P62-mediated mitophagy inducer (PMI) is a regulator of mitophagy .

MTK458 (EP-0035985) is an orally active and brain-permeable PINK1 activator that promotes pathological clearance of alpha-synuclein and reduces pUb in a PFF inoculation model.MTK458 induces pathological alpha-synuclein clearance by stimulating dimerization and stabilization of the PINK1/TOM complex.MTK458 may be used in Parkinson's disease research.

3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is a PI3K inhibitor that selectively inhibits class IB PI3Kγ (IC50=60 μM) and class III VPS34 (IC50=25 μM). 3-Methyladenine inhibits autophagy.

Curcumin (Natural Yellow 3) is a phenolic natural product, an inhibitor of histone acetyltransferase p300/CREB (IC50=25 μM) with specificity. Curcumin has a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.

Mdivi-1 (Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1) is a mitochondrial division inhibitor that inhibits DRP1 and Dynamin I (IC50=1-10 μM). Mdivi-1 inhibits mitochondrial autophagy.

Olaparib (KU0059436) is a small molecule inhibitor of PARP1/PARP2 (IC50=5/1 nM), with weak inhibitory activity against PARP tankyrase-1 (IC50=1.5 μM), and is selective and orally active. Olaparib exhibits autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy activation activity.

Ruxolitinib phosphate (INCB018424)(INCB018424 phosphate) is the first potent, selective, JAK1/2 inhibitor to enter the clinic with IC50 of 3.3 nM/2.8 nM, >130-fold selectivity for JAK1/2 versus JAK3.

Ruxolitinib (INCB018424) is a JAK1/2 inhibitor (IC50=3.3/2.8 nM) that is potent and selective. Rixolitinib exhibits antitumor activity and induces autophagy and apoptosis.

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and an IL receptor modulator. Dexamethasone has anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity and induces autophagy. Dexamethasone inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin) belongs to the anthracycline class of antibiotics and is an inhibitor of human DNA topoisomerase I/II (IC50=0.8/2.67 μM). Doxorubicin hydrochloride exhibits cytotoxicity and antitumor activity. Doxorubicin hydrochloride reduces the phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target protein acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, and induces apoptosis and autophagy.

Valproic acid sodium salt (Sodium Valproate) is the sodium salt form of valproic acid with anti-epileptic activity. Valproic acid sodium salt is converted into its active form, valproate ion, in blood. Although the mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, Valproic acid sodium salt increases concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, probably due to inhibition of the enzymes responsible for the catabolism of GABA. This potentiates the synaptic actions of GABA. Valproic acid sodium salt may also affect potassium channels, thereby creating a direct membrane-stabilizing effect.

Etoposide (VP-16-213) is a topoisomerase II inhibitor that inhibits DNA synthesis by forming a complex with topoisomerase II and DNA (IC50=60.3 μM). Etoposide has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis and autophagy.

AICAR (NSC105823) is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may have applications in treating other disorders such as diabetes.

Naringin (Naringoside), a flavanone glycoside, exerts various of pharmacological effects such as blood lipid lowering, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Liensinine Diperchlorate is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from the embryonic seeds of the sacred lotus. It inhibits late autophagy by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion and exhibits biological activities such as anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-pulmonary fibrosis, and vascular smooth muscle relaxation.

Kaempferol (Robigenin) is a natural flavonoid and an inverse agonist of ERRα and ERRγ. Kaempferol has a wide range of antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral activities.

Quercetin, a flavonoid natural product, is a SIRT1 activator. It is also a PI3K inhibitor, inhibiting PI3Kγ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kβ with IC50 values of 2.4, 3.0, and 5.4 μM, respectively. Recognized as a heat shock protein inhibitor, Quercetin can significantly reduce exosome release in TII models by downregulating Hsp70 or Hsp90.

Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate (Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate) (Sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate) is a long chain fatty acid that inhibits fatty acid transport into cells. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate is a potent and irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial respiratory chain. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate binds the CD36 receptor on the surface of microglia. Sulfosuccinimidyl oleate is neuroprotective and alleviates stroke-induced neuroinflammation [1] [2].

USP30 inhibitor 18 is a selective USP30 inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.02 μM. USP30 inhibitor 18 increases protein ubiquitination and accelerates mitophagy[1]. [1]. Arthur F Kluge, et al. Novel highly selective inhibitors of ubiquitin specific protease 30 (USP30) accelerate mitophagy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2018 Aug 15;28(15):2655-2659.

Resveratrol (SRT 501) is a polyphenolic natural product, a plant antitoxin with antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Resveratrol has a wide range of targets including COX, SIRT, LOC, etc. Resveratrol induces autophagy and apoptosis.

ABT-737 is a BH3 mimetic inhibitor of Bcl-xL, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w (EC50s: 78.7/30.3/197.8 nM).

U0126, an effective and selective non-competitive inhibitor of MAP kinase, inhibits MEK-1 and MEK-2 with IC50 values of 0.07 and 0.06 μM respectively. U0126 inhibits autophagy and mitophagy.

Doxorubicin (Adriamycin) is a Topoisomerase II (Top2) inhibitor with antineoplastic activity.

Vorinostat (SAHA) is a pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (IC50=10 nM) with inhibitory activity against HDAC1/2/3/6/7/11. Vorinostat has antitumor activity, induces cell differentiation, blocks the cell cycle and induces apoptosis.

U0126-EtOH (U0126 Ethanol) is a non-ATP competitive specific inhibitor of MEK1/2 (IC50: 0.07/0.06 μM).

5-Aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA) serves as an intermediate in the body's heme biosynthesis and is the universal precursor of tetrapyrroles.

Sunitinib (SU 11248) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that inhibits VEGFR2 and PDGFRβ (IC50=80/2 nM). Sunitinib has antitumor activity and can be used for the treatment of kidney cancer and gastrointestinal tumors.

Melatonin (Melatonine) is a biogenic amine that is found in animals and plants. In mammals, melatonin is produced by the PINEAL GLAND. Its secretion increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light. Melatonin is implicated in the regulation of SLEEP, mood, and REPRODUCTION. Melatonin is also an effective antioxidant.

Carbamazepine (NSC-169864) is a tricyclic compound chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) with anticonvulsant and analgesic properties. Carbamazepine exerts its anticonvulsant activity by reducing polysynaptic responses and blocking post-tetanic potentiation. Its analgesic activity is not understood; however, carbamazepine is commonly used to treat pain associated with trigeminal neuralgia.

Polydatin (Piceid), the glycoside of Resveratrol, is originally isolated from the Chinese herb Polygonum cuspidatum. The compound can inhibit platelet aggregation and elevate the ratios of LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C. In the myocardial cell, white blood cell, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell, Polydatin can inhibit ICAM-1 expression, elevate Ca2+, weaken white blood cell-endothelial cell adhesion, and activate KATP channels.

Adezmapimod (SB 203580) is a p38 MAPK inhibitor (IC50=0.3-0.5 μM) that is selective and ATP-competitive. Adezmapimod possesses autophagy and mitochondrial autophagy activating activity. Adezmapimod displays more than 100-fold higher selectivity than PKB, LCK, and GSK-3β.

Metformin (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide) is an AMPK activator with blood-brain barrier permeability. Metformin may improve glycemic control by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal glucose uptake, and is commonly used in type 2 diabetes research.

Simvastatin (MK 733) is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (Ki=0.2 nM) with oral activity. Simvastatin has hypolipidemic activity, inhibits hepatic production of cholesterol, and is also used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Valproic Acid (2-Propylpentanoic Acid) is an HDAC inhibitor that inhibits HDAC1 activity, induces HDAC2 degradation, and is orally active. Valproic Acid can be used in epilepsy and bipolar disorder research.

Metformin hydrochloride (1,1-Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride) , a widely used anti-diabetic drug, has a potential function as an anti-Y medicine. It inhibits the proliferation of a variety of Y cells including colon, prostate, and etc.

Tanespimycin (KOS 953) (17-AAG) is an inhibitor of Hsp90 that selectively inhibits BT474 tumor cell Hsp90 (IC50: 5 nM).

Tripterin (Celastrol) is a natural product, a proteasome inhibitor that inhibits the pancreatic rennet-like activity of the 20S proteasome (IC50=2.5 μM). Tripterin has anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, and immunomodulatory properties.

Betulinic acid (ALS-357) is a pentacyclic lupane-type triterpene derivative of betulin (isolated from the bark of Betula alba, the common white birch) which has antiretroviral, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as a more recently discovered potential as an anticancer agent, by inhibition of topoisomerase.

Diquat is a bipyridylium herbicide that, as a stable radical, acts as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain and is reoxidized by molecular oxygen, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS).1Diquat administration has been used to induce oxidative stressin vitroand in animal models.2,3,4It increases the production of ROS and decreases the mitochondrial membrane potential in mitochondria isolated from porcine intestine leading to mitophagy when administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg.2Formulations containing diquat have been used in agriculture for crop desiccation and defoliation.

Esmolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker used in parenteral forms in the treatment of arrhythmias and severe hypertension. Esmolol has not been linked to instances of clinically apparent drug induced liver injury.

GSK3-IN-3 is a mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) inducer and GSK-3 inhibitor (IC50: 3.01 μM) that induces parkin-dependent mitochondrial autophagy. GSK3-IN-3 is non-ATP and non-substrate competitive and neuroprotective against 6-OHDA.

Oxidopamine hydrochloride (6-Hydroxydopamine hydrochloride) is an neurotransmitter dopamine antagonist.

D-Glutamine is the D-type stereoisomer of cell-permeable glutamine, one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standardized genetic code.

Doxazosin mesylate (UK 33274 mesylate)(UK 33274) is a quinazoline-derivative. It is a selectively antagonizes postsynaptic α1-adrenergic receptors.

Dexamethasone acetate (NSC 39471) is the acetate salt form of Dexamethasone, a synthetic adrenal corticosteroid with potent anti-inflammatory properties. In addition to binding to specific nuclear steroid receptors, dexamethasone also interferes with NF-kB activation and apoptotic pathways. This agent lacks the salt-retaining properties of other related adrenal hormones.

Salicylic acid (2-Hydroxybenzoic acid), a natural compound extracted from Willow bark, is an anti-inflammatory inhibitor of activity cyclooxygenase.

1. Liensinine, a kind of isoquinoline alkaloid, can antagonize the ventricular arrhythmias.

Sunitinib Malate (Sunitinib) is an indolinone-based tyrosine kinase inhibitor. It blocks the tyrosine kinase activities of VEGFR2, PDGFRβ (IC50: 80/2 nM), and c-kit.

Olanzapine (LY170053) is an atypical antipsychotic that is used currently in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar illness.

Brefeldin A (Cyanein) belongs to the class of macrolide antibiotics and is an ATPase inhibitor (IC50=0.2 μM). Brefeldin A can induce tumor cell differentiation and apoptosis, and also possesses autophagy inhibitory activity.