nk receptor

Natural killer cell receptor 2B4 (2B4 CD244)is a 66 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein in the SLAM subgroup of the CD2 protein family. SLAM family proteins have an extracellular domain (ECD) with two or four Ig-like domains and at least two cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs (ITSMs). 2B4 interacts with CD48, while other SLAM family proteins interact in a homophilic manner. The mouse 2B4 cDNA encodes a 397 amino acid (aa) precursor that includes a 19 aa signal sequence, a 207 aa ECD with one Ig-like V-type and one C2-type Ig-like domain, a 21 aa transmembrane segment, and a 150 aa cytoplasmic domain with four ITSMs. Within the ECD, mouse 2B4 shares 46% and 68% aa sequence identity with human and rat 2B4, respectively. 2B4 CD48 signaling cooperates with other receptor systems to either promote or inhibit NK and CD8+ T cell activation. The inhibitory activities are distinct from those of MHC I restricted inhibitory NK cell receptors. Ligation of 2B4 with antibodies or CD48 constructs can directly trigger inhibitory signaling or disrupt an inhibitory interaction, leading to cellular activation. 2B4 can also induce signaling through CD48.

As a first line of defense, natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the fight against infections.The presented study is the first of its kind that ascribes CD56dimCD16 NKG2C-expressing NK cells a crucial role in biasing adaptive immune responses upon influenza vaccination and suggests NKG2C as a potential biomarker in predicting pandemic influenza vaccine responsiveness. NKG2C CD159c Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 15.3 kDa and the accession number is P26717.

CD94 is an approximately 25 kDa type 2 transmembrane protein that plays an important role in regulating natural killer (NK) cell activation.CD94 plays a role as a receptor for the recognition of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells and some cytotoxic T-cells. CD94 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.8 kDa and the accession number is Q13241-1.

CD94 is an approximately 25 kDa type 2 transmembrane protein that plays an important role in regulating natural killer (NK) cell activation.CD94 plays a role as a receptor for the recognition of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells and some cytotoxic T-cells. CD94 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.8 kDa and the accession number is Q13241-1.

KIR2DL2 (2DL2, formerly NKAT6, designated CD158b) is a 348 amino acid (aa) type I transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the human killer cell Ig‑like receptor (KIR) family. KIRs are expressed on human CD56dim NK cells and T cell subsets, and regulate effector functions in the innate immune system.KIR2DL2 is receptor on natural killer (NK) cells for HLA-Cw1, 3, 7, and 8 allotypes. Inhibits the activity of NK cells thus preventing cell lysis. KIR2DL2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.4 kDa and the accession number is P43627.

KIR2DL2 (2DL2, formerly NKAT6, designated CD158b) is a 348 amino acid (aa) type I transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the human killer cell Ig‑like receptor (KIR) family. KIRs are expressed on human CD56dim NK cells and T cell subsets, and regulate effector functions in the innate immune system.KIR2DL2 is receptor on natural killer (NK) cells for HLA-Cw1, 3, 7, and 8 allotypes. Inhibits the activity of NK cells thus preventing cell lysis. KIR2DL2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.4 kDa and the accession number is P43627.

This is a receptor for the tachykinin neuropeptide substance P. It is probably associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is: substance P > substance K > neuromedin-K. TACR1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30.1 kDa and the accession number is P25103.

NKp44 NCR2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20 kDa and the accession number is O95944-1.

As a first line of defense, natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the fight against infections.The presented study is the first of its kind that ascribes CD56dimCD16 NKG2C-expressing NK cells a crucial role in biasing adaptive immune responses upon influenza vaccination and suggests NKG2C as a potential biomarker in predicting pandemic influenza vaccine responsiveness. NKG2C CD159c Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 15.3 kDa and the accession number is P26717.

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL4(KIR2DL4) is a Single-pass type I membrane protein and contains 2 Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains.It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. KIR2DL4 is expressed in all NK cells and some T cells. KIR2DL4 activates the cytotoxicity of NK cells, despite the presence of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic tail. The ITIM was not necessary for activation of lysis by KIR2DL4. The activation signal of KIR2DL4 was sensitive to inhibition by another ITIM-containing receptor. The activation-deficient mutant of KIR2DL4 inhibited the signal delivered by the activating receptor CD16.

C-type lectin domain family 2, member D (CLEC2D) is implicated in the immune response. Pre-eclampsia and HIV infection have opposing immune responses. The contrasting expression of CLEC2D in HIV infection and pre-eclampsia is demonstrative of the immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory roles of the respective pathologies. However, this implication may be confounded by highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART).

Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1(NCR1) is a single-pass type I membrane protein .It contains 2 Ig-like (immunoglobulin-like) domains and belongs to the natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) family. The protein is a natural killer (NK) lymphocyte-activating receptor. It is involved in major aspects of NK immune function and shows a high degree of lineage specificity in blood and bone marrow.

Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3 (NCR3) along with NKp44 and NKp46 constitute a group of receptors termed “Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors”. They play a major role in triggering NK-mediated killing of most tumor cells lines. NKp30 is a type I transmembrane protein having a single extracellular V-like immunoglobulin domain. NKp30 is selectively expressed both in resting and activated human NK cells. In addition, NKp30 is also involved in NK-mediated induction of dendritic cell (DC) maturation. It has been demonstrated that NK cell activation signaling specifically induces lytic activity against several tumor cell types and synthesis of new NF-κB dependent proteins during the initiation of cytotoxicity.

SLAM Family Member 6 (SLAMF6) is a 60 kD single-pass type I membrane protein that belongs to the SLAM subgroup of the CD2 family. Human SLAMF6 NTB-A contains a 205 amino acid extracellular domain (ECD) with one Ig-like V-set and one Ig-like C2-set domain, a 21 amino acid transmembrane segment and an 84 amino acid cytoplasmic domain, with two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs. SLAMF6 is a homodimer. SLAMF6 can interact with PTN6 and, upon phosphorylation, with PTN11 and SH2D1A SAP. Phosphorylation-dependent NTB-A association with SAP is required for full production of IFN-γ by NK cells and independent of EAT-2 binding. It Triggers cytolytic activity only in natural killer cells (NK) expressing high surface densities of natural cytotoxicity receptors. On B cells, NTB-A modulates immunoglobulin class switching and the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.

CD300A is a single-pass type I membrane protein which belongs to the CD300 family. It contains 1 Ig-like V-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain. The CD300 family of myeloid immunoglobulin receptors includes activating (CD300b, CD300e) and inhibitory members (CD300a, CD300f), as well as molecules presenting a negative charge within their transmembrane domain (CD300c, CD300d). It is expressed not only by natural killer (NK) cells but also by T-cell subsets, B-cells, dendritic cells, mast cells, granulocytes and monocytes. CD300A is an inhibitory receptor which may contribute to the down-regulation of cytolytic activity in natural killer (NK) cells, and to the down-regulation of mast cell degranulation. CD300c is a functional immune receptor able to deliver activating signals upon ligation in RBL-2H3 mast cells.

NKG2D CD314 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50-70 KDa and the accession number is P61252.

As a first line of defense, natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the fight against infections. The presented study is the first of its kind that ascribes CD56dimCD16 NKG2C-expressing NK cells a crucial role in biasing adaptive immune responses upon influenza vaccination and suggests NKG2C as a potential biomarker in predicting pandemic influenza vaccine responsiveness.

Receptor on natural killer (NK) cells for some HLA-C alleles such as w6. Does not inhibit the activity of NK cells.

NKG2D CD314 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20-30 KDa and the accession number is O54709.

As a first line of defense, natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in the fight against infections.The presented study is the first of its kind that ascribes CD56dimCD16 NKG2C-expressing NK cells a crucial role in biasing adaptive immune responses upon influenza vaccination and suggests NKG2C as a potential biomarker in predicting pandemic influenza vaccine responsiveness. NKG2C CD159c Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.79 kDa and the accession number is Q9MZK6.

Receptor on natural killer (NK) cells for some HLA-C alleles such as w6. Does not inhibit the activity of NK cells. KIR2DS1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.8 kDa and the accession number is Q14954.

NKp44 NCR2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20 kDa and the accession number is O95944-1.

Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) 3DL3 is a framework gene present in all human KIR haplotypes.KIR3DL3 has been shown to be constitutively expressed at a low RNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and decidual natural kill (NK) cells. KIR3DL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.3 kDa and the accession number is Q8N743.

A recently developed anti-KIR2DL5 (CD158f) antibody has demonstrated KIR2DL5 expression on the surface of NK and T lymphocytes, making it the last functional KIR identified in the human genome. KIR2DL5 belongs to an ancestral lineage of KIR with Ig-like domains of the D0-D2 type, of which KIR2DL4, an HLA-G receptor, is the only other human member. KIR2DL5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.3 kDa and the accession number is A0A191URI1.

KIR2DL3 (2DL3, formerly NKAT2, designated CD158b2) is a 341 amino acid (aa) type I transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the human killer cell Ig‑like receptor (KIR) family of molecules. KIRs are expressed on human CD56dim NK cells and T cell subsets, and regulate effector functions in the innate immune system.KIR2DL3 is a receptor on natural killer (NK) cells for HLA-C alleles (HLA-Cw1, HLA-Cw3 and HLA-Cw7). Inhibits the activity of NK cells thus preventing cell lysis. KIR2DL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.3 kDa and the accession number is P43628.

CD21 mRNA expression, an EBV-entry receptor, was transiently detected in NK cells after exosome treatment, and levels decreased after further culture. CD21 protein expression was also transiently transferred to NK cells after co-culture with an EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Raji) via trogocytosis. However, EBV did not infect NK cells through CD21-mediated trogocytosis.

NKp80, an activating homodimeric C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR), is expressed on essentially all human natural killer (NK) cells and stimulates their cytotoxicity and cytokine release.

Interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R alpha) is a high affinity IL-15 binding protein that is crucial for mediating IL-15 functions such as memory CD8 T cell proliferation and NK, NK T cell, and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte development. IL-15RA Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 21.3 kDa and the accession number is Q13261-1.

Receptor for interleukin-12. This subunit is the signaling component coupling to the JAK2 STAT4 pathway. Promotes the proliferation of T-cells as well as NK cells. Induces the promotion of T-cells towards the Th1 phenotype by strongly enhancing IFN-gamma production. IL12RB2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 69.7 kDa and the accession number is Q99665.

The Fc receptor with low affinity for IgG (FCGR3, or CD16) is encoded by 2 nearly identical genes, FCGR3A and FCGR3B, resulting in tissue-specific expression of alternative membrane-anchored isoforms. FCGR3A, it is also known as CD16a, encodes a transmembrane protein expressed on activated monocytes macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and a subset of T cells._x000D_ CD16a FCGR3A is a receptor expressed on NK cells that facilitates antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by binding to the Fc portion of various antibodies. CD16a FCGR3A also has a broader function. CD16a FCGR3A is directly involved in the lysis of some virus-infected cells and tumor cells by NK cells, independent of antibody binding. Cross-linking of CD16a FCGR3A on NK cells resulted in increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and a cascade of biochemical events similar to those activated by the T cell receptor. CD16a FCGR3A on human NK cells is a lysis receptor that mediates the direct killing of some virus infected and tumor cells, independent of antibody ligation.

C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) is a member of the C-C or β chemokine family. Mouse CCL2 shares 82% amino acid (aa) identity with rat CCL2 over the entire sequence, and 58%, 56%, 55%, 53% and 53% aa identity with human, equine, porcine, bovine and canine CCL2, respectively. Fibroblasts, glioma cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes can produce CCL2 either constitutively or upon mitogenic stimulation, but monocytes and macrophages appear to be the major source. In addition to its chemotactic activity, CCL2 induces enzyme and cytokine release by monocytes, NK cells and lymphocytes, and histamine release by basophils that express its receptor, CCR2. Additionally, it promotes Th2 polarization in CD4+ T cells. CCL2-mediated recruitment of monocytes to sites of inflammation is proposed to play a role in the pathology of atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis and allergic asthma.

NKG2D ligand 1, also called ULBP1, is a member of UL16-binding protein (ULBP) family which has also been termed the retinoic acid early transcript 1 (RAET1) family. Unlike the classical MHC class I molecules and the MIC molecules possess α1, α2 and α3 domains, ULBP RAET1 family members lack α3 domain. ULBP1 is recognized by the activating receptor NKG2D on the surface of cytotoxic natural killer (NK) and T cells, and then promotes the lysis of cells expressing ULBP1 which is important for the immune surveillance. ULBP1 and several other family members, ULBP2 and ULBP5, own the ability to bind the human cytomegalovirus (CMV) UL16 glycoprotein. The human CMV glycoprotein UL16 binds to intracellular ULBP1 and so inhibits its expression at the cell surface, which reduces the susceptibility of the virus-infected cell to cytotoxic destruction by NK cells. The expression of ULBP1 has been found on some tumor cells and is implicated in tumor surveillance.

Interleukin 23 receptor (IL23R) is a type I cytokine receptor for IL23. IL23 receptor complex is comprised of two subunits, the IL12Rβ1 subunit, which is shared with several cytokines, and a subunit that is unique to IL-23. IL23, after binding to IL23R, activates memory T cells and mediates pro-inflammatory activities in part by the production of IL17 through activation of TH17 lymphocytes. IL23R is expressed on T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. In fact, polymorphisms of the IL23R gene were reported to be associated with susceptibility to inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, Graves's ophtalmopathy and inflammatory bowel diseases. The IL23R is known to be critically involved in the carcinogenesis of different malignant tumor.

Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1(NKp46 NCR1) is a single-pass type I membrane protein. It consists of two extracellular Ig-like domains followed by a short stalk region, a transmembrane domain containing a positively charged amino acid residue, and a short cytoplasmictail. NKp46 is predominantly expressed in the embryo. It has a positive charge in its transmembrane domain that permits association with the ITAM-bearing signal adapter proteins, CD3 zeta and Fc epsilon RI gamma. These receptors are expressed almost exclusively by NK cells and play a major role in triggering some of the key lytic activities of NK cells. Studies with neutralizing antibodies indicate that the three NCR are primarily responsible for triggering the NK-mediated lysis of many human tumor celllines.

Interleukin 23 receptor (IL23R), a heterodimer of the IL12 receptor β1 (IL12Rβ1) and IL12Rβ2, is a type I cytokine receptor for IL23. IL23R is comprised of two subunits, the IL12Rβ1 subunit, which is shared with several cytokines, and a subunit that is unique to IL-23. IL23, after binding to IL23R, activates memory T cells and mediates pro-inflammatory activities in part by the production of IL17 through activation of TH17 lymphocytes. IL23R is expressed on T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. In fact, polymorphisms of the IL23R gene were reported to be associated with susceptibility to inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, Graves's ophtalmopathy and inflammatory bowel diseases. The IL23R is known to be critically involved in the carcinogenesis of different malignant tumor.

Interleukin-21 receptor (IL-21R) is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein within the class I cytokine receptor family, type 4 subfamily. IL-21R is expressed mainly on B cells, NK cells, and activated T cells, but is also found on dendritic cells, alternatively activated macrophages, intestinal lamina propria fibroblasts and epithelial cells, and keratinocytes. Both IL-21 and IL-4 are necessary for efficient B cell IgG1 production and normal germinal center architecture. B cell IL-21 R engagement induces Blimp-1(which mediates plasma cell differentiation), and is important for memory responses. IL-21R engagement on mouse NK cells enhances their cytotoxic activity and IFN-γ production. IL-21R engagement on CD8+ T cells aids control of viral infection and tumor growth; IL-21R is also necessary for sufficient numbers of regulatory T cells to combat chronic inflammation. IL-21R expression is often up-regulated in allergic skin inflammation, systemic lupus erythematosus and diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL).

CD160 (also Natural killer cell receptor BY55) is a 27 ‑ 30 kDa member of the Ig superfamily. In human, it is expressed principally on nonmyeloid hematopoietic cells. CD160 antigenis a receptor on immune cells capable to deliver stimulatory or inhibitory signals that regulate cell activation and differentiation. Exists as a GPI-anchored and as a transmembrane form, each likely initiating distinct signaling pathways via phosphoinositol 3-kinase in activated NK cells and via LCK and CD247 CD3 zeta chain in activated T cells.

LAIR1 (leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1, designated CD305) is an approximately 40 kDa type I transmembrane inhibitory glycoprotein belonging to the Ig superfamily.LAIR1 functions as an inhibitory receptor that plays a constitutive negative regulatory role on cytolytic function of natural killer (NK) cells, B-cells and T-cells. Activation by Tyr phosphorylation results in recruitment and activation of the phosphatases PTPN6 and PTPN11. It also reduces the increase of intracellular calcium evoked by B-cell receptor ligation.

Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) 3DL3 is a framework gene present in all human KIR haplotypes.KIR3DL3 has been shown to be constitutively expressed at a low RNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and decidual natural kill (NK) cells. KIR3DL3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.3 kDa and the accession number is Q8N743.

The receptors CD96 and TIGIT are expressed on the surface of T and natural killer (NK) cells, and recent studies suggest both play important inhibitory roles in immune function. CD96 has been shown to modulate immune cell activity in mice, with Cd96- - mice displaying hypersensitive NK-cell responses to immune challenge and significant tumor resistance. The counterbalance between the putative inhibitory CD96 and TIGIT receptors and the activating receptor, CD226, offers unique strategies for immuno-oncology drug development.

KIR3DL2 is a member of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) family that was initially identified at the surface of natural killer (NK) cells. KIR3DL2, also known as CD158k, is expressed as a disulfide-linked homodimer. Each chain is composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains and a long cytoplasmic tail containing two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. KIR3DL2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is P43630-1.

CD161 (NKRP1) is a lectin-like receptor present on NK cells and rare T-cell subsets. We have observed CD161 expression in some cases of T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) and found it to be useful in follow-up and detection of disease after treatment. CD161 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 21.5 kDa and the accession number is XP_005570142.1.

Receptor on natural killer (NK) cells for HLA-C alleles. Inhibits the activity of NK cells thus preventing cell lysis. KIR2DL5B Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30.8 kDa and the accession number is Q8NHK3.

Receptor on natural killer (NK) cells for HLA-C alleles. Does not inhibit the activity of NK cells.

Receptor on natural killer (NK) cells for HLA-C alleles. Does not inhibit the activity of NK cells. KIR2DS3 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.7 kDa and the accession number is Q14952.

KIR2DL5A (Killer Cell Immunoglobulin Like Receptor, Two Ig Domains And Long Cytoplasmic Tail 5A) is a Protein Coding gene. The encoded protein belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The most recently described member of the KIR family, KIR2DL5, is represented in human populations by at least four gene variants, whose exons differ by two to eight nucleotides. KIR2DL5 (CD158f) is the most recently identified inhibitory member of human killer-cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs), which enable NK cells to sense self-HLA. KIR2DL5 is encoded by two paralogous genes displaying copy number variation and allelic polymorphism-KIR2DL5A and KIR2DL5B. Functional polymorphisms in both its promoter and its coding regions are critical for understanding the KIR2DL5 role in immunity and its importance for human health.

Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily F member 1 (KLRF1) is known as NKp80. Human NKp80, a member of the C-type lectin family of proteins (1 - 3), is 231 aa in length with a 38 amino acid (aa) cytoplasmic region, a 21 aa transmembrane region, and a 172 aa extracellular domain (ECD). The protein strongly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes and spleen, with weaker expression in lymph node and adult liver, and no expression detected in bone marrow, thymus, and fetal liver. Its' function involved in the natural killer (NK)-mediated cytolysis of PHA-induced lymphoblasts.

C-C Motif Chemokine 3 (MIP-1 alpha,CCL3 ) is a member of the beta or CC subfamily of chemokines and is closely related to CCL4 MIP-1 beta. CCL3 expression can be induced in a variety of hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells. Mature mouse CCL3 shares 73%, 91%, and 82% amino acid sequence identity with human, rat, and cotton rat CCL3, respectively. CCL3 exerts its biological functions through interactions with CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5. It is cleared from the extracellular space by internalization via the decoy chemokine receptor D6. CCL3 promotes the chemoattraction, adhesion to activated vascular endothelium, and cellular activation of many hematopoietic cell types including activated T cells, NK cells, neutrophils, monocytes, immature dendritic cells, and eosinophils. CCL3 is also known as stem cell inhibitor (SCI) and can inhibit the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. CCL3 bioactivity contributes to tumor metastasis and the inflammatory components of viral infection, rheumatoid arthritis, and hepatitis, although it also can suppress the replication of HIV.