immunosuppressive

Rapamycin (AY 22989) is a natural product of macrolides, an mTOR inhibitor with specificity (HEK293 cells: IC50=0.1 nM). Rapamycin has immunosuppressive activity and induces autophagy.

Mycophenolate Mofetil (TM-MMF), an immunosuppressive agent, is the 2-morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid (MPA), and an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH).

Tetrandrine (Sinomenine A) is a natural, bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the root of the plant. Tetrandrine non-selectively inhibits calcium channel activity and induces G1 blockade of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and apoptosis in various cell types, resulting in immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative and free radical scavenging effects.

1. β-Anhydroicaritin exhibits immunosuppressive effect on the mouse macrophages stimulated by LPS. 2. β-Anhydroicaritin phytosomes can inhibit enhanced bone turnover induced by ovariectomy, improve BMD the biomechanical properties of vertebrae, without any stimulation on uterus. 3. β-Anhydroicaritin possesses significant protective effects on the zymosan-induced peritonitis mice, which might be associated with the regulation of Ca(2+); influx in macrophages and iNOS expression.

Mycophenolic acid (Mycophenolate) is an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase(IMPDH) inhibitor with anti-proliferative activity.

Triptolide (PG490) belongs to the tricyclic diterpenoid group of natural products and is an inhibitor of NF-κB activation. Triptolide exhibits immunosuppressive, anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-tumor activities.

Demethylzeylasteral (T-96), isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii, has anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-tumor activities. It inhibits the invasion of triple-negative breast cancer by blocking the TGF-β signaling pathway, and it can significantly reduce atherosclerosis.

Triptoquinone B is a novel interleukin-1 inhibitor, shows extremely potent inhibitory activities against interleukin-lα and β releases for human peripheral mononticlear cells, it shows the significant immunosuppressive activity.

Pseurotin A has immunosuppressive activity, it inhibits immunoglobulin E(IgE) production in vitro.It shows a moderate effect against the phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora and Pseudomonas syringae, with IC50 values of 220 and 112 microg ml(-1), r

Triptobenzene H shows the significant immunosuppressive activity.

Clematichinenoside AR exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, it has anti-arthritic effects on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and TNF-α± associated with collagen-induced arthritis.

Withaphysalin R (compound 5), a withanolide derived from the Solanaceae family, possesses an ergosterol-based steroid ester structure. This compound exhibits notable activities such as cytotoxic, immunosuppressive, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsive, and antioxidant effects [1].

Prodigiosin hydrochloride, a red pigment, is a bioactive secondary metabolite produced by bacteria. It exhibits potent proapoptotic activity and functions as an inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Additionally, this compound possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antimalarial, immunosuppressive, and anticancer properties.

Cimicifugoside, a triterpenoid isolated from Cimicifuga simplex, is a novel specific nucleoside transport inhibitor. It also shows immunosuppressive activity.

Djalonensone (Alternariol monomethyl ether), an Alternaria toxin, is a strong mutagen in Escherichia coli strain ND-160. Alternariol monomethyl ether has genotoxic properties, it can cause oxidative DNA damage. It also possesses cytotoxic and immunosuppressive properties.

Diayangambin (Syringaresinol dimethyl ether; Lirioresinol C dimethyl ether) is a compound that inhibits cell proliferation, exhibiting an IC50 value of 1.5 μM in human monocytes. Additionally, it demonstrates immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities [1].

Ptaquiloside shows genotoxicity, it also has carcinogenic effects. Ptaquiloside has immunosuppressive effects, it reduces NK cell activities by enhancing metallothionein expression, which is prevented by selenium.

Physalin H is an Hh signaling inhibitor blocks GLI1-DNA-complex formation, it also strong quinone reductase induction activity with IR (Induction ratio, QR induction activity) value of 3.74±0.02. Physalin H shows immunosuppressive effects on T cells both

Brazilein, an immunosuppressive compound extracted from Caesalpinia sappan L., effectively induces apoptosis in mouse spleen lymphocytes [1].

Shanziside (Shanzhiside) has immunosuppressive activity, it shows significant inhibition of IL-2 secretion by phorbol myristate acetate and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody co-stimulated activation of human peripheral blood T cells.

Aminopterin (4-Aminofolic acid) is a synthetic folic acid derivative whose metabolite is a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase

Tacrolimus monohydrate (LCP-Tacro) is a macrolide from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis, binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to form a complex. Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin phosphatase, which inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Immunosuppressive properties. It prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro and has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo.

Glucosyringic acid has immunosuppressive effect, it can inhibit the proliferation of murine B lymphocytes in vitro.

Carviolin is an anthraquinone fungal metabolite that has been found inZ. longicaudatawith immunosuppressive and antitrypanosomal activities.1,2It inhibits LPS- or concanavalin A-induced proliferation of mouse splenocytes (IC50s = 4 and 4.5 μg/ml, respectively).1Carviolin is active againstT. b. brucei(MIC = 41.66 μM).2 1.Fujimoto, H., Nakamura, E., Okuyama, E., et al.Six immunosuppressive features from an ascomycete, Zopfiella longicaudata, found in a screening study monitored by immunomodulatory activityChem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo)52(8)1005-1008(2004) 2.Aly, A.H., Debbab, A., Clements, C.M., et al.NF kappa B inhibitors and antitrypanosomal metabolites from endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. isolated from Limonium tubiflorumBioorg. Med. Chem.19(1)414-421(2011)

2-Hydroxyanthraquinone is an anthraquinone that has been found inSpermacoce latifoliaand has antibacterial and estrogenic activities.1,2It is active againstB. subtilisandB. cereus(MICs = 1.9 and 62.5 μg/ml, respectively).12-Hydroxyanthraquinone (19 μM) induces estrogen receptor α (ERα) activation in a yeast two-hybrid assay.2 1.Luo, Y., Shen, H.-Y., Shen, Q.-X., et al.A new anthraquinone and a new naphthoquinone from the whole plant of Spermacoce latifoliJ. Asian Nat. Prod. Res.19(9)869-876(2017) 2.Kurihara, R., Shiraishi, F., Tanaka, N., et al.Presence and estrogenicity of anthracene derivatives in coastal Japanese watersEnviron. Toxicol. Chem.24(8)1984-1993(2005)

Alisol F is a natural product from Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn and has many activities.

1. Acetylcorynoline (O-Acetylcorynoline) has antifungal、anti-inflammatory activity. 2. Acetylcorynoline may be one of the potent immunosuppressive agents through the blockage of dendritic cells maturation and function. 3. Acetylcorynoline is potential as a possible antiparkinsonian drug. (1) Significantly decreases dopaminergic neuron degeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in BZ555 strain; (2) Prevents α-synuclein aggregation; (3) Restores food-sensing behavior, and dopamine levels; (4) Prolongs life-span in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated N2 strain. 4. Acetylcorynoline may exert its effects by decreasing egl-1 expression to suppress apoptosis pathways and by increasing rpn5 expression to enhance the activity of proteasomes.

p-Coumaric Acid Ethyl Ester (Ethyl (E)-p-hydroxycinnamate) is the ethyl ester of p-Coumaric acid. p-Coumaric Acid is a common dietary polyphenol and also a potent immunosuppressive agent in treating autoimmune inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

Hydrocortisone acetate (Cortisol 21-acetate) is the synthetic acetate salt form of hydrocortisone, a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties.

Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate (Sodium houttuyfonate) is anti-pseudomonas agents, inhibits virulence-related motility of Pseudomonas.

Cirsilineol (Eupatrin) is isolated from the herb of Artemisia vestita Wall and shows immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative, and anti-tumor properties. Cirsilineol selectively induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway.

Mycestericin G, a sphingosine-like fungal metabolite, demonstrates immunosuppressive activity [1].

1. (+)-(3R,8S)-Falcarindiol is a potential new anticancer agent that exerts its activity through inducing ER stress and apoptosis. 2. Falcarindiol induces immunosuppressive effects in vitro and in vivo and might be a novel therapy for autoimmune or allergic diseases. 3. Falcarindiol has protective effect against CCl(4) toxicity , in part, be explained by anti-lipid peroxidation activity associated with the induction of the GSTs including GSTA4.

Mizoribine (NSC-289637) belongs to the family of 1-Ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. Mizoribine has been investigated for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Jaceosidin has anti-oxidative activity. Jaceosidin has anti-inflammatory activity, also a microglial inhibitor with anti-neuroinflammation activity. aceosidin has anticancer activity, modulates the ERK/ATM/Chk1/2 pathway, leading to inactivation of the Cd

1. Pogostone (DHELWANGIN) possesses potent anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities, such as gram negative bacteria , gram positive bacteria, Escherichia coli. 2. Pogostone exhibits an immunosuppressive property by directly blocking T cell proliferation as well as altering inflammatory cytokine profile. 3. Pogostone could exert a gastro-protective effect against gastric ulceration, and the underlying mechanism might be associated with the stimulation of PGE2, improvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status, as well as preservation of NP-SH.

Maydispenoid A, a potent immunosuppressive compound, effectively inhibits murine splenocyte proliferation activated by both anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and lipopolysaccharide.

α-D-Glucose-1-phosphate disodium hydrate serves multiple roles in medical and biochemical applications, including as a precursor in the synthesis of glucuronic acid, a cytostatic compound crucial for cardiopathic therapy, an antibiotic, an immunosuppressive agent, and a component in circulatory system therapy [1].

1,3-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (CYNARIN) is a natural product. It shows antioxidant and choleretic properties and is a potential immunosuppressive agent.