anti-hiv

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

Baicalin (Baicalein 7-O-β-D-glucuronide) is a prolyl endopeptidase inhibitor isolated from scutellaria baicalensis, with antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-HIV properties.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an Nrf2 activator with oral activity and blood-brain barrier permeability. Dimethyl fumarate has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities and has been used in the study of multiple sclerosis.

Pentoxifylline (PTX) modulates immunologic activity by stimulating cytokine production. Pentoxifylline is a methylxanthine derivative that inhibits phosphodiesterase and affects blood rheology. It also inhibits platelet aggregation and improves blood flow by increasing erythrocyte and leukocyte flexibility.

4(3H)-Quinazolinone (4-Hydroxyquinazoline) is a chemically synthesized masonry block, a biologically active nitrogen heterocyclic compound. It possesses various biological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anticancer and pain relieving activities.

Methyl gallate (Gallincin) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor with antioxidant, anti-HIV-1 and HIV-1 enzyme inhibition activities.

1. Berberine (Umbellatine) is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. 2. Berberine may as a broad-spectrum anti-microbial medicine, a complementary therapeutic agent for HIV AIDS. 3. Berberine seems to act as an herbal antidepressant and a neuroprotector against neurodegenerative disorders. 4. Berberine is used in histology for staining heparin in mast cells. As a natural dye, berberine has a colour index of 7516. 5. Berberine reduces hepatic fat content in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; also prevents proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are central for the development of fibrosis during liver injury. 6. Berberine can ameliorate proinflammatory cytokines-induced intestinal epithelial tight junction damage in vitro, and berberine may be one of the targeted therapeutic agents that can restore barrier function in intestinal disease states. 7. Berberine has antineoplastic effects, including breast cancer, leukemia, melanoma, epidermoid carcinoma, hepatoma, pancreatic cancer, oral carcinoma, tongue carcinoma, glioblastoma, prostate carcinoma and gastric carcinoma, etc.

Cholic acid sodium (SodiumCholate) exhibits a strong spermicidal and antiviral [anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1] activity.

Nitidine is a bioactive plant benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum nitidum. It shows anticancer, neuroprotective, antimalarial, anti-HIV, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities.

Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (8-Gingerol) , a major polyphenol found in black tea, is an inducer of oxidative stress which has anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive actions, it reduces tumor angiogenesis by downregulating HIF-1αand VEGF.

Punicalin exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-hepatotoxic activities, it shows inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 0.11 microg ml (0.14 microM).

Helichrysetin has mild anti-HIV-1 PR activity. Helichrysetin has great potentials for development as an anticancer agent, it has cytotoxic effect on four selected cancer cell lines, A549, MCF-7, Ca Ski, and HT-29.

Tripterifordin shows anti-HIV replication activity in H9 lymphocyte cells with an EC50 of 1 microgram ml.

Trilobatin (P-Phlorizin) has anti-oxidant effect, can increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.Trilobatin has anti-inflammatory effect, it potentially inhibits the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway.Trilobatin shows a strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and a moderate inhibitory activity against α-amylase for management of postprandial hyperglycemia with less side effect.

Rosamultin has antioxidant, antiinflammatory antinociceptive properties,and has anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity.

Interiorin, extracted from Kadsura heteroclita, exhibits moderate anti-HIV activity, exhibiting an EC_50 of 1.6 μg/mL [1].

(-)-Rabdosiin, identified as a novel phenolic marker in Symphytum officinale L., exhibits antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-HIV activities [1].

Moronic acid shows oral therapeutic efficacy in HSV-infected mice and possessed novel anti-HSV activity. It also shows significant anti-HIV activity (EC(50) 186) and was modified to develop more potent anti-AIDS agents. Moronic acid is a new structural lead for anti-EBV drug development, can substantially reduce the numbers of EBV particles produced by the cells after lytic induction. Morolic and moronic acids have shown sustained antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic action possibly mediated by an insulin sensitization with consequent changes of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, in part mediated by inhibition of 11β-HSD 1 as indicated by in vitro.

Trigothysoid N may have anti-HIV activity.

Rhuscholide A possesses significant anti-HIV-1 activity with an EC50 value of 1.62 microM and a therapeutic index (TI) of 42.40.

1. Shizukaol C shows anti-HIV-1 replication activities in both wild-type HIV-1 and two NNRTIs-resistant strains.
2. Shizukaol C has significant cytotoxicities against C8166 cells.

Alternariol (AOH), a mycotoxin synthesized by Alternaria species, displays numerous therapeutic and biological effects, including phytotoxic, cytotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. It functions by inhibiting the catalytic activity of topoisomerase I and II enzymes.

Gomisin M2 is an anti-HIV agent.

Isoescin IA, a triterpenoid saponin isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis, exhibits anti-HIV-1 protease activity.

Ganoderic acid C1 has anti-inflammatory activity, has potential for treating TNF-α± mediated inflammation in asthma and other inflammatory diseases. Ganoderic acid C1 has anti-tumor-promoting activity. It is moderately active inhibitors against HIV-1 prot

Protosappanin A (PTA) has anti-oxidative nitrative activities on brain immune and neuroinflammation through regulation of CD14 TLR4-dependent IKK IκB NF-κB inflammation signal pathway; it exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effect by inhibiting JAK2-STAT3 pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglia. Protosappanin A induces immunosuppression of rats heart transplantation targeting T cells in grafts via NF-kappaB pathway. Protosappanin A and protosappanin B have antimicrobial activity, they show both alone activities and resistance reversal effects of amikacin and gentamicin against MRSA. Protosappanin A shows strong effect against HIV-1 IN with an IC50 value of 12.6 uM.

Momordicosides K and L, the main bitter taste triterpene glycosides in Bitter melon; and bitter melon has been reported to have hypoglycemic, anti atherogenic and anti HIV activities.

Ganolucidic acid A exhibits cytotoxicity, has inhibitory activities against human HeLa cervical cancer cell lines. It shows significant anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV)-1 protease activity with IC50 values of 20-90 microM.

Calanolide E2 has anti-HIV activity.

Myriceric acid B is a potent HIV-1 entry inhibitor targeting gp41 and a lead compound for developing novel anti-HIV-1 drugs. It scavenges DPPH free radicals with an IC50 value of 21.8 μM, inhibits aromatase activity with an IC50 value of 6.8 μM, and exhibits cytotoxic activity towards the MOLT-3 cell line with an IC50 value of 3.9 μM.

Sparstolonin B, a selective TLR2 and TLR4 antagonist, is an isocoumarin compound isolated from the tubers of Sparganium stoloniferum and Scirpus yagara with anti-HIV, anticancer, antitumour and anti-inflammatory activities, inhibits selective Toll-like receptors, inhibits free fatty acids It inhibits selective Toll-like receptors, inhibits free fatty acid palmitate-induced chondrocyte inflammation and attenuates post-traumatic arthritis in obese mice, and inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, which can be used for validation and mammary carcinoma studies.

Gomisin G is a natural compound and exhibits potent anti-HIV activity (EC50: 0.006 μg mL; therapeutic index: 300). It is a good substrate of CYP2C9.

Lancifodilactone F exerts minimal cytotoxicity against C8166 cells (CC50 > 200 microg/mL) and shows anti-HIV activity with EC50 = 20.69 +/- 3.31 microg/mL and a selectivity index > 6.62.

Wikstrol A, a potent antifungal, antimitotic, and anti-HIV-1 agent, demonstrates significant effects across various biological targets. It induces morphological deformation in P. oryzae mycelia, with a minimum morphological deformation concentration (MMDC) of 70.1 µM and inhibits microtubule polymerization, evidenced by an IC50 value of 131 µM. Additionally, Wikstrol A exhibits anti-HIV-1 activity with an IC50 value of 67.8 µM.

Hypoglaunine D, an analogue of Triptonine B, serves as an anti-HIV compound by inhibiting HIV replication in H9 lymphocytes, demonstrating an efficacy with an EC50 value of 22 μg/ml [1].

Epicoccone B, originally identified in C. globosum, demonstrates both DPPH free radical scavenging capability, with an IC50 of 10.8 μM, and significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with an IC50 of 27.3 μM. It also possesses anti-HIV activity [1] [2].

Ganoderic acid GS-1, an extensively oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoid, exhibits anti-HIV-1 protease activities, displaying an IC50 value of 58 μM [1].

Peritassine A, an alkaloid derived from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., exhibits anti-HIV properties.

Shizukaol B exerts anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-activated microglia partly by modulating JNK-AP-1 signaling pathway; it also shows significant anti-neuroinflammatory effects by inhibiting nitric-oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimul

Methyl salvionolate A has anti-HIV-1 activity.

Methyl chanofruticosinate has weak anti-HIV-1 activity.

Daurichromenic acid is a terpenophenol with a potent anti-HIV activity.

(+ -)-Gomisin M1 exhibits potent anti-HIV activity, with EC50 and therapeutic index (TI) values of <0.65 microM and >68, respectively.

Andropanolide is a dipterocarbon from Andrographis paniculata with anti-HIV, antimalarial and anticancer activities and inhibits Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 macrophages.

5-Dexyexcoecafolin B, a tigliane-type diterpenoid extracted from Excoecaria acerifolia Didr. via EtOAc extraction, exhibits anti-HIV-1 activity and possesses an EC50 value of 0.036 μM [1].

Maximin 3, an antimicrobial peptide originating from the skin secretions of Bombina maxima, exhibits cytotoxicity against tumor cells and possesses spermicidal properties. Furthermore, this compound demonstrates pronounced anti-HIV activity [1].

Kadsuralignan A (compound 1), a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan extracted from the leaves and stems of Schisandra lancifolia, exhibits anti-HIV activity, with an effective concentration (EC50) of 2.23 μg/mL [1].

1,6,11-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydrofuro[2',3':1,2]phenanthro[4,3-d]oxazole (compound 1) is an effective anti-HIV-1 agent [1].