metastatic

HER2/ERBB2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 90-120 KDa and the accession number is P04626.

HER2/ERBB2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 120-140 KDa and the accession number is P04626.

HER2/ERBB2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 23-652, hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-Fc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 120-145 KDa and the accession number is P04626.

LASP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.2 kDa; 43 kDa, reducing conditions and the accession number is Q14847.

Integrin β-1 (ITGB1) belongs to the integrin β chain family. Integrin family members are membrane receptors involved in cell adhesion and recognition in a variety of processes including embryogenesis, hemostasis, tissue repair, immune response and metastatic diffusion of tumor cells. ITGB1 is an integrin unit associated with very late antigen receptors, which contains one VWFA domain. It is known to conjoin with α-3 subunit to create α3β1 complex that reacts to such molecules as netrin-1 and reelin.

Liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, primary and metastatic liver cancers are still a major medical challenge. Syndecan-1 is one of the most important proteoglycans in the liver. Syndecan-1 is normally expressed on the surfaces of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Due to liver diseases the amount of syndecan-1 increases in the liver. Syndecan-1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 23-254, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 25 kDa and the accession number is AAH08765.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 74.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9H5V8-1.

RAB1B, a member of the RAS oncogene family, was significantly down-regulated in highly metastatic breast cancer cells. Moreover, down-regulation of RAB1B was also found to promote the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, loss of RAB1B resulted in elevated expression of TGF-beta receptor 1 (TbetaR1) through decreased degradation of ubiquitin, increased levels of phosphorylated SMAD3 and TGF-beta-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, low RAB1B expression correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients.RAB1B acts as a metastasis suppressor in TNBC by regulating the TGF-beta/SMAD signaling pathway and RAB1B may serve as a novel biomarker of prognosis and the response to anti-tumor therapeutics for patients with TNBC.

Pyruvate kinase (PKLR) is a critical erythrocyte enzyme that is required for glycolysis and production of ATP. Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is the most frequent red blood cell enzyme abnormality of the glycolytic pathway and the most common cause of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Over 250 PKLR-gene mutations have been described, including missense/nonsense, splicing and regulatory mutations, small insertions, small and gross deletions, causing PKD and hemolytic anemia of variable severity. PKLR expression was increased in liver metastases as well as in primary colorectal tumors of patients with metastatic disease. PKLR protein variants may affect the frequency, and the intensity of malaria episodes induced by different Plasmodium parasites in humans living in areas of endemic malaria.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 75 kDa and the accession number is F6TPM5.

MTSS1 (Metastasis suppressor 1), also known as Missing in metastasis (MIM), is a tissue-specific regulator of plasma membrane dynamics. MTSS1 is well described for its function as a metastasis suppressor gene and is expressed in a variety of tissues. MTSS1 might be involved in shaping neuronal membranes in vivo. MTSS1 deforms phosphoinositide-rich membranes through its I-BAR domain and interacts with actin monomers through its WH2 domain. MTSS1/MIM was first identified as a metastasis suppressor missing in metastatic bladder carcinoma cell lines. MTSS1 is a prognostic indicator of disease-free survival in breast cancer patients and demonstrates the ability to play a role in governing the metastatic nature of breast cancer cells. MTSS1 may serve as a useful biomarker for the prediction of the outcome of gastric cancer. The down-regulation of MTSS1 that may be caused by DNA methylation was also observed in many other types of cancer. Recent work proposed that MIM also potentiates Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-induced gene expression. MTSS1 is a multiple functional molecular and has an important role in development, carcinogenesis, and metastasis.

Stathmin1 (STMN1) is a cytosolic phosphoprotein that regulates cellular microtubule dynamics and is known to have oncogenic activity. STMN1 is a possible biomarker for paclitaxel sensitivity and poor prognosis in GC and could be a novel therapeutic target in metastatic GC. STMN1 expression might serve as a biomarker for determining patient atypical meningioma prognosis. Stathmin1 (STMN1) is a cytosolic protein involved in microtubule dynamics through inhibition of tubulin polymerization and promotion of microtubule depolymerization, which has been implicated in carcinogenesis and aggressive behavior in multiple epithelial malignancies. Stathmin 1 (STMN1) suppression was reported to reduce cellular viability and migration potential. STMN1 may be a promising candidate for targeted therapies in PDAC.

Gastric cancer is a deadly malignancy and is a prognostically unfavorable entity with restricted therapeutic strategies available. Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein widely expressed in bladder, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Existing studies have thoroughly recognized the availability of utilizing anti-PSCA CAR-T cells in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. PSCA Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.3 kDa and the accession number is O43653.

Gastric cancer is a deadly malignancy and is a prognostically unfavorable entity with restricted therapeutic strategies available. Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein widely expressed in bladder, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Existing studies have thoroughly recognized the availability of utilizing anti-PSCA CAR-T cells in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer. PSCA Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 34.5 kDa and the accession number is P57096.

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5 (CEACAM5) was identified as a metastatic driver. CEACAM5 overproduction enriched for an epithelial gene expression pattern and facilitated tumor outgrowth at metastatic sites. Tissues from patients with metastatic breast cancer confirmed elevated levels of CEACAM5 in lung metastases relative to breast tumors, and an inverse correlation between CEACAM5 and the mesenchymal marker vimentin was demonstrated.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 30-368, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 39.03 kDa and the accession number is Q9H5V8-1.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 73.2 kDa and the accession number is F6TPM5.

Poly(rC)-binding protein 1, also known as Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein E1, Alpha-CP1, Nucleic acid-binding protein SUB2.3 and PCBP1, is a family member of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) that belong to RNA-binding proteins and bear three KH domains. PCBP1 is loosely bound in the nucleus. It may shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. It is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, thymus and peripheral blood leukocytes while a lower expression is observed in prostate, spleen, testis, ovary, small intestine, heart, liver, adrenal and thyroid glands. PCBP1 is widely expressed in many human tissues and involved in the regulation of transcription, transportation process, and function of RNA molecules. PCBP1 plays a pivotal role in post-transcriptional regulation for RNA metabolism and RNA function in gene expression. PCBP1 acts as a negative regulator of CD44 variants splicing in HepG2 cells, and loss of PCBP1 in human hepatic tumor contributes to the formation of a metastatic phenotype.

ADGRG1 (Adhesion G Protein-Coupled Receptor G1, also known as GPR56) is a Protein Coding gene. GPR56 is a member of an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family with a very long N-terminal stalk and seven transmembrane domains. The encoded protein binds specifically to transglutaminase 2, a component of tissue and tumor stroma implicated as an inhibitor of tumor progression. GPR56 may be a target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. GPR56 inhibits melanoma metastatic growth by impeding the expansion of micrometastases to macrometastases. GPR56 loss of function promotes mesenchymal differentiation and radioresistance of glioma initiating cells both in vitro and in vivo. Diseases associated with ADGRG1 include Polymicrogyria, Bilateral Frontoparietal, and Polymicrogyria, Bilateral Perisylvian, Autosomal Recessive.

The human CGB5 gene encodes chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)beta 5, which is aberrantly expressed in trophoblastic neoplasm and in some non-trophoblastic neoplasms. Fucntional studies observed that it involved tumor initiation, growth, and metastatic outgrowth. Carriage of particular variants in the promoter of the CGB5 gene seems to protect against RM. CGB5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17 kDa and the accession number is P01233-1.

The growth arrest-specific 6 gene (GAS6) is a member of the family of plasma vitamin K-dependent proteins, which are able to bind to phospholipids using an N-terminal gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain. GAS6 is a vitamin K-dependent protein, plays a role in the survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, adhesion, and apoptosis of cells. The growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) has been implicated in systemic inflammation and coagulation. Growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6), plays a role in tumor progression by regulating growth in many cancers. GAS6, expressed by osteoblasts in the bone marrow, plays a significant role in the regulation of PCa cell survival during chemotherapy, which will have important implications for targeting metastatic disease. The GAS6/TYRO3-AXL-MERTK (TAM) signaling pathway is essential for full and sustained platelet activation, as well as thrombus stabilization. Inhibition of this pathway decreases platelet aggregation, shape change, clot retraction, aggregate formation under flow conditions, and surface expression of activation markers. It had been show that GAS6 signaling regulates invasion, proliferation, chemotherapy-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer (PCa) cells, and GAS6 secreted from osteoblasts in the bone marrow environment plays a critical role in establishing prostate tumor cell dormancy.

Liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, primary and metastatic liver cancers are still a major medical challenge. Syndecan-1 is one of the most important proteoglycans in the liver. Syndecan-1 is normally expressed on the surfaces of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Due to liver diseases the amount of syndecan-1 increases in the liver. Syndecan-1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 51 kDa and the accession number is P18828-1.

Liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, primary and metastatic liver cancers are still a major medical challenge. Syndecan-1 is one of the most important proteoglycans in the liver. Syndecan-1 is normally expressed on the surfaces of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Due to liver diseases the amount of syndecan-1 increases in the liver. Syndecan-1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 23-254, hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50.6 kDa and the accession number is AAH08765.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 73.09 kDa and the accession number is D3ZVA1.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 75.3 kDa and the accession number is Q5U462.

Liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, primary and metastatic liver cancers are still a major medical challenge. Syndecan-1 is one of the most important proteoglycans in the liver. Syndecan-1 is normally expressed on the surfaces of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Due to liver diseases the amount of syndecan-1 increases in the liver. Syndecan-1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.97 kDa and the accession number is XP_005576533.2.

PRL-2 (Protein-tyrosine phosphatase of regenerating liver 2), also known as PTP4A2 (Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA, member 2), is a member of PTP family and has an important function in controlling cell growth. PRL-2 phosphatases may be multifunctional enzymes with diverse roles in a variety of tissue and cell types. The phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family, comprising PRL-1, PRL-2 and PRL-3, is a group of prenylated phosphatases that are candidate cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3 represent a novel class of protein-tyrosine phosphatase with a C-terminal prenylation motif. They are three closely related intracellular enzymes that possess the PTP active site signature sequence CX 5R. The PRL-2 mRNA is elevated in primary breast tumors relative to matched normal tissue, and also dramatically elevated in metastatic lymph nodes compared with primary tumors. PRL-2 plays a role in breast cancer progression. PRL-2 is a pathogenic molecule in hematopoietic malignancies and it has potential as a novel therapeutic target.

CD82, also known as KAI-1, structurally belongs to tetraspanin family while categorised as metastasis suppressor gene on functional grounds. KAI1/CD82 is localized on cell membrane and form interactions with other tetraspanins, integrins and chemokines which are respectively responsible for cell migration, adhesion and signalling. Downregulation of CD82 expression is associated with the advanced stages of many human cancers and correlates with the acquisition of metastatic potential. Recent studies suggest that complex mechanisms underlie CD82 loss of function, including altered transcriptional regulation, splice variant production and post-translational protein modifications, and indicate a central role for CD82 in controlling metastasis as a 'molecular facilitator'. The loss of KAI1/CD82 expression in invasive and metastatic cancers is due to a complex, epigenetic mechanism that probably involves transcription factors such as NFkappaB, p53, and beta-catenin. A loss of KAI1 expression is also associated with the advanced stages of many human malignancies and results in the acquisition of invasive and metastatic capabilities by tumour cells. Thus, KAI1/CD82 is regarded as a wide-spectrum tumor metastasis suppressor.

EWI-F, also known as PTGFRN, is inversely related to the loss of CD9. Its expression correlates with the metastatic status of hLT. EWI-F inhibits the binding of prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) to its specific FP receptor, by decreasing the receptor number rather than the affinity constant. EWI-F expression positively correlates with the metastatic status of hLT, and that the upregulation of EWI-F expression could be one of the mechanisms underlying the loss of CD9 in solid tumours.

CD82 antigen, also known as Kai-1, is a widely expressed palmitoylated molecule of the tetraspanin superfamily. KAI1/CD82 is localized on cell membrane and form interactions with other tetraspanins, integrins and chemokines which are respectively responsible for cell migration, adhesion and signaling. CD82/Kai-1 is a component of the promiscuous TIMP-1 interacting protein complex on the cell surface of human adenocarcinoma cells and gives insight into tumorigenic metastatic potential. CD82/Kai-1 suppresses EMT in prostate cancer cells adhered to fibronectin leading to reduced cell migration and invasiveness. CD82/Kai-1 function is important for muscle stem cell function in muscular disorders. Overexpression of CD82/Kai-1 suppresses growth, migration and invasion of oral cancer cells and may be considered as a potential therapeutic target in oral cancer.

Melanoma Inhibitory Activity Protein (MIA) is an autocrine growth regulatory protein secreted from chondrocytes and malignant melanoma cells, which was the first discovered member of a family of secreted cytokines termed the MIA/OTOR family. The four known members of this family: MIA, MIA2, OTOR and TANGO each contain a Src homology-3 (SH3)-like domain. MIA acts as a potent tumor cell growth inhibitor for malignant melanoma cells and some other neuroectodermal tumors, including gliomas, in an autocrine fashion and promotes melanoma metastasis by binding competitively to fibronectin and laminin in a manner that results in melanoma cell detachment from the extracellular matrix in vivo. The protein MIA has been shown to represent a very sensitive and specific serum marker for systemic malignant melanoma that might be useful for staging of primary melanomas, detection of progression from localized to metastatic disease during follow-up, and monitoring therapy of advanced melanomas. Elevated levels of MIA may represent a clinically useful marker for diagnosis of melanoma metastasis as well as a potential marker for rheumatoid arthritis.

Liver diseases such as liver cirrhosis, primary and metastatic liver cancers are still a major medical challenge. Syndecan-1 is one of the most important proteoglycans in the liver. Syndecan-1 is normally expressed on the surfaces of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Due to liver diseases the amount of syndecan-1 increases in the liver. Syndecan-1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.8 kDa and the accession number is AAH08765.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 98.4 kDa and the accession number is Q9H5V8-1.

The human CGB5 gene encodes chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)beta 5, which is aberrantly expressed in trophoblastic neoplasm and in some non-trophoblastic neoplasms. Fucntional studies observed that it involved tumor initiation, growth, and metastatic outgrowth. Carriage of particular variants in the promoter of the CGB5 gene seems to protect against RM. CGB5 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 41.9 kDa and the accession number is A0A0F7RQP8.

The aldolase family members involved in metabolism and glycolysis are present in three isoforms: ALDOA, ALDOB, and ALDOC. Aldolases are differentially expressed in human tissues, and aberrant expression has been observed in several human diseases and cancer types. Via GATA6, metastatic cells in the liver upregulate the enzyme aldolase B (ALDOB), which enhances fructose metabolism and provides fuel for major pathways of central carbon metabolism during tumor cell proliferation. Targeting ALDOB or reducing dietary fructose significantly reduces liver metastatic growth but has little effect on the primary tumor. Hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by aldolase B (ALDOB) deficiency resulting in an inability to metabolize fructose. The toxic accumulation of intermediate fructose-1-phosphate causes multiple metabolic disturbances, including postprandial hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, electrolyte disturbance, and liver/kidney dysfunction.

TNFRSF10C CNV in patients with CRC is associated with distant metastatic disease. A high frequency of CGI methylation in the TNFRSF10C promoter results in inactivation of the gene and enhancement of tumor growth in most PC cell lines (except CFPAC-1). Inactivation of TNFRSF10C by CpG island (CGI) hypermethylation can play an important role in PC progression and be potentially useful as a diagnostic marker and a new therapeutic approach for PC.

C-type lectin domain family 3 member A (CLEC3A) is a poorly characterized protein belonging to the superfamily of C-type lectins. Elevated CLEC3A expression may correlate with breast IDC metastatic potential and indicated a poor prognosis in breast IDC. CLEC3A knockdown inhibited BC cell growth and metastasis might be through suppressing PI3K/AKT signaling activity. That CLEC3A is a promising therapeutic target for BC in the future. Matrilysin (MMP-7) plays important roles in tumor progression. Previous studies have suggested that MMP-7 binds to tumor cell surface and promotes their metastatic potential. C-type lectin domain family 3 member A (CLEC3A) as a membrane-bound substrate of MMP-7. CLEC3A binds to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surface, leading to the enhancement of cell adhesion to integrin ligands on ECM. It can be speculated that the cleavage of CLEC3A by MMP-7 weakens the stable adhesion of tumor cells to the matrix and promotes their migration in tumor microenvironments.