exposure

Dihydroxyfumaric acid is a known generator of superoxide anions and by hydroxyl free radicals. Dihydroxyfumarate exposure can cause insulin inhibitory effects. It can spontaneously convert to hydroxypyruvate or to oxaloglycolate.

1-Hydroxypyrene (1-Pyrenol), a biomarker of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is analyzed in urine samples.

Dimethyl phthalate (Fermine) has many uses, including in solid rocket propellants, plastics, and insect repellants. Acute (short-term) exposure to dimethyl phthalate, via inhalation in humans and animals, results in irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. No information is available on the chronic (long-term), reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of dimethyl phthalate in humans. Animal studies have reported slight effects on growth and on the kidney from chronic oral exposure to the chemical. EPA has classified dimethyl phthalate as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.

Cinnamyl alcohol (Styryl Carbinol) readily autoxidizes upon air exposure, and forms strong sensitizers as determined by the local lymph node assay.

2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid (α-Hydroxyisobutyric acid) is a metabolite of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). MTBE may be obtained through environmental exposure. MTBE is rapidly eliminated from the body, mainly through expired air as the unchanged compound. MTBE is to some extent metabolised to t-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde and oxidised to 2-methyl-1,2-propanediol and a-hydroxy isobuturic acid. 2-Hydroxyisobutyric acid has been used as an arial bactericide.

1. Raspberry ketone (p-Hydroxybenzyl acetone) is cytotoxic to melanocytes through the binding of RK-derived quinones to thiol proteins and the pro-oxidant activity of the RK-oligomer, the exposure of human skin to RK can cause chemical occupational leukoderma. 2. Raspberry ketone is marketed on the Internet as a food supplement.

1. Betulonic acid (Liquidambaric acid) amide stimulated the regenerative response in hepatocytes under conditions of combined toxic exposure and promoted recovery of their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the severity of liver fibrosis and the absence of cirrhotic transformation of the liver. 2. Betulonic acid derivatives have a promising cytostatic activity in vitro and could be used as potential leads for the development of new type of anti-cancer agents. 3. Betulonic acid has antiholestatic effects in mice.

L-(+)-Abrine (L-N-Methyltryptophan) is a toxic protein found in the jequirity seed.,can be used as a biomarker for abrin exposure.

1. Ethyl trans-caffeate (Caffeic Acid Ethyl Ester) has anti-inflammatory activity. 2. Ethyl trans-caffeate may as a promising natural compound for future application in chronic liver disease. 3. Ethyl trans-caffeate is a potent chemopreventive compound against skin carcinogenesis caused by solar UV exposure. 4. Ethyl trans-caffeate is the high-resolution structures of representative inhibitors in complex with human pancreatic α-amylase. 5. Ethyl trans-caffeate strongly inhibits neoplastic transformation of JB6 Cl41 cells without toxicity. PI3K, ERK1 2, and p38 kinase activities were suppressed by direct binding with HOEC in vitro.

1. Schisandrol B (Besigomsin) may exert neuroprotective effects by attenuating the microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response via inhibiting the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. 2. Schisandrol B has anti-inflammatory property, potentially result from the inhibition of COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α and NO through the down-regulation of RIP2 and NF-κB activation. 3. Schisandrol B induces marked protective effects against hepatic and renal injury induced by CCl(4) exposure through differential regulation of the MAPK signal transduction pathway. 4. Schisandrol B significantly inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, due to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase with the downregulation of cyclin D1 expression and Retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation.

Prenatal exposure to Integerrimine N-oxide induces maternal toxicity, impairment of maternal care and delayed in physical and behavioral development of the offspring. Doses of Integerrimine N-oxide here employed did not produce marked immunotoxic effects.

Anhuienoside B, a natural product extracted from fresh C. anhuiensis K. F. Wu leaves, is inducible upon exposure to CuCl2, serving as an abiotic stress elicitor [1].

5-Hydroxy-8-methoxypsoralen (5-Hydroxyxanthotoxin) is a potent tricyclic furocoumarin suicide inhibitor of CYP (cytochrome P-450) and a metabolite of Xanthotoxin. It is used in the treatment of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo, and certain cutaneous lymphomas in combination with phototherapy involving exposure to sunlight.

Eucamolol exhibits significant repellent activity against Aedes albopictus, and inhibits its feeding as well as DEET, is effective repellent (75%) up to 3 h after exposure to mosquito.

Chemical Compound 77298-67-0 exhibits high thermal stability and outstanding resistance to both corrosion and oxidation, suitable for extreme environmental conditions. Its melting point lies above 3500°C. The compound demonstrates unique electrical properties, with a high dielectric constant and low electrical conductivity, making it an optimal material for advanced electronic applications. It retains mechanical strength and structural integrity under prolonged exposure to high temperatures and reactive atmospheres.

Monoethyl phthalate, a metabolite of diethyl phthalate, serves as a urinary biomarker for phthalate exposure and indicates potential risks of thyroid cancer and benign nodules.

PE(18:1(9Z)/0:0) is a naturally-occurring lysophospholipid and an analog of plasmalogen lysophosphatidylethanolamine. PE(18:1(9Z)/0:0) induces transient increases in intracellular calcium in PC12 rat neuronal cells in a concentration-dependent manner. PE(18:1(9Z)/0:0) increases the production of IL-4 and IL-2, but not IFN-γ. In mouse serum, PE(18:1(9Z)/0:0) (1 μg/animal) induces the T helper 2 response. PE(18:1(9Z)/0:0) levels increase in interscapular brown adipose tissue in mice following three-day cold exposure.