ribosome

60S Ribosome Subunit Biogenesis Protein NIP7 Homolog (NIP7) belongs to the NIP7 family. NIP7 contains one PUA domain, it is essential for the process of proper 27S pre-rRNA and 60S ribosome subunit assembly. NIP7 is a monomer form and interacts with NOL8 and SBDS, and may bind to RNA. In addition, NIP7 is one of the many trans-acting factors required for eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis, which interacts with nascent pre-ribosomal particles and dissociates as they complete maturation and are exported to the cytoplasm.

Inactivates eukaryotic 60S ribosomal subunits. Alpha-TCS Protein, Trichosanthes kirilowii, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30.8 kDa and the accession number is P09989.

MRTO4 (MRT4 Homolog, Ribosome Maturation Factor) is a Protein Coding gene. MRTO4, also known as MRT4, belongs to the universal ribosomal protein uL10 family. This gene encodes a protein sharing a low level of sequence similarity with ribosomal protein P0. MRTO4 is a nuclear paralog of the ribosomal protein P0, it binds pre-60S subunits at an early stage of assembly in the nucleolus, and is replaced by P0 in cytoplasmic pre-60S subunits and mature 80S ribosomes. The precise function of MRTO4 is currently unknown. It appears to be involved in mRNA turnover and ribosome assembly. MRTO4 is widely expressed in the appendix, lymph node, and other tissues. Diseases associated with MRTO4 include Bacterial Conjunctivitis and Robinow Syndrome, Autosomal Dominant 1.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E is a 217 amino acids protein that belongs to the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E family. eIF4F is a multi-subunit complex, the composition of which varies with external and internal environmental conditions. It is composed of at least EIF4A, EIF4E and EIF4G1/EIF4G3. EIF4E is also known to interact with other partners.It can recognize and bind the 7-methylguanosine-containing mRNA cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitates ribosome binding by inducing the unwinding of the mRNAs secondary structures.

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 4(PIN4) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) which interacts with NIMA and is vital for cell cycle regulation. PIN4 has 2 different isoforms: PAR14 and PAR17. Furthermore, PIN4 protein binds to double-stranded DNA under physiological salt conditions. PIN4 is involved as a ribosomal RNA processing factor in ribosome biogenesis. The PAR14 binds to tightly bent AT-rich stretches of double-stranded DNA, but PAR17 binds to double-stranded DNA.

Catalyzes the GTP-dependent ribosomal translocation step during translation elongation. During this step, the ribosome changes from the pre-translocational (PRE) to the post-translocational (POST) state as the newly formed A-site-bound peptidyl-tRNA and P-site-bound deacylated tRNA move to the P and E sites, respectively. Catalyzes the coordinated movement of the two tRNA molecules, the mRNA and conformational changes in the ribosome.

Forms part of the ribosomal stalk which helps the ribosome interact with GTP-bound translation factors. Is thus essential for accurate translation. rplL Protein, Legionella pneumophila, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.4 kDa and the accession number is Q5ZYQ1.

Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome. As a member of the eIF4F complex, required for endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced ATF4 mRNA translation. EIF4G1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (B2M & His & JD & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-B2M-JD and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 46.6 kDa and the accession number is Q04637.

One of the primary rRNA binding proteins. Required for association of the 30S and 50S subunits to form the 70S ribosome, for tRNA binding and peptide bond formation. It has been suggested to have peptidyltransferase activity; this is somewhat controversial. Makes several contacts with the 16S rRNA in the 70S ribosome. uL2 Protein, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.7 kDa and the accession number is P9WHA5.

Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is required for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2:GTP:methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also required for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, including cell cycling, differentiation and apoptosis, and uses different modes of RNA stem-loop binding to exert either translational activation or repression.

PTH2, also known as PTRH2, is a mitochondrial protein that belongs to the PTH2 family. PTH 2 is released during apoptosis from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. The natural substrate for PTH 2 may be peptidyl-tRNAs which drop off the ribosome during protein synthesis. When in the cytoplasm, PTRH2 regulates the function of 2 transcriptional regulators, TLE5 and TLE1, thus promoting caspase-independent cell death.

Component of the PeBoW complex, which is required for maturation of 28S and 5.8S ribosomal RNAs and formation of the 60S ribosome. Pescadillo homolog Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 75.4 kDa and the accession number is O00541.

Promotes megakaryocyte differentiation by up-regulating RUNX1 expression. Regulates RUNX1 expression by activating the proximal promoter of the RUNX1 gene and by enhancing the translation activity of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element in the RUNX1 gene. PITHD1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9GZP4.

Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase that plays a key role in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by recruiting DNA-PK to DNA. Required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Also has a role in chromosome translocation. The DNA helicase II complex binds preferentially to fork-like ends of double-stranded DNA in a cell cycle-dependent manner. It works in the 3'-5' direction. During NHEJ, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer performs the recognition step: it recognizes and binds to the broken ends of the DNA and protects them from further resection. Binding to DNA may be mediated by XRCC6. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer acts as regulatory subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK by increasing the affinity of the catalytic subunit PRKDC to DNA by 100-fold. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer is probably involved in stabilizing broken DNA ends and bringing them together. The assembly of the DNA-PK complex to DNA ends is required for the NHEJ ligation step. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer probably also acts as a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (5'-dRP lyase), by catalyzing the beta-elimination of the 5' deoxyribose-5-phosphate at an abasic site near double-strand breaks. XRCC5 probably acts as the catalytic subunit of 5'-dRP activity, and allows to 'clean' the termini of abasic sites, a class of nucleotide damage commonly associated with strand breaks, before such broken ends can be joined. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer together with APEX1 acts as a negative regulator of transcription. In association with NAA15, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer binds to the osteocalcin promoter and activates osteocalcin expression. As part of the DNA-PK complex, involved in the early steps of ribosome assembly by promoting the processing of precursor rRNA into mature 18S rRNA in the small-subunit processome. Binding to U3 small nucleolar RNA, recruits PRKDC and XRCC5/Ku86 to the small-subunit processome. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway.

EBP1, also known as PA2G4, is an RNA-binding protein that belongs to the peptidase M24 family. It can be detected n several cell lines tested, including primary and transformed cell lines. EBP1 also present in pre-ribosomal ribonucleoprotein complexes and may be involved in ribosome assembly and the regulation of intermediate and late steps of rRNA processing. This protein is a transcriptional co-repressor of androgen receptor-regulated genes and other cell cycle regulatory genes through its interactions with histone deacetylases. PA2G4 can interact with the cytoplasmic domain of the ErbB3 receptor and may contribute to transducing growth regulatory signals. EBP1 has been implicated in growth inhibition and the induction of differentiation of human cancer cells. It seems to be involved in growth regulation. EBP1 also mediates cap-independent translation of specific viral IRESs (internal ribosomal entry site).

MRPL44 (Mitochondrial Ribosomal Protein L44) is a Protein Coding gene. MRPL44 encodes a protein in the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome and is suggested to locate near the tunnel exit of the yeast mitochondrial ribosome. It belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mL44 subfamily. In the patient fibroblasts, decreased MRPL44 affected assembly of the large ribosomal subunit and stability of 16S rRNA leading to complex IV deficiency. It may have a function in the assembly/stability of nascent mitochondrial polypeptides exiting the ribosome. MRPL44 is widely expressed in the bone marrow, lymph node, and other tissues. Diseases associated with MRPL44 include Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency 16 and Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency 1.

Capsid protein self-assembles to form an icosahedral capsid with a T=3 symmetry, about 26 nm in diameter, and consisting of 89 capsid proteins dimers (178 capsid proteins). Involved in viral genome encapsidation through the interaction between a capsid protein dimer and the multiple packaging signals present in the RNA genome. The capsid contains also 1 copy of the A2 maturation protein.; Acts as a translational repressor of viral replicase synthesis late in infection. This latter function is the result of capsid protein interaction with an RNA hairpin which contains the replicase ribosome-binding site.

Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase that plays a key role in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by recruiting DNA-PK to DNA. Required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Also has a role in chromosome translocation. The DNA helicase II complex binds preferentially to fork-like ends of double-stranded DNA in a cell cycle-dependent manner. It works in the 3'-5' direction. During NHEJ, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer performs the recognition step: it recognizes and binds to the broken ends of the DNA and protects them from further resection. Binding to DNA may be mediated by XRCC6. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer acts as regulatory subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK by increasing the affinity of the catalytic subunit PRKDC to DNA by 100-fold. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer is probably involved in stabilizing broken DNA ends and bringing them together. The assembly of the DNA-PK complex to DNA ends is required for the NHEJ ligation step. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer probably also acts as a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (5'-dRP lyase), by catalyzing the beta-elimination of the 5' deoxyribose-5-phosphate at an abasic site near double-strand breaks. XRCC5 probably acts as the catalytic subunit of 5'-dRP activity, and allows to 'clean' the termini of abasic sites, a class of nucleotide damage commonly associated with strand breaks, before such broken ends can be joined. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer together with APEX1 acts as a negative regulator of transcription. In association with NAA15, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer binds to the osteocalcin promoter and activates osteocalcin expression. As part of the DNA-PK complex, involved in the early steps of ribosome assembly by promoting the processing of precursor rRNA into mature 18S rRNA in the small-subunit processome. Binding to U3 small nucleolar RNA, recruits PRKDC and XRCC5/Ku86 to the small-subunit processome. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway.

Component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is required for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2:GTP:methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also required for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. The eIF-3 complex specifically targets and initiates translation of a subset of mRNAs involved in cell proliferation, including cell cycling, differentiation and apoptosis, and uses different modes of RNA stem-loop binding to exert either translational activation or repression.

Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Ribosome-independent, sequence-specific endoribonuclease that cleaves mRNA, thus inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing bacterial stasis. It cuts between the first and nucleotides of 5'-UACAU-3' in single-stranded RNA. Neutralized by coexpression with cognate antitoxin MazE. MazF Protein, S. aureus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.4 kDa and the accession number is Q7A0D7.

EF1B, also known as EEF1B2, is a translation elongation factor. It belongs to the EF-1-beta/EF-1-delta family. Elongation factors are a set of proteins that are used in protein synthesis in the cell. In the ribosome, they facilitate translational elongation, from the formation of the first peptide bond to the formation of the last one. EF1B is more complex in eukaryotes than in bacteria, and consists of three subunits: EF1B-alpha, EF1B-gamma and EF1B-beta. EF1B contains 1 GST C-terminal domain. It is involved in the transfer of aminoacylated tRNAs to the ribosome. EF1B is required to regenerate EF1A from its inactive form (EF1A-GDP) to its active form (EF1A-GTP). EF1A is then ready to interact with a new aminoacyl-tRNA to begin the cycle again.

EIF3K is a member of the eIF3 subunit K family. It is a component of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is required for several steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex associates with the 4S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2:GTP:methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S preinitiation complex (43S PIC). It stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. EIF3K is universally expressed in human tissues. It is distributed both in nucleus and cytoplasm. EIF3K is the smallest subunit of eIF3 and it interacts with a number of other subunits of eIF3 and the 4S ribosomal subunit.

Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 1A, X-Chromosomal (EIF1AX) is an essential eukaryotic translation initiation factor that belongs to the eIF-1A family. EIF1AX is required for the binding of the 43S complex (a 40S subunit, eIF2/GTP/Met-tRNAi and eIF3) to the 5' end of capped RNA and has been shown to interact with IPO13. EIF1AX contains one S1-like domain and seems to be required for maximal rate of protein biosynthesis. Enhances ribosome dissociation into subunits and stabilizes the binding of the initiator Met-tRNA(I) to 40 S ribosomal subunits.

Located on the platform of the 30S subunit, it bridges several disparate RNA helices of the 16S rRNA. Forms part of the Shine-Dalgarno cleft in the 70S ribosome.

One of the primary rRNA binding proteins, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it helps nucleate assembly of the platform of the 30S subunit by binding and bridging several RNA helices of the 16S rRNA. Binds to its own mRNA, stabilizing it 5-UTR and preventing its translation.; In the E.coli 70S ribosome it has been modeled to contact the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit forming part of bridge B4. In the two 3.5 A resolved ribosome structures there are minor differences between side-chain conformations.

A key translational regulator that binds mRNA to regulate translation initiation and/or mRNA stability. Mediates global changes in gene expression, shifting from rapid growth to stress survival by linking envelope stress, the stringent response and the catabolite repression systems. Usually binds in the 5'-UTR; binding at or near the Shine-Dalgarno sequence prevents ribosome-binding, repressing translation, binding elsewhere in the 5'-UTR can activate translation and/or stabilize the mRNA. Its function is antagonized by small RNA(s).

Component of the protein complex eIF4F, which is involved in the recognition of the mRNA cap, ATP-dependent unwinding of 5'-terminal secondary structure and recruitment of mRNA to the ribosome. As a member of the eIF4F complex, required for endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced ATF4 mRNA translation. EIF4G1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 41.6 kDa and the accession number is Q04637.

Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Ribosome-independent, sequence-specific endoribonuclease that cleaves mRNA, thus inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing bacterial stasis. It cuts between the first and nucleotides of 5'-UACAU-3' in single-stranded RNA. Neutralized by coexpression with cognate antitoxin MazE. MazF Protein, S. epidermidis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.0 kDa and the accession number is Q9F7V5.

One of two assembly initiator proteins for the 30S subunit, it binds directly to 16S rRNA where it nucleates assembly of the body of the 30S subunit.; With S5 and S12 plays an important role in translational accuracy; many suppressors of streptomycin-dependent mutants of protein S12 are found in this protein, some but not all of which decrease translational accuracy (ram, ribosomal ambiguity mutations).; Plays a role in mRNA unwinding by the ribosome, possibly by forming part of a processivity clamp.; Protein S4 is also a translational repressor protein, it controls the translation of the alpha-operon (which codes for S13, S11, S4, RNA polymerase alpha subunit, and L17) by binding to its mRNA.; Also functions as a rho-dependent antiterminator of rRNA transcription, increasing the synthesis of rRNA under conditions of excess protein, allowing a more rapid return to homeostasis. Binds directly to RNA polymerase.; Part of the processive rRNA transcription and antitermination complex (rrnTAC). The complex forms an RNA-chaperone ring around the RNA exit tunnel of RNA polymerase (RNAP). It supports rapid transcription and antitermination of rRNA operons, cotranscriptional rRNA folding, and annealing of distal rRNA regions to allow correct ribosome biogenesis. This subunit may play a particular role in long-distance rRNA annealing needed for pre-rRNA processing.

EF-1-beta and EF-1-delta stimulate the exchange of GDP bound to EF-1-alpha to GTP, regenerating EF-1-alpha for another round of transfer of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosome.; Regulates induction of heat-shock-responsive genes through association with heat shock transcription factors and direct DNA-binding at heat shock promoter elements (HSE).

ATP-dependent RNA helicase which is a subunit of the eIF4F complex involved in cap recognition and is required for mRNA binding to ribosome. In the current model of translation initiation, eIF4A unwinds RNA secondary structures in the 5'-UTR of mRNAs which is necessary to allow efficient binding of the small ribosomal subunit, and subsequent scanning for the initiator codon. EIF4A1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 53.5 kDa and the accession number is P60842.

Nucleolin is the major nucleolar protein of growing eukaryotic cells. It is found associated with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. It induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. It is thought to play a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome assembly. May play a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. Binds RNA oligonucleotides with 5'-UUAGGG-3' repeats more tightly than the telomeric single-stranded DNA 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats. Nucleolin Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 54.4 kDa and the accession number is P19338.