retinoic

Retinoic acid (Tretinoin), a metabolite of vitamin A, is a natural agonist of the retinoic acid receptor RAR and inhibits RARα β γ (IC50=14 nM). Retinoic acid induces cellular differentiation, reduces cellular proliferation, and inhibits tumorigenesis.

all-trans-4-Oxoretinoic acid (all-trans 4-Keto Retinoic Acid) is an active metabolite of vitamin A.

Isotretinoin (13-cis-Retinoic acid) binds to and activates nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs), which act as transcription factors that promote cell differentiation and apoptosis. This naturally occurring retinoic acid has potential antineoplastic activity, exhibits immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses, and inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, thereby decreasing polyamine synthesis and keratinization.

Retinyl acetate (Vitamin A acetate) is a group of unsaturated nutritional hydrocarbons, that contains retinal, retinol, retinoic acid, and several provitamins A carotenoids, among which beta-carotene is the most important.

Magnolol (5,5'-Diallyl-2,2'-biphenyldiol) is a dual agonist of RXRα( EC50=10.4 μM) and PPARγ(EC50=17.7 μM). It blocks TNF-α-induced NF-KB activation.

Acitretin (Ro 10-1670) is a second-generation systemic retinoid used in the treatment of psoriasis.

Nargenicin is a macrolide antibiotic that selectively inhibits the growth of S. aureus, methicilin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and M. luteus (MICs = 0.6, 0.3, and 2.5 μg/ml, respectively) over a panel of 11 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = >80 μg/ml). [1] It dose-dependently inhibits S. aureus DnaE in the presence of DNase I-activated DNA and E. coli DnaE when used at concentrations of 0.00001-0.1 and 0.01-100 μg/mL, respectively. [2] In murine BV-2 microglial cells, nargenicin (1 μM) inhibits cytokine expression and nitric oxide production induced by LPS.[3] Nargenicin (200 μM), when used in combination with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or all-trans retinoic acid , reduces cell proliferation by 37-47% and increases cell differentiation by 82-85% in HL-60 human myeloid leukemia cells.[4]

Bigelovin is a selective retinoid X receptor α agonist. Bigelovin suppresses tumor growth through inducing apoptosis and autophagy via the inhibition of mTOR pathway regulated by ROS generation.It is also known as a potent cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactone from Inula sp.

Luffariellolide is a terpene compound obtained from the marine sponge Hyrtios communis. It is an inhibitor of human synoviocyte protein phospholipase A2 (HSF-PLA2) and a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonist. Luffariellolide inhibits hypoxia (1% O2)-induced HIF-1 activation and inhibits cell growth.

All-trans-13,14-Dihydroretinol, a metabolite of all-trans-retinoic acid, is synthesized through the enzymatic action of retinol saturase on all-trans-retinoic acid.