staphylococcus aureus

α-Hemolysin (Staphylococcus aureus), a polypeptide virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus, disrupts host cell plasma membranes. Upon binding to the cell surface, its monomers create a homoheptamic prepore, which evolves into a mature transmembrane pore, facilitating K+ and Ca2+ ion transport that induces necrotic death in target cells [1].

Gramicidin (Gramicidine) is an antimicrobial peptide. Gramicidin dimers form ion channel-like pores in the cell membranes and organelles of bacterial and animal cells, allowing inorganic monovalent ions, such as potassium and sodium ions, to pass freely through the pores by diffusion, disrupting the important ionic gradient between membranes and thus killing the cells by various actions. Gramicidin is effective against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, but is not as effective against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli.

Lynronne-3, an antimicrobial peptide, demonstrates activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 32-128 μg/mL for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Additionally, Lynronne-3 is efficacious in combating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections [1].

DFTamP1 is an antimicrobial peptide that exhibits activity against Staphylococcus aureus USA300, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.1 μM [1].

Cyclo-L-Trp-L-Trp is a broad-spectrum antifungal. It also induces a high degree of acetylation of histones.

Beta-defensin 1, pig, is an antimicrobial peptide predominantly located in the tongue mucosa of pigs. It exhibits activity against a variety of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis, and the fungus Candida albicans [1] [2].

Elafin, also referred to as elafin-specific inhibitor (ESI) or skin anti-leucoprotease (SKALP), is a protein that serves as a low molecular weight inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) and proteinase 3, particularly in the lung. Additionally, Elafin exhibits antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus [1] [2] [3].

Brevinin-1PMa is a host-defense peptide with antimicrobial properties effective against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and exhibits demonstrated hemolytic activity [1].

Bombinin-BO1, an antimicrobial peptide from the skin secretions of the Bombina orientalis toad, exhibits activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 64, 64, and 128 mg/L, respectively [1].

Autoinducing Peptide I, a cyclic octapeptide produced by Staphylococcus aureus, has applications in vaccine research [1].

Im5, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 10 μM for E. coli, 2.5-5 μM for S. aureus, and 0.5-1 μM for B. subtilis, as well as hemolytic activity with an effective concentration (EC50) of 28 μM [1].

Maculatin 1.1 TFA, an antimicrobial peptide, exhibits a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 7 μM against Staphylococcus aureus and induces bacterial mortality by perforating the organism's membrane [1].

SYNV-cyclo(CGGYF), a C5 autoinducing peptide from Staphylococcus hominis (S. hominis), demonstrates inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) activity. This compound shows promise in research focused on addressing S. aureus-mediated epithelial damage and inflammation [1].

K4 peptide exhibits potent antimicrobial properties, effectively targeting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, particularly pathogenic strains like Staphylococcus aureus and Marine Vibrio species [1].

Aurein 2.2, a principal constituent of L.aurea skin secretions, exhibits broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis [1] [2].

Quinupristin is a streptogramin antibiotic. Streptogramins, a class of antibiotics, is effective in the treatment of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, which are two of the most rapidly growing strains of mul

Des(8-14)brevinin-1PMa is a host-defense peptide with potent antimicrobial properties, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Echerichia coli, and also demonstrates hemolytic activity [1].

PSMα3 TFA is a peptide used to direct dendritic cells (DCs) towards a tolerogenic state, critical for DC vaccination approaches. It modulates human monocyte-derived DCs by disrupting maturation induced by TLR2 or TLR4, suppressing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and reducing antigen assimilation. Notably, PSMα3 TFA is a significant toxin secreted by highly virulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains [1] [2].

Human β-defensin-2 (HβD-2) is a cationic skin-antimicrobial peptide (SAP) characterized by its small size and rich cysteine content. Produced by various epithelial cells, it exhibits potent antimicrobial properties against gram-negative bacteria and Candida but is not effective against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Given these characteristics, Human β-defensin-2 serves as a valuable tool in colitis research.

SYNV-cyclo(CGGYF) TFA, a C5 autoinducing peptide derived from Staphylococcus hominis (S. hominis), demonstrates inhibition of S. aureus activity, holding potential for research into S. aureus-mediated epithelial damage and inflammation [1].

BMAP-18 is a biologically active peptide, a truncated derivative of BMAP-27, which is part of the Cathelicidin family of peptides known for their potent bactericidal properties against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, and Escherichia coli. Unlike the full-length BMAP-27, which can be cytotoxic to human erythrocytes and neutrophils at concentrations higher than required for its antimicrobial effect, BMAP-18 offers increased cell selectivity due to its reduced hemolytic activity while maintaining effective antimicrobial function.

Garvicin KS (GarKS) is a bacteriocin comprising a 34-amino-acid peptide, GakB, along with two additional peptides, GakA and GakC. GakB specifically impairs fibroblast viability and proliferation. When combined with GakA, GarKS demonstrates enhanced peptide stability, antimicrobial activity, and notable impacts on fibroblast viability and proliferation. Regarding methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values rank the peptides in descending order of effectiveness as GakB, followed by GakC, and then GakA [1].

Lysobactin, also known as katanosin B, is an effective antibiotic with in vivo efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. It was previously shown to inhibit peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis.

Bacterial Substrate III, Abz/DNP TFA is an internally quenched fluorescent peptide substrate. Staphylococcus aureus transpeptidase sortase A (SrtA) reacts with its native substrate Bacterial Sortase Substrate III, Abz/DNP, cleaving it and catalyzing the f

Beta-defensin 1, pig TFA, an antimicrobial peptide predominantly located in the tongue mucosa of pigs, exhibits activity against a diverse range of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bordetella pertussis, and the fungus Candida albicans [1] [2].

Bovine neutrophil beta-defensin 12, an antimicrobial peptide originating from bovine neutrophils, exhibits antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus [1].

Combi-2 is an antimicrobial peptide effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sanguis, and Escherichia coli [1].

Lugdunin is an antibiotic peptide that disrupts membrane potential in bacteria, demonstrating activity against Gram-positive species including S. aureus, and effectively reducing skin and nasal colonization of this pathogen. Moreover, Lugdunin stimulates the production of LL-37 and CXCL8/MIP-2 in human keratinocytes and mouse skin [1].

Defensin HNP-3 human, a cytotoxic antibiotic peptide referred to as defensin, exhibits inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. This compound is first synthesized as a 94 amino acid chain known as preproHNP(1-94), then cleaved to proHNP(20-94), and finally matures into HNP(65-94) following the excision of anionic precursors [1] [2].

The Staphylococcus aureus transpeptidase Sortase A (SrtA) anchors virulence and colonization-associated surface proteins to the cell wall. SrtA selectively recognizes a C-terminal LPXTG motif. SrtA readily reacts with its native substrate Abz-LPETG-Dap(DN

Actinomycin X2 (Actinomycin V) is a compound synthesized by various species of Streptomyces. It displays potent inhibition against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 μg mL. Actinomycin X2 possesses potential applications in the treatment of both cancer and bacterial infections.