Involved in countering the first line of host defense mechanisms. Specifically inhibits the response of human neutrophils and monocytes to complement anaphylatoxin C5a and formylated peptides, like N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Acts by binding directly to the C5a receptor (C5aR) and formylated peptide receptor (FPR), thereby blocking the C5a- and fMLP-induced calcium responses. Prevents phagocytosis of the bacterium. Chemotaxis inhibitory Protein, S. aureus (strain MRSA252), Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 16.1 kDa and the accession number is Q6GFB3.

Involved in countering the first line of host defense mechanisms. Specifically inhibits the response of human neutrophils and monocytes to complement anaphylatoxin C5a and formylated peptides, like N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Acts by binding directly to the C5a receptor (C5aR) and formylated peptide receptor (FPR), thereby blocking the C5a- and fMLP-induced calcium responses. Prevents phagocytosis of the bacterium. Chemotaxis inhibitory Protein, S. aureus (strain NCTC 8325/PS47), Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 21.5 kDa and the accession number is Q2FWV5.

C-C Motif Chemokine 3 (MIP-1 alpha,CCL3 ) is a member of the beta or CC subfamily of chemokines and is closely related to CCL4/MIP-1 beta. CCL3 expression can be induced in a variety of hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells. Mature mouse CCL3 shares 73%, 91%, and 82% amino acid sequence identity with human, rat, and cotton rat CCL3, respectively. CCL3 exerts its biological functions through interactions with CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5. It is cleared from the extracellular space by internalization via the decoy chemokine receptor D6. CCL3 promotes the chemoattraction, adhesion to activated vascular endothelium, and cellular activation of many hematopoietic cell types including activated T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes, immature dendritic cells, and eosinophils. CCL3 is also known as stem cell inhibitor (SCI) and can inhibit the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. CCL3 bioactivity contributes to tumor metastasis and the inflammatory components of viral infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatitis, although it also can suppress the replication of HIV.

Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFB and PGF, and plays an essential role in the development of embryonic vasculature, the regulation of angiogenesis, cell survival, cell migration, macrophage function, chemotaxis, and cancer cell invasion. The tyrosine kinase receptor vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is a key regulator of angiogenesis. VEGFR2/KDR Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 86.2 kDa and the accession number is P35968-1.

Endothelial cell-specific chemotaxis receptor (ECSCR) is a cell surface protein expressed by blood endothelial cells with roles in endothelial cell migration and signal transduction. Zebrafish ecscr is expressed in angioblasts and in axial vessels during angioblast migration and vasculogenesis. Morpholino-directed ecscr knockdown resulted in defective angioblast migration in the posterior lateral plate mesoderm, a process known to depend on vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF). ECSCR Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 38.6 kDa and the accession number is Q3TZW0-1.

Protein CYR61, also known as CCN family member 1, Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61,Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 10 , GIG1, CYR61, CCN1 and IGFBP10, belongs to the CCN family, CYR61 is a secreted protein and contains one CTCK (C-terminal cystine knot-like) domain,one IGFBP N-terminal domain,one TSP type-1 domain and one VWFC domain. CYR61 promotes cell proliferation, chemotaxis, angiogenesis and cell adhesion. CYR61 plays important roles in inflammation and tissue repair. CYR61 is associated with diseases related to chronic inflammation, including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetes-related nephropathy and retinopathy, and many different forms of cancers.

XCL2 is a small cytokine belonging to the XC chemokine family. Chemokines are a group of cytokines. Members of this group of so-called C-Chemokines belong to the SCY family of cytokines and are designated XCL (L for ligand) followed by a number. XCL2 is the new designation of SCM-1-beta. XCL2 is highly related to another chemokine called XCL1. XCL2 gene is located on chromosome 1 in humans. XCL2 is predominantly expressed in activated T cells, but can also be found at low levels in unstimulated cells. XCL2 induces chemotaxis of cells expressing the chemokine receptor XCR1. XCL2 gene has been proposed to participate in pathways (Chemokine signaling pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction) and processes (blood circulation, signal transduction, chemotaxis, immune response). XCL2 are expected to have molecular function (chemokine activity) and to localize in various compartments (extracellular space, extracellular region). A putative protein interactor has been described (XCR1). The spliced mRNA putatively encodes a good protein, containing small cytokines (intecrine / chemokine), interleukin-8 like domain; the complete protein appears to be secreted.

Modifies the functions of natural killer cells, monocytes and granulocytes. Inhibits C5a-dependent neutrophil enzyme release and chemotaxis. Capable of killing E.coli but not S.aureus in vitro; digests outer membrane protein A (ompA) in E.coli and K.pneumoniae. ELANE Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 52.6 kDa and the accession number is P08246.

Plays a role as a neuroprotective factor. Protects against neuronal cell death induced by multiple different familial Alzheimer disease genes and amyloid-beta proteins in Alzheimer disease. Mediates its neuroprotective effect by interacting with a receptor complex composed of IL6ST/GP130, IL27RA/WSX1 and CNTFR. Also acts as a ligand for G-protein coupled receptors FPR2/FPRL1 and FPR3/FPRL2. Inhibits amyloid-beta protein 40 fibril formation. Also inhibits amyloid-beta protein 42 fibril formation. Suppresses apoptosis by binding to BAX and preventing the translocation of BAX from the cytosol to mitochondria. Also suppresses apoptosis by binding to BID and inhibiting the interaction of BID with BAX and BAK which prevents oligomerization of BAX and BAK and suppresses release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Forms fibers with BAX and also with BID, inducing BAX and BID conformational changes and sequestering them into the fibers which prevents their activation. Can also suppress apoptosis by interacting with BIM isoform BimEL, inhibiting BimEL-induced activation of BAX, blocking oligomerization of BAX and BAK, and preventing release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Plays a role in up-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein BIRC6/APOLLON, leading to inhibition of neuronal cell death. Binds to IGFBP3 and specifically blocks IGFBP3-induced cell death. Competes with importin KPNB1 for binding to IGFBP3 which is likely to block IGFBP3 nuclear import. Induces chemotaxis of mononuclear phagocytes via FPR2/FPRL1. Reduces aggregation and fibrillary formation by suppressing the effect of APP on mononuclear phagocytes and acts by competitively inhibiting the access of FPR2 to APP. Protects retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells against oxidative stress-induced and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in RPE cells following oxidative stress and promotes STAT3 phosphorylation which leads to inhibition of CASP3 release. Also reduces CASP4 levels in RPE cells, suppresses ER stress-induced mitochondrial superoxide production and plays a role in up-regulation of mitochondrial glutathione. Reduces testicular hormone deprivation-induced apoptosis of germ cells at the nonandrogen-sensitive stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. Protects endothelial cells against free fatty acid-induced inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress, reducing expression of TXNIP and inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome which inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL1B and IL18. Protects against high glucose-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by mediating activation of ERK5 which leads to increased expression of transcription factor KLF2 and prevents monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Inhibits the inflammatory response in astrocytes. Increases the expression of PPARGC1A/PGC1A in pancreatic beta cells which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Increases insulin sensitivity.

Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory peptide anaphylatoxin C5a. The ligand interacts with at least two sites on the receptor: a high-affinity site on the extracellular N-terminus, and a second site in the transmembrane region which activates downstream signaling events. Receptor activation stimulates chemotaxis, granule enzyme release, intracellular calcium release and superoxide anion production. C5AR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (Cell-Free, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40.7 kDa and the accession number is P21730.

Receptor for the chemotactic and inflammatory peptide anaphylatoxin C5a. The ligand interacts with at least two sites on the receptor: a high-affinity site on the extracellular N-terminus, and a second site in the transmembrane region which activates downstream signaling events. Receptor activation stimulates chemotaxis, granule enzyme release, intracellular calcium release and superoxide anion production. C5AR1 Protein-VLP, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 41.1 kDa and the accession number is P21730.

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3(SMAD3) is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to the dwarfin/SMAD family. Smad proteins undergo rapid nuclear translocation upon stimulation by transforming growth factor and in so doing transduce the signal into the nucleus. Receptor-regulated SMAD is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta and activin type 1 receptor kinases. SMAD3 binds the TRE element in the promoter region of many genes that are regulated by TGF-beta and, on formation of the SMAD3/SMAD4 complex, activates transcription. It also can form a SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex at the AP-1/SMAD site to regulate TGF-beta-mediated transcription. SMAD3 has an inhibitory effect on wound healing probably by modulating both growth and migration of primary keratinocytes and by altering the TGF-mediated chemotaxis of monocytes. This effect on wound healing appears to be hormone-sensitive.

The Galectin family of proteins, with specificity for Nacetyllactosaminecontaining glycoproteins, consists of beta-galactoside binding lectins containing homologous carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). They also possess hemagglutination activity, which is attributable to their bivalent carbohydrate binding properties. Galectins are active both intracellularly and extracellularly. Although they are localized primarily in the cytoplasm and lack a classical signal peptide, galectins can also be secreted by one or more unidentified, non-classical, secretory pathways. They have diverse effects on many cellular functions including adhesion, migration, polarity, chemotaxis, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Galectins may therefore play a key role in many pathological states, including autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, inflammation, tumor cell metastasis, atherosclerosis, and diabetic complications. The galectins have been classified into the prototype galectins(1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14), which contain one CRD and exist either as a monomer or a noncovalent homodimer. The chimera galectins(Galectin3) containing one CRD linked to a nonlectin domain, and the tandemrepeat Galectins(4, 6, 8, 9, 12) consisting of two CRDs joined by a linker peptide.Galectins lack a classical signal peptide and can be localized to the cytosolic compartments where they have intracellular functions. However, via one or more as yet unidentified nonclassical secretory pathways, galectins can also be secreted to function extracellularly. Individual members of the galectin family have different tissue distribution profiles and exhibit subtle differences in their carbohydrate-binding specificities. Each family member may preferentially bind to a unique subset of cell surface glycoproteins.

Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a 30 kDa β-galactose, highly conserved and widely distributed intracellularly and extracellularly. Gal-3 has been demonstrated in recent years to be a novel inflammatory factor participating in the process of intravascular inflammation, lipid endocytosis, macrophage activation, cellular proliferation, monocyte chemotaxis, and cell adhesion.

CCL24, also known as Eotaxin-2 and MPIF-2, belongs to the intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family. CCL24 gene belongs to the subfamily of small cytokine CC genes. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The CC cytokines are proteins characterized by two adjacent cysteines. CCL24 displays chemotactic activity on resting T lymphocytes, a minimal activity on neutrophils, and is negative on monocytes and activated T lymphocytes. CCL24 is also a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line. CCL24 is chemotactic for resting T-lymphocytes, and eosinophils. It has lower chemotactic activity for neutrophils but none for monocytes and activated lymphocytes. It is a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line. Eotaxin-2 interacts with chemokine receptor CCR3 to induce chemotaxis in eosinophils. Elevated level of Eotaxin-2 has been seen in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.

Receptor for the C-X-C chemokine CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 and mediates the proliferation, survival and angiogenic activity of mesangial cells through a heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathway. Probably promotes cell chemotaxis response. Binds to CCL21.

High affinity receptor for N-formyl-methionyl peptides (FMLP), which are powerful neutrophil chemotactic factors. Stimulates chemotaxis in immune cells to site of infection or tissue damage upon recognition of several ligands, such as FMLP, or ligand involved in cell damage, disease or inflammation. Receptor for the chemokine-like protein FAM19A5, mediating FAM19A5-stimulated macrophage chemotaxis and the inhibitory effect on TNFSF11/RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. FPR2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (GST & His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-GST and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.3 kDa and the accession number is O88536.

Mouse Cxcl12 is a secreted and highly conserved protein which belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family.CXCL12 is widely expressed in various organs including brain, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and lymphoid organs. Cxcl12 activates the C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 to induce a rapid and transient rise in the level of intracellular calcium ions and chemotaxis. It also binds to atypical chemokine receptor ACKR3 which activates the beta-arrestin pathway and acts as a scavenger receptor for SDF-1. Cxcl12 has several critical functions during embryonic development such as B-cell lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis in bone marrow and heart ventricular septum formation. Cxcl12 plays an important role in acting as a positive regulator of monocyte migration and a negative regulator of monocyte adhesion via the LYN kinase. It stimulates migration of monocytes and T-lymphocytes through its receptors, CXCR4 and ACKR3, and decreases monocyte adherence to surfaces coated with ICAM-1, a ligand for beta-2 integrins. SDF1A/CXCR4 signaling axis inhibits beta-2 integrin LFA-1 mediated adhesion of monocytes to ICAM-1 through LYN kinase. It also plays a protective role after myocardial infarction, induces down-regulation and internalization of ACKR3 expressed in various cells and stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow-derived b progenitor cells in the presence of IL-7 as well as growth of the stromal cell-dependent B-cell clone DW34 cells.

Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a CD8+ T cell-derived cytokine that induces chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells and CD4+ monocytes and eosinophils. Analysis by gel filtration suggests that, under physiological conditions, human IL-16 exists predominantly as a noncovalently linked multimer, but that some IL-16 may exist as a monomer. However, only the multimeric form appears to possess chemotactic activity, suggesting that receptor cross-linking may be required for activity. IL-16 also induces expression of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and MHC class II molecules on CD4+ T cells. Human and murine IL-16 show significant cross-species reactivity.

Growth factor that plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, survival and chemotaxis. Potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin. Plays an important role in wound healing. Has oncogenic potential and can induce tumor formation. Induces macrophage recruitment, increased interstitial pressure, and blood vessel maturation during angiogenesis. Can initiate events that lead to a mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, including influx of monocytes and macrophages and production of extracellular matrix.

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Regulates B-cell selection and survival and is required to prevent B-cell-dependent autoimmunity. Regulates chemotaxis of BM-derived neutrophils and dendritic cells (in vitro). Transduces FFAR4 signaling in response to long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs).

Functions as key mediator in apoptosis and inflammation. Promotes caspase-mediated apoptosis involving predominantly caspase-8 and also caspase-9 in a probable cell type-specific manner. Involved in activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, promotes caspase-8-dependent proteolytic maturation of BID independently of FADD in certain cell types and also mediates mitochondrial translocation of BAX and activates BAX-dependent apoptosis coupled to activation of caspase-9, -2 and -3. Involved in macrophage pyroptosis, a caspase-1-dependent inflammatory form of cell death and is the major constituent of the ASC pyroptosome which forms upon potassium depletion and rapidly recruits and activates caspase-1. In innate immune response believed to act as an integral adapter in the assembly of the inflammasome which activates caspase-1 leading to processing and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The function as activating adapter in different types of inflammasomes is mediated by the pyrin and CARD domains and their homotypic interactions. Required for recruitment of caspase-1 to inflammasomes containing certain pattern recognition receptors, such as NLRP2, NLRP3, AIM2 and probably IFI16. In the NLRP1 and NLRC4 inflammasomes seems not be required but facilitates the processing of procaspase-1. In cooperation with NOD2 involved in an inflammasome activated by bacterial muramyl dipeptide leading to caspase-1 activation. May be involved in DDX58-triggered proinflammatory responses and inflammasome activation. In collaboration with AIM2 which detects cytosolic double-stranded DNA may also be involved in a caspase-1-independent cell death that involves caspase-8. In adaptive immunity may be involved in maturation of dendritic cells to stimulate T-cell immunity and in cytoskeletal rearrangements coupled to chemotaxis and antigen uptake may be involved in post-transcriptional regulation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor DOCK2; the latter function is proposed to involve the nuclear form. Also involved in transcriptional activation of cytokines and chemokines independent of the inflammasome; this function may involve AP-1, NF-kappa-B, MAPK and caspase-8 signaling pathways. For regulation of NF-kappa-B activating and inhibiting functions have been reported. Modulates NF-kappa-B induction at the level of the IKK complex by inhibiting kinase activity of CHUK and IKBK. Proposed to compete with RIPK2 for association with CASP1 thereby down-regulating CASP1-mediated RIPK2-dependent NF-kappa-B activation and activating interleukin-1 beta processing. Modulates host resistance to DNA virus infection, probably by inducing the cleavage of and inactivating CGAS in presence of cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA.

Alpha-toxin binds to the membrane of eukaryotic cells resulting in the release of low-molecular weight molecules and leading to an eventual osmotic lysis. Inhibits host neutrophil chemotaxis to the lesion region (Probable). Heptamer oligomerization and pore formation is required for lytic activity.

Retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2(RARRES2) is a secreted protein that in humans is encoded by the RARRES2 gene. It is highly expressed in skin, also found in pancreas, liver, spleen, prostate, ovary, small intestine and colon. It is a chemoattractant protein that acts as a ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor CMKLR1. RARRES2 is secreted in an inactive form as prochemerin and is activated through cleavage of the C-terminus by inflammatory and coagulation serine proteases. It is thought to act as a cell surface receptor, found to stimulate chemotaxis of dendritic cells and macrophages to the site of inflammation. RARRES2 is inhibited in psoriatic lesions,it is activated by tazarotene in skin rafts and in the epidermis of psoriatic lesions.

CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 8 (previously called CKR-L1 or TER1 and designated CD198), which is expressed on Th2 cells and eosinophils, has been implicated in allergic diseases. CCR8 may regulate monocyte chemotaxis and thymic cell line apoptosis and is alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection. CCR8 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 29.73 kDa and the accession number is A0A8J8XUI3.

The Galectin family of proteins, with specificity for Nacetyllactosamine containing glycoproteins, consists of beta-galactoside binding lectins containing homologous carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs).They also possess hemagglutination activity, which is attributable to their bivalent carbohydrate binding properties. Galectins are active both intracellularly and extracellularly. Although they are localized primarily in the cytoplasm and lack a classical signal peptide; they can be secreted by one or more as yet unidentified non-classical secretory pathways. They have diverse effects on many cellular functions including adhesion, migration, polarity, chemotaxis, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Galectins may play a key role in many pathological states, including autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, inflammation, tumor cell metastasis, atherosclerosis, and diabetic complications.

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Subunit B (PDGFB) belongs to the PDGF/VEGF growth factor family. Platelet-derived growth factor is a potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin. PDGFB can exist either as a homodimer (PDGF-BB) or as a heterodimer with the platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide (PDGF-AB), where the dimers are connected by disulfide bonds. As growth factor，it plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell migration, survival and chemotaxis. It is required for normal proliferation and recruitment of pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in the central nervous system, skin, lung, heart and placenta. PDGFB also plays an important role in wound healing.

CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 8 (previously called CKR-L1 or TER1 and designated CD198), which is expressed on Th2 cells and eosinophils, has been implicated in allergic diseases. CCR8 may regulate monocyte chemotaxis and thymic cell line apoptosis and is alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection. CCR8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30.62 kDa and the accession number is P51685-1.

CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 8 (previously called CKR-L1 or TER1 and designated CD198), which is expressed on Th2 cells and eosinophils, has been implicated in allergic diseases. CCR8 may regulate monocyte chemotaxis and thymic cell line apoptosis and is alternative coreceptor with CD4 for HIV-1 infection. CCR8 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30.25 kDa and the accession number is P51685-1.

Alpha-toxin binds to the membrane of eukaryotic cells resulting in the release of low-molecular weight molecules and leading to an eventual osmotic lysis. Inhibits host neutrophil chemotaxis to the lesion region (Probable). Heptamer oligomerization and pore formation is required for lytic activity.

Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFB and PGF, and plays an essential role in the development of embryonic vasculature, the regulation of angiogenesis, cell survival, cell migration, macrophage function, chemotaxis, and cancer cell invasion. The tyrosine kinase receptor vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) is a key regulator of angiogenesis. VEGFR2/KDR Protein, Rhesus macaque, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 84.37 kDa and the accession number is F7E313.

Endothelial cell-specific chemotaxis receptor (ECSCR) is a cell surface protein expressed by blood endothelial cells with roles in endothelial cell migration and signal transduction. Zebrafish ecscr is expressed in angioblasts and in axial vessels during angioblast migration and vasculogenesis. Morpholino-directed ecscr knockdown resulted in defective angioblast migration in the posterior lateral plate mesoderm, a process known to depend on vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF). ECSCR Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 36.8 kDa and the accession number is Q19T08.

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a novel member of the hemopoietic cytokine family that promotes the development of B cells and shares overlapping activity with IL-7. The human TSLP protein comprises a 28 amino acids (aa) signal sequence and 131 aa mature region. Human TSLP has two isoforms lfTSLP and sfTSLP produced by alternative splicing . lfTSLP is expressed in a number of tissues including heart, liver and prostate, and sfTSLP (63aa) is predominantly expressed in keratinocytes of oral mucosa, skin and in salivary glands. In aa sequence level, Human TSLP displays about 43% identity with mouse TSLP.TSLP is a cytokine that functions mainly on myeloid cells; it induces the release of T cell-attracting chemokines from monocytes and enhances the maturation of CD11c(+) dendritic cells.TSLP has proliferative effects on the myeloid cell line and may initiate asthma or atopic dermatitis responses by directly activating mast cells . TSLP signals cells via the interleukin-7 receptor-α chain (IL-7Rα),shared with IL-7, together with the TSLP receptor (TSLPR) subunit. Recent studies indicate that TSLP and its receptor are novel therapeutic targets for rheumatoid arthritis,for increased intraarticular TSLP concentrations in patients has caused chemotaxis and activation of arthritogenic T cells.

Neuropilin-1 (Npn-1, previously neuropilin; also CD304) is a 130 - 140 kDa type I transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein that regulates axon guidance and angiogenesis. Two homologues, Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2, are identified. Neuropilin-1 binds to semaphorin 3A, The PLGF-2 isoform of PGF, The VEGF-165 isoform of VEGF and VEGF-B. Coexpression with KDR results in increased VEGF-165 binding to KDR as well as increased chemotaxis. It may regulate VEGF-induced angiogenesis. The soluble isoform 2 binds VEGF-165 and appears to inhibit its binding to cells. NRP1 expression is regulated in EC by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the transcription factors dHAND and Ets-1, and vascular injury. NRP1 upregulation is positively correlated with the progression of various tumors.

This protein is involved in the active transport of galactose and glucose. It plays a role in the chemotaxis towards the two sugars by interacting with the trg chemoreceptor. MglB Protein, Salmonella typhimurium, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.4 kDa and the accession number is P23905.

Protects DNA from oxidative damage by sequestering intracellular Fe(2+) ion and storing it in the form of Fe(3+) oxyhydroxide mineral. One hydrogen peroxide oxidizes two Fe(2+) ions, which prevents hydroxyl radical production by the Fenton reaction. Required for the survival in the presence of oxidative stress. Dps is also a virulence factor that activates neutrophils, mast cells and monocytes. It binds to neutrophil-glycosphingolipids and to sulfated carbohydrates on mucin. It might have a role in the accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes at the site of infection. Induces superoxide anion generation, adhesion and chemotaxis of neutrophils, through a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway involving MAP kinases.

Plays a role as a neuroprotective factor. Protects against neuronal cell death induced by multiple different familial Alzheimer disease genes and amyloid-beta proteins in Alzheimer disease. Mediates its neuroprotective effect by interacting with a receptor complex composed of IL6ST/GP130, IL27RA/WSX1 and CNTFR. Also acts as a ligand for G-protein coupled receptors FPR2/FPRL1 and FPR3/FPRL2. Inhibits amyloid-beta protein 40 fibril formation. Also inhibits amyloid-beta protein 42 fibril formation. Suppresses apoptosis by binding to BAX and preventing the translocation of BAX from the cytosol to mitochondria. Also suppresses apoptosis by binding to BID and inhibiting the interaction of BID with BAX and BAK which prevents oligomerization of BAX and BAK and suppresses release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Forms fibers with BAX and also with BID, inducing BAX and BID conformational changes and sequestering them into the fibers which prevents their activation. Can also suppress apoptosis by interacting with BIM isoform BimEL, inhibiting BimEL-induced activation of BAX, blocking oligomerization of BAX and BAK, and preventing release of apoptogenic proteins from mitochondria. Plays a role in up-regulation of anti-apoptotic protein BIRC6/APOLLON, leading to inhibition of neuronal cell death. Binds to IGFBP3 and specifically blocks IGFBP3-induced cell death. Competes with importin KPNB1 for binding to IGFBP3 which is likely to block IGFBP3 nuclear import. Induces chemotaxis of mononuclear phagocytes via FPR2/FPRL1. Reduces aggregation and fibrillary formation by suppressing the effect of APP on mononuclear phagocytes and acts by competitively inhibiting the access of FPR2 to APP. Protects retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells against oxidative stress-induced and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in RPE cells following oxidative stress and promotes STAT3 phosphorylation which leads to inhibition of CASP3 release. Also reduces CASP4 levels in RPE cells, suppresses ER stress-induced mitochondrial superoxide production and plays a role in up-regulation of mitochondrial glutathione. Reduces testicular hormone deprivation-induced apoptosis of germ cells at the nonandrogen-sensitive stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle. Protects endothelial cells against free fatty acid-induced inflammation by suppressing oxidative stress, reducing expression of TXNIP and inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome which inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL1B and IL18. Protects against high glucose-induced endothelial cell dysfunction by mediating activation of ERK5 which leads to increased expression of transcription factor KLF2 and prevents monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Inhibits the inflammatory response in astrocytes. Increases the expression of PPARGC1A/PGC1A in pancreatic beta cells which promotes mitochondrial biogenesis. Increases insulin sensitivity.

CCL11 or chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 11 is a member of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand family. Chemokin (C-C motif) ligand 11 is a member of the chemokine family. There are four members of the chemokine family: C-C kemokines, C kemokines, CXC kemokines and CX3C kemokines. The C-C kemokines have two cysteines nearby the amino terminus. There have been at least 27 distinct members of this subgroup reported for mammals, called C-C chemokine ligands (CCL)-1 to 28. Chemokines are a family of small chemotactic cytokines, or proteins secreted by cells. They share the same structure similarities such as small size, and the presence of four cysteine residues in conserved locations in order to form their 3-dimensional shape. Some of the chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory which can be induced to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection during an immune response, while others are considered homeostatic and are implied in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance and development. CCL11 is implicated in allergic responses through selectively recruiting eosinophils by inducing their chemotaxis. The effects of CCL11 are mediated by its binding to chemokine receptor. Increased CCL11 levels in blood plasma are associated with aging in mice.