gastric cancer

Nesfatin-1 is a metabolic polypeptide encoded in the N-terminal region of the precursor protein, Nucleobindin2 (NUCB2). Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus of mammals. It participates in the regulation of hunger and fat storage. Nesfatin-1 is also expressed in other areas of the brain, and in pancreatic islets β-cells, gastric endocrine cells and adipocytes. Nesfatin-1 suppresses food intake and can regulate energy metabolism in a Leptin independent manner. Nesfatin-1 may also exert hypertensive roles and modulate blood pressure through directly acting on peripheral arterial resistance.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate ephrin type-A receptor 5 (EphA5) expression and its clinicopathological significance in gastric cancer. Gastric cancer tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The association between EphA5 expression and clinicopathological parameters, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and Ki-67 proliferation index was statistically analyzed.

MTSS1 (Metastasis suppressor 1), also known as Missing in metastasis (MIM), is a tissue-specific regulator of plasma membrane dynamics. MTSS1 is well described for its function as a metastasis suppressor gene and is expressed in a variety of tissues. MTSS1 might be involved in shaping neuronal membranes in vivo. MTSS1 deforms phosphoinositide-rich membranes through its I-BAR domain and interacts with actin monomers through its WH2 domain. MTSS1/MIM was first identified as a metastasis suppressor missing in metastatic bladder carcinoma cell lines. MTSS1 is a prognostic indicator of disease-free survival in breast cancer patients and demonstrates the ability to play a role in governing the metastatic nature of breast cancer cells. MTSS1 may serve as a useful biomarker for the prediction of the outcome of gastric cancer. The down-regulation of MTSS1 that may be caused by DNA methylation was also observed in many other types of cancer. Recent work proposed that MIM also potentiates Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-induced gene expression. MTSS1 is a multiple functional molecular and has an important role in development, carcinogenesis, and metastasis.

Ephrin type-A receptor 5 (EphA5) expression was detected in all non-tumor gastric epithelia but was differentially expressed among gastric cancer samples. EphA5 is differentially expressed in gastric cancer. EphA5 may therefore be a potential therapeutic target and may have clinical utility as a marker for lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. EPHA5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 61.9 kDa and the accession number is P54756-1.

Kremen2 (Krm2) plays an important role in embryonic development, bone formation, and tumorigenesis as a crucial regulator of classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Compared to para-cancerous tissues, Krm2 was significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and was positively correlated with the pathological grade of gastric cancer patients. Krm2 can be a potent candidate for designing of targeted therapy. Kremen-2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.4 kDa and the accession number is Q8K1S7.

Kremen2 (Krm2) plays an important role in embryonic development, bone formation, and tumorigenesis as a crucial regulator of classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Compared to para-cancerous tissues, Krm2 was significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and was positively correlated with the pathological grade of gastric cancer patients. Krm2 can be a potent candidate for designing of targeted therapy. Kremen-2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.1 kDa and the accession number is Q8NCW0-1.

NUDT1 (Nudix Hydrolase 1) is a Protein Coding gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme that hydrolyzes oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates to monophosphates, thereby preventing misincorporation. The NUDT1 protein is localized mainly in the cytoplasm, with some in the mitochondria, suggesting that it is involved in the sanitization of nucleotide pools both for nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Cancers can survive the oxidative conditions by upregulating nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X-type motif 1 (NUDT1). MiR-485-5p acts as a tumor suppressor by targeting NUDT1 in gastric cancer (GC). The miR-485-5p/NUDT1 axis is involved in the processes of cell growth and cell motility and plays a key role in the tumorigenesis of GC.

High expression of STAT4 in gastric cancer predicted a better clinical outcome. STAT4 might be a useful biomarker to identify patients at high risk of recurrence after gastrectomy. Genetic variants in the transcription factor STAT4 are associated with increased susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a more severe disease phenotype.

TMEM25 is a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Immunoglobulin superfamily members are implicated in immune responses, growth factor signaling, and cell adhesion. TMEM25 contains 1 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domain and is a target of pharmacogenomics in the field of oncology and regenerative medicine. TMEM25 isoform 1, consisting of exons 1-9, encoded a 366-aa transmembrane protein. TMEM25 isoform 2, consisting of exons 1-4 and 6-9, encoded a 322-aa secreted protein. TMEM25 mRNA was expressed in brain, including cerebellar cortex and hippocampus, as well as in neuroblastoma, brain tumors, and gastric cancer. Human TMEM25 gene was located at the 11q23.3 oncogenomic recombination hotspot around the MLL amplicon and the neuroblastoma deleted region.

The three butyrophilin BTN3A molecules, BTN3A1, BTN3A2, and BTN3A3, are members of the B7/butyrophilin-like group of Ig superfamily receptors, which modulate the function of T cells. BTN3A2 is overexpressed in gastric tumors, and deletion of BTN3A2 inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells. The butyrophilin 3 (BTN3) receptors are implicated in the T lymphocytes regulation and present a wide plasticity in mammals. A thorough phylogenetic analysis reveals a concerted evolution of BTN3 characterized by a strong and recurrent homogenization of the region encoding the signal peptide and the immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain in Hominoids, where the sequences of BTN3A1 or BTN3A3 are replaced by BTN3A2 sequence.

Serpin E2 is a secreted protein that belongs to the serpin family. Serpin E2 is a serine protease inhibitor with activity toward thrombin, trypsin, and urokinase. Serpin E2 expression is weak or absent in all normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis tissue. In contrast, it was strongly over-expressed in the majority of pancreatic carcinoma as well as gastric and colorectal cancer samples. Serpin E2 promotes neurite extension by inhibiting thrombin. It also can bind heparin. It has been shown that Serpin E2 is a novel target of ERK signaling involved in human colorectal tumorigenesis. It plays an important role in controlling male fertility because its knockout male mice show a marked impairment in fertility from the onset of sexual maturity and its abnormal expression is found in the semen of men with seminal dysfunction.

ARHI, also known as DIRAS3, belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Di-Ras family. ARHI gene is a novel tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 1p31. Downregulation of ARHI expression has been detected in many types of cancer. ARHI is expressed in normal ovarian and breast epithelial cells but not in ovarian and breast cancers. As a suppressor, ARHI is not only an important factor in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer, but also a potential factor for tumor aggravation. ARHI expression in gastric cancer can be employed to indicate favorable prognosis for the disease.

Trefoil Factor 1 (TFF1) belongs to the three structurally related secreted proteins that contain trefoil domains.TFF1 is an approximately peptide that has an important effect in epithelial regeneration and wound healing.It originates from musculus and highly expressed by goblet cells of the gastric and intestinal mucosa and by conjunctival goblet cells. TFF1 is a copper-binding protein that can form disulfide-linked homodimers, associate into disulfide-linked complexes with Gastrokine 2, and form non-covalent complexes with the mucin MUC5AC. TFF1 is down-regulated during the progression from gastritis to gastric dysplasia to gastric cancer, although it is up-regulated in breast and prostate cancers. TFF1 inhibits the formation of calcium oxalate crystals, and its excretion in the urine is reduced in patients with kidney stones.

Kremen2 (Krm2) plays an important role in embryonic development, bone formation, and tumorigenesis as a crucial regulator of classical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Compared to para-cancerous tissues, Krm2 was significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and was positively correlated with the pathological grade of gastric cancer patients. Krm2 can be a potent candidate for designing of targeted therapy. Kremen-2 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.04 kDa and the accession number is XP_005591068.2.

Krueppel-Like Factor 6 (KLF6) belongs to the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. KLF6 contains three C2H2-type zinc fingers and localizes in the nucleus. KLF6 expression is highest in the placenta followed by spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, small intestinem and colon. However, it is weakly expressed in the pancreas, lung, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. KLF6 functions as a transcriptional activator and could play a role in B-cell growth and development. Defects in KLF6 will result in gastric cancer and prostate cancer.

Mucins are key components of the mucosal barrier in the stomach that protects epithelia from carcinogenic effects of chronic inflammation. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database indicated that mucin17 (MUC17) was more highly expressed in gastric cancer (GC) specimens, with favourable prognosis for patients. And that p38 signalling is a key factor involved in MUC17-mediated inhibition of GC cell proliferation and protection against inflammatory stimulation, MUC17 upregulates the expression of MYH9 and p53, and activates the p38 pathway in GC cells through RhoA signalling.

Ephrin type-A receptor 5 (EphA5) expression was detected in all non-tumor gastric epithelia but was differentially expressed among gastric cancer samples. EphA5 is differentially expressed in gastric cancer. EphA5 may therefore be a potential therapeutic target and may have clinical utility as a marker for lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. EPHA5 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 61.73 kDa and the accession number is A0A2K5W6J6.

G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), known as a stem cell marker for colon cancer and gastric cancer, can serve as a novel GSC marker involved in EMT and a therapeutic target in glioma.LGR5 is a new functional GSC marker and prognostic indicator that can promote EMT by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and would thus be a novel therapeutic target for glioma.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2/IGF-II) is a member of the insulin family of polypeptide growth factors, which are involved in development and growth. It is an imprinted gene, expressed only from the paternal allele, and epigenetic changes at this locus are associated with Wilms tumor, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, rhabdomyosarcoma, and Silver-Russell syndrome. IGF-2/IGF-II is a mediator of prolactin-induced alveologenesis; prolactin, IGF-2, and cyclin D1, all of which are overexpressed in breast cancers, are components of a developmental pathway in the mammary gland. IGF-2 and exhibited statistically significant, positive associations with colorectal cancer risk when cases were confined to those diagnosed within a relatively short period after enrolment. Circulating IGF-2 and IGFBP-3 can serve as early indicators of impending colorectal cancer. IGF-2/IGF-II appears to be involved in the progression of many tumors. It binds to at least two different types of receptors: IGF type 1 (IGF 1R) and mannose 6-phosphate/IGF type 2 (M6-P/IGF 2R). Ligand binding to IGF 1R provokes mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects. M6-P/IGF 2R has a tumor suppressor function—it mediates IGF 2 degradation. Mutation of M6-P/IGF 2R causes both diminished growth suppression and augmented growth stimulation. This study aimed to investigate the role of IGF 2 and its receptors (IGF 1R and IGF 2R) in human gastric cancer.

Immunoglobulin superfamily member 11(IGSF11) is expressed on the plasma membrane in the testis and brain. These IGSF proteins undergo final modifications during capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction. IGSF proteins share significant homology with endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule and coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, which mediates cell attachment and homotypic intercellular interactions. In clinical, the IGSF11 has been reported to overexpressed in colorectal cancers and hepatocellular carcinomas, as well as intestinal-type gastric cancers, compared to their corresponding non-cancerous tissues. The IGSF11 has also been found expressed abundantly in the testis and ovary and the IGSF11 can be used as a candidate of cancer-testis antigen.

Serpin E2 is a member of the Serpin superfamily. It is differentially expressed during neuronal differentiation and is able to transform human embryonic kidney cells into neuronlike cells. Its over-expression in mice leads to progressive neuronal and motor dysfunction in these animals. It is also over-expressed in the majority of pancreatic carcinoma as well as gastric and colorectal cancer samples whereas it is weakly expressed in all normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis tissue samples. Serpin E2 is a potent inhibitor of thrombin, trypsin, urokinase, plasmin and plasminogen activators. It plays an important role in controlling male fertility because its knockout male mice show a marked impairment in fertility from the onset of sexual maturity and its abnormal expression is found in the semen of men with seminal dysfunction.

Gastric cancer is a deadly malignancy and is a prognostically unfavorable entity with restricted therapeutic strategies available. Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein widely expressed in bladder, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Existing studies have thoroughly recognized the availability of utilizing anti-PSCA CAR-T cells in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. PSCA Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.3 kDa and the accession number is O43653.

Gastric cancer is a deadly malignancy and is a prognostically unfavorable entity with restricted therapeutic strategies available. Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein widely expressed in bladder, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Existing studies have thoroughly recognized the availability of utilizing anti-PSCA CAR-T cells in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. PSCA Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.5 kDa and the accession number is P57096.

CHRDL1 (Chordin-like 1) is a secreted protein that acts as an antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). BMP plays a role as an activator of BMP receptor II (BMPR II), which mediates extracellular to intracellular signal transmission and is involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis.The hypermethylation of the CHRDL1 promoter in gastric cancer, which induced low expression of CHRDL1 and decreased its secretion to the supernatant.

Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) belongs to the BRICHOS domain family and plays a major role in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity. GKN1 is highly expressed in gastric tissue and is secreted into the stomach but is not expressed in gastric cancer. GKN1-mediated inhibition of APP processing might represent a new approach for the prevention and therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the presence of GKN2, GKN1 loses its ability to decrease cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and inhibit epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer cells, that GKN2 may contribute to the homeostasis of gastric epithelial cells by inhibiting GKN1 activity. The loss of GKN1 function contributes to malignant transformation and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells in gastric carcinogenesis.

Olfactomedin-4, also known as G-CSF-stimulated clone 1 protein, Antiapoptotic protein GW112, and OLFM4, is a secreted protein that contains one olfactomedin-like domain. The OLFM4 gene was recently reported to inhibit various apoptotic pathways and promote the proliferation of cancer cells, suggesting that OLFM4 might serve as a diagnostic marker for human cancers. Thus, OLFM4 mRNA might be a useful tool to support the diagnosis of cancer, irrespective of the clinical stages. It is overexpressed in some human tumor types, especially in those of the digestive system. GW112 is associated with GRIM-19, a protein known to be involved in regulating cellular apoptosis. Functionally, GW112 could significantly attenuate the ability of GRIM19 to mediate retinoic acid-IFN-beta-mediated cellular apoptosis and apoptosis-related gene expression. Also, GW112 demonstrated strong antiapoptotic effects in tumor cells treated with other stress exposures such as hydrogen peroxide. Finally, forced overexpression of GW112 in murine prostate tumor cells led to more rapid tumor formation in a syngeneic host. OLFM4 is an important regulator of cell death that plays important roles in tumor cell survival and tumor growth. As a candidate gene for cancer-specific expression. The serum olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) is a useful marker for Gastric cancer (GC) and its measurement alone or in combination with Reg IV has utility in the early detection of GC. GW112 has an antiapoptotic property against the cytotoxic agents-induced apoptosis. It suggested that GW112 could be an important mediator in NF kappaB-dependent tumorigenesis of digestive tract tissues.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 (EIF5A2) has been demonstrated to be upregulated in numerous types of human cancer and is associated with cancer progression. Silencing of EIF5A2 in the NSCLC cells resulted in the downregulation of the tumorigenic proteins, apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 and myc proto-oncogene protein, and upregulation of E-cadherin, suggesting that EIF5A2 promotes proliferation and metastasis through these proteins. EIF5A2 may therefore serve as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC. EIF5A2 might be a novel therapeutic target for the inhibition of NPC progress. EIF5A2 overexpression may contribute to cancer progression and poor prognosis, it could be a novel potential prognostic marker for FIGO stage I-II cervical cancer. EIF5A2 upregulation plays an important oncogenic role in gastric cancer. EIF5A2 may represent a new predictor for poor survival and is a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer. The eukaryotic initiation factor 5A2 (EIF5A2) over-expression enhances HCC cell metastasis. EIF5A2, as a target of PI3K/Akt, promotes melanoma cell invasion and may serve as a promising prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for melanoma.