral HODE cholesteryl esters.

Glyurallin B, a flavonoid derived from Glycyrrhiza inflata and Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice), exhibits ABTS+ radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition, with EC50 values of 11.9 ± 0.58 μM and 15.3 ± 1.26 μM, respectively [1].

N6-Etheno 2'-deoxyadenosine is used as a biomarker to evaluate chronic inflammation and lipid peroxidation in animal or human tissues.

1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid-d9 is intended for use as an internal standard for the quantification of 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid by GC- or LC-MS. 1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid is a derivative of uric acid and a metabolite of caffeine. It is formed from caffeine by the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A4. 1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid scavenges hydroxyl radicals in a cell-free assay and inhibits t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation by 56.5% in isolated human erythrocyte membranes.

8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto Prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α) is a metabolite of the isoprostane, 8-isoprostane (8-iso PGF2α), in rabbits, monkeys and humans. 8-iso PGF2α is a PG-like product of non-specific lipid peroxidation. In both humans and monkeys, exogenously infused 8-isoprostane is converted primarily to metabolites having 2 or 4 carbon atoms removed from the top side chain by β-oxidation. A similar pattern is observed when tritiated 8-isoprostane is infused into rabbits. Early in the infusion (within 10 minutes) 8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α was a significant component of the metabolite profile, which was comprised mostly of dinor 8-isoprostane metabolites. 8-iso-13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGF2α weakly inhibits the U-46619 or collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets, although a number of the E-series isoprostanes are much more potent in this assay.

Tirilazad, a nonglucocorticoid 21-aminosteroid, serves to inhibit lipid peroxidation. It mitigates the effects of trauma-induced brain or spinal cord injury, as well as damage resulting from stroke, ischemia, and reperfusion injury. Additionally, Tirilazad exhibits antiviral properties against nCoV and offers neuroprotection in cases of ischemic stroke. It is also utilized in subarachnoid hemorrhage research [1] [2] [3].

Elamipretide (MTP-131) is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant tetrapeptide (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) that reduces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and stabilizes cardiolipin, with blood-brain-barrier permeability. Elamipretide is a potential therapeutic agent in the rare disease of Barnes syndrome.

Elamipretide 2TFA (RX-31 2TFA) is a novel mitochondrion-targeted antioxidant.

Elamipretide acetate (MTP 131 acetate) is a derivative of Elamipretide, a small mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) that can be used in studies to reduce the production of toxic reactive oxygen species and stabilize cardiolipin.

Elamipretide TFA (RX-31 TFA) is a cardiolipin peroxidase inhibitor and mitochondria-targeting peptide[1].