Salvianolic Acid C is extracted from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial plant in the genus Salvia.

1. Hypericin (Cyclosan) has antineoplastic activity. 2. Hypericin has antibiotic and antiviral activities. 3. Hypericin has antidepressive activity through inhibiting monoamine oxidase enzyme. 4. Hypericin inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis via affecting ERK signalling in vitro and suppresses wear particle-induced osteolysis in vivo.

Naringin (Naringoside), a flavanone glycoside, exerts various of pharmacological effects such as blood lipid lowering, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

1. Bergaptol (4-Hydroxybergapten) shows very good radical scavenging activity. 2. Bergaptol is a potent inhibitor of debenzylation activity of CYP3A4 enzyme.

Galangin (Norizalpinin) is an agonist/antagonist of the arylhydrocarbon receptor, and also shows inhibition of CYP1A1 activity.

Itraconazole (R51211) is a triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.

Cedrol is a cedrane sesquiterpenoid and a tertiary alcohol,Cedrol inhibits the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 (Kis = 0.9 and 3.4 μM, respectively)

Apigenin (NSC 83244) is an aromatic oil extracted from the flowers or leaves of the daisy-like plants. Extracts, oils and teas made from chamomile are used for its soothing qualities as a sedative, mild analgesic and sleep medication. Apigenin has not been implicated in causing serum enzyme elevations or clinically apparent liver injury.

α-Terpinyl acetate is a natural compound found in several essential oils, is a flavouring agent.

Irilone has immunomodulatory, and α-amylase inhibitory activities, it exhibits the selective inhibition toward CYP3 A4 rather than other major human CYPs. Irilone exhibited prominent antioxidant activities with the IC50 value of 10.46μM. Irilone potentiat

Ginsenoside F1 (20(S)-Ginsenoside F1) is an enzymatically modified derivative of ginsenoside Rg1, showing competitive inhibition of the activity of CYP3A4 and a weaker inhibition of the activity of CYP2D6.

Zederone has anti-bacterial activity,it inhibits gram-positive bacteria activity. Zederone induces hepatotoxicity implicated the induction of Cyps, which leads to the formation of biological reactive metabolites and that cause the oxidative stress and liver cell injuries.

Phloracetophenone (1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone) has antiobesity and hypolipidemic effects, may be partly mediated by delaying the intestinal absorption of dietary fat by inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity.

Isosilybin (Isosilibinin) and Silybin might be suitable candidates to design potent PXR antagonists to prevent drug-drug interactions via CYP3A4 in cancer patients.

Quinidine sulfate dihydrate (Pitayine Sodium) is a potent and selective cytochrome P450db inhibitor

Dronedarone (SR 33589) is an amiodarone analogue which has an effective and promising treatment for Atrial fibrillation.

Phillyrin (Forsythin) is a novel AMPK activator, has anti-obesity effects in nutritive obesity mice, it can prevent lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by blocking the expression of SREBP-1c and FAS through LKB1/AMPK activation. Phillyrin(Forsythin) may be a new preventive agent of acute lung injury in the clinical setting, it potentially contributes to the suppression of the activation of MAPK and NF-κB pathways, it also has protective effects on H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells.

1. Acetylshikonin exhibits weak cytotoxicity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with IC5 of over 2 microM, exhibits the antiangiogenic and antitumorigenic effects by suppressing proliferation and angiogenic factors. 2. Acetylshikonin inhibits the generation of NADPH oxidase complex in the activation of respiratory burst of PMNs, but does not directly inhibit the activity of NADPH oxidase already generated. 3. Certain shikonin derivatives(such as Acetylshikonin) act as modulators of the Nur77-mediated apoptotic pathway and identify a new shikonin-based lead that targets Nur77 for apoptosis induction. 4. Acetylshikonin, shikonin, and alkannin have accelerative effect on the proliferation of granulation tissue in rats. 5. Acetylshikonin has inhibitory effect on the edematous response is due neither to the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal gland nor to the glucocorticoid activity, but probably partly to the suppression of mast cell degranulation and partly to protection of the vasculature from mediator challenge. 6. Acetylshikonin induces apoptosis of hepatitis B virus X protein-expressing human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress.

1. Linderane was characterized as a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2C9.

β-Apo-8'-carotenal (Apocarotenal) is a carotenoid found in spinach and citrus fruits. Apocarotenal is used in fat-based food (margarine, sauces, salad dressing), beverages, dairy products, and sweets.

Polygalaxanthone III can significantly inhibit chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation catalyzed by CYP2E1.

Gentiopicroside (Gentiopicrin), a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, extracted from Gentiana manshurica Kitag, inhibits P450 activity, with an IC50 and a Ki of 61 μM and 22.8 μM for CYP2A6; has antianti-inflammatoryand antioxidative effects.

Seneciphylline, one of the hepatotoxic pyrolizidine alkaloids, has mutagenic activity in Drosophila and their transfer into rat milk.Seneciphylline can significantly increased the activities of epoxide hydrase and glutathione-S-transferase but cause reduc

(Rac)-Brassinazole are a class of phytohormones with essential roles in plant growth and development, including the promotion of stem elongation and cell division. Brassinazole is a triazole-type brassinosteroid biosynthesis inhibitor.

Chrysosplenetin is a metabolic inhibitor of artemisinin.

Tetrahydrocurcumin (HZIV 81-2), a major metabolite of curcumin, has strong antioxidant and cardioprotective properties.

5,7-DIMETHOXYFLAVONE possessed remarkable leishmanicidal potential.

2,6-Dimethylquinoline is a natural product extracted from the roots of Peucedantu praeruptorum. 2,6-Dimethylquinoline is an inhibitor of CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 with an IC50 of 3.3 and 480 µM, respectively.

Methoxsalen (NCI-C55903) is a Photoactivated Radical Generator and Psoralen. The mechanism of action of methoxsalen is as a Photoabsorption. The physiologic effect of methoxsalen is by means of Photosensitizing Activity.

Ginsenoside Rd (Gypenoside VIII) may have properties that inhibit or prevent the growth of tumors.

Bergapten (5-Methoxypsoralen), a psoralen, inhibits cell replication.

Dihydromethysticin ((+)-Dihydromethysticin) is a kavalactone found in Piper methysticum. It has marked activity on the induction of CYP3A23.

Miltirone is a CYPs inhibitor, it has been characterized as a low-affinity ligand for central benzodiazepine receptors.

ε-Viniferin (epsilon-Viniferin) a dimer of resveratrol, shows the inhibitory effects of epsilon-viniferin on human CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP4A activities.

8-Geranyloxypsoralen inhibits α2-secretase (BACE1) activity in non-competitive manner, with the IC(50) values <25.0 μM, it can induce vasorelaxation on rat arterial tissues. 8-Geranyloxypsoralen possesses nematicidal activities, the median lethal concentrations (LC(50)) is 188.3 mg/ L against B. xylophilus and is 117.5 mg/L against P. redivivus.

Friedelin possesses antioxidant, gastroprotective, anti-diarrhoeal, liver protective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.

Rhapontigenin (Protigenin) is a mechanism-based, selective inactivator of cytochrome P450 1A1 (IC50: 400 nM), an aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase which activates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that act as procarcinogens. Rhapontigenin is a natural analog of resveratrol with antioxidant and anti-cancer activity. At higher concentrations, rhapontigenin inhibits the proliferation of HL-60R and HepG2 cancer cell lines (IC50: 48 μM).

7-Ethoxycoumarin, a typical human P450 substrate, is catalyzed by both wild-type and mutant forms of CYP102A1.

1. Schisandrol B (Besigomsin) may exert neuroprotective effects by attenuating the microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response via inhibiting the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. 2. Schisandrol B has anti-inflammatory property, potentially result from the inhibition of COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α and NO through the down-regulation of RIP2 and NF-κB activation. 3. Schisandrol B induces marked protective effects against hepatic and renal injury induced by CCl(4) exposure through differential regulation of the MAPK signal transduction pathway. 4. Schisandrol B significantly inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, due to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase with the downregulation of cyclin D1 expression and Retinoblastoma (RB) phosphorylation.

Fraxinol is a predicted metabolite generated by BioTransformer¹ that is produced by the metabolism of 5, 7-dimethoxy-2h-chromen-2-one. It is generated by cyp1a2, cyp2a6, cyp2b6, cyp2c9, cyp2c19, and cyp2e1 enzymes via an aromatic-hydroxylation-of-fused-be

1. Bergamottin (5-Geranoxypsoralen) can significantly reduce blood glucose and increase glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in KK-A^ydiabetic mice.

Olivetol (5-n-Amylresorcinol) (5-pentylresorcinol, 5-pentyl-1,3-benzenediol) is an organic compound found in certain species of lichen; it is also a precursor in various syntheses of tetrahydrocannabinol. Olivetol has an antioxidant effect.

Ginsenoside C-K (Ginsenoside K) is a bacterial metabolite of G-Rb1 exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects by reducing iNOS and COX-2.

Schisandrin A, a primary active component extracted from the traditional Eastern medicine Schisandra chinensis, inhibits CYP3A activity, with an IC50 of 6.60 μM and a Ki of 5.83 μM.

Diosmetin (Luteolin 4-methyl ether) has been found to act as a weak TrkB receptor agonist.

Piperonylic acid (2H-1,3-benzodioxole-5-carboxylic acid) is a natural molecule bearing a methylenedioxy function that closely mimics the structure of trans-cinnamic acid. Piperonylic acid selectively inactivate the CYP73A P450 subpopulation.

Tetrahydropiperine (Cosmoperine) is a natural product derived from piperine, can be used to treat convulsion, epilepsy, relieve pain, and control insects.

7-Ethoxy-4-Methylcoumarin is considered an inhibitor of enzymes in cells and has been used in studies of enzyme inhibition and has been used to study the effects of various drugs on the human body.

Quinidine is a stereoisomer of the antimalarial agent quinine and a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent. for the treatment of abnormal heart rhythms and also malaria.

Curcumenol ((+)-Curcumenol), one of the major components of Zedoary turmeric oil, is an antibiotic drug which has anti-Y, anti-inflammation activity. Curcumenol may be safely used without inducing metabolic drug-drug interaction through P450 inhibition.