caspase-1

Caspase-3 activator 1 (compound 4b), a Ru(III) metal complex, effectively inhibits gastric tumor growth and metastasis by mediating caspase-3 cleavage, enabling Caspase-3 to process gasdermin E (GSDME), resulting in GSDME-N terminus production and perforation of the gastric tumor cell membrane. Furthermore, compound 4b induces pyroptosis and subsequent immune responses and can be incorporated with decitabine (DCT) into the 4b-DCT-Lip lipid delivery system [1].

Caspase-8-IN-1 is a potent caspase-8 inhibitor [1] .

Caspase-6-IN-1 is a novel Allosteric Inhibitor of Caspase-6 Activation, blocking the interaction between C6 and mHTT1-586.

Caspase-3-IN-1 is a potent inhibitor of Caspase-3 (IC50: 14.5 nM).

Ac-YVAD-CMK (Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-CMK) is a selective and irreversible inhibitor of Caspase-1 and inhibits pyroptosis, IL-1β and IL-18. Ac-YVAD-CMK shows neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory capacity.

Iptacopan (LNP023) is an inhibitor with high affinity for factor B.

GS-6201 (CVT-6883) is a selective antagonist of the adenosine A2B receptor, demonstrating high affinity and selectivity with a Ki of 22 nM for human adenosine A2B receptors.

Daphnetin (7,8-Dihydroxycoumarin), a natural coumarin derivative, is a protein kinase inhibitor with inhibitory for EGFR (IC50: 7.67 μM), PKA (IC50: 9.33 μM), and PKC (IC50: 25.01 μM), also exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Diclofenac Potassium (CGP-45840B) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug taken to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions.

Diclofenac (Diclofenacum) is a nonsteroidal benzeneacetic acid derivative with anti-inflammatory activity. Diclofenac binds and chelates both isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and-2), thereby blocking the conversion of arachidonic acid to pro-inflammatory-proprostaglandins.

(S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin (10-HCPT) is a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor used as a clinical therapeutic agent against hepatoma.

Diclofenac sodium (GP 45840) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.

Diclofenac Diethylamine, a non-selective COX inhibitor, is utilized as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

SKLB-163 acts by downregulating RhoGDI, activating JNK-1 signaling pathway and caspase-3, and reducing phosphorylated Akt and p44/42 MAPK.

VU0285655-1(BML-280) is a potent and selective phospholipase D2 (PLD2) inhibitor that inhibits the proliferation of PLD2-deficient cells.VU0285655-1 has an inhibitory effect on high glucose-induced caspase-3 cleavage and reduction of cell viability.VU0285655-1 is used in the study of diabetic retinopathy.

Ac-YVAD-AOM is a selective and potent caspase-1 inhibitor showing antitumor activity and potential analgesic activity.

Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser acetate is an integrin binding sequence that directly and specifically bind pro-caspase-8, pro-caspase-9 and pro-caspase-3, while it does not bind pro-caspase-1. Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser acetate inhibits integrin receptor function.

CSRM617 hydrochloride is a selective small-molecule inhibitor of the transcription factor ONECUT2 (OC2, a master regulator of androgen receptor), with a Kd of 7.43 µM in SPR assays, directly binding to the OC2-HOX domain. CSRM617 hydrochloride induces apoptosis through the appearance of cleaved Caspase-3 and PARP and is well tolerated in the mouse model of prostate cancer [1].

EP1013 is a broad-spectrum selective inhibitor of Caspase used in the study of type 1 diabetes.

AA-Z-YVAD-FMK is a Irreversible caspase-1 inhibitor,with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities.

NS3694 is an inhibitor of apoptosis and inhibits apoptosome formation and caspase activation.

Fraxetin (7,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy coumarin) has dual-antioxidative ,hepatoprotective and antihyperglycemic functions, it shows potent protective effects against CCl4 induced oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis, has a marked inhibitory effect on S.aureus proliferation. It increased the level of Nrf2 ARE, and HO-1, inhibit the formation of ROS, cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-3 and 9, and suppressed the up-regulation of Bax.

1. Chelidonine (Stylophorin) isolated from Chelidonium majus efficiently induced apoptosis in HeLa cells through possible alteration of p38-p53 and AKT PI3 kinase signalling pathways. 2. Chelidonine is a promising model compound for overcoming MDR and for enhancing cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics, especially against leukaemia cells, its efficacy needs to be confirmed in animal models. 3. Chelidonine may be a potential therapeutic agent against metastasis of invasive human cancer cells, exhibits antimigratory and antiinvasive effects in MDA-MB-231 cells, by suppressing COL-induced integrin signaling, through inhibiting the formation of the IPP complex and subsequent downregulation of IPP downstream signaling molecules, such as Akt and ERK1 2.

Belnacasan (VX-765) is an orally active inhibitor of IL-converting enzyme caspase-1.

Siramesine (Lu 28-179)(Lu 28-179) is a selective sigma-2 receptor agonist, which has been shown to trigger cell death of cancer cells and to exhibit a potent anticancer activity in vivo.lysosome-destabilizing agent siramesine can induce rapid cell death in a number of cell lines at concentrations above 20 μM. In HaCaT cells, cell death was accompanied by caspase activation, rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cytochrome c release, cardiolipin peroxidation and typical apoptotic morphology, whereas in U-87MG cells most apoptotic hallmarks were not notable, although MMP was rapidly lost

Q-VD-OPH (Quinoline-Val-Asp-Difluorophenoxymethylketone) is a pan-caspase inhibitor with potent antiapoptotic properties.

PF-543 (Sphingosine Kinase 1 Inhibitor II), a novel sphingosine-competitive inhibitor of SphK1, inhibits SphK1 with IC50 of 2.0 nM and Ki of 3.6 nM.

1. Orientin (Luteolin-8-glucoside) may be regarded as a candidate therapeutic agent for treatment of vascular inflammatory diseases via inhibition of the HMGB1 signaling pathway. 2. Orientin protects vascular barrier integrity by inhibiting hyperpermeability, expression of CAMs, and adhesion and migration of leukocytes, thereby endorsing its usefulness as a therapy for vascular inflammatory diseases. 3. Orientin has neuroprotection effect by the intracellular mediation of caspase activity; may alleviate cognitive deficits and oxidative stress in AD mice; can exert antidepressant-like effects on CUMS mice, specifically by improving central oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and neuroplasticity.

1. Glaucocalyxin A (Leukamenin F)-SBE-β-CD could be useful with a better solubility and sustained function in drug delivery. 2. Glaucocalyxin A activates caspase-3, decreases BAD phosphorylation, and reduces the expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein. 3. Glaucocalyxin A inhibits Akt phosphorylation, suppresses proliferation, and promotes apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, but not in normal glial cells. 4. Glaucocalyxin A inhibits collagen-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, LAT, and phospholipase Cγ2, the signaling events in collagen receptor GPⅥ pathway. 5. Glaucocalyxin A could potentially be developed as an antiplatelet and antithrombotic agent, can inhibit platelet p-selectin secretion and integrin activation by convulxin, is a GPVI selective ligand.

Rottlerin (NSC-56346) is a natural product purified from Mallotus Philippinensis and is a specific PKC inhibitor (IC50: PKCδ of 3-6 μM, PKCα,β,γ of 30-42 μM, PKCε,η,ζ of 80-100 μM). Rottlerin causes apoptosis via caspase 3 activation.

1. Cornuside (Comuside) has immunomodulatory activity . 2. Cornuside suppresses expression levels of cytokine-induced proinflammatory and adhesion molecules in the human endothelial cells. 3. Cornuside can treat myocardial I R and protect the liver from CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity, by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory responses. 4. Cornuside has anti-inflammatory activity by downregulations of iNOS and COX-2 due to NF-κB inhibition as well as the negative regulation of ERK1 2, p38, and JNK1 2 phosphorylations in RAW 264.7 cells. 5. Cornuside has protective potential against cerebral ischemic injury, may be due to the suppression of intracellular Ca(2+) elevation and caspase-3 activity, and improvements in mitochondrial energy metabolism and antioxidant properties.

Ossirene (AS101), a potent in vitro and in vivo immunomodulator, is a novel inhibitor of IL-1beta converting enzyme.

PF-543 hydrochloride (PF-543) inhibits SphK1 with a K(i) of 3.6 nM, is sphingosine-competitive and is more than 100-fold selective for SphK1 over the SphK2 isoform.

CP-456773 (MCC950 (CP-456773) and CRID3) is an effective and specific cytokine release inhibitor and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. CP-456773 inhibits IL-1β secretion and caspase 1 processing. MCC950 blocked canonical and noncanonical NLRP3 activation at nanomolar concentrations. MCC950 specifically inhibited activation of NLRP3 but not the AIM2, NLRC4 or NLRP1 inflammasomes. MCC950 reduced IL-1β production in vivo and attenuated the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease model of multiple sclerosis.

1. Ginkgetin has anti-influenza virus and anti-fungal activities. 2. Ginkgetin has anti-inflammatory activity, can down-regulates COX-2 induction in vivo against skin inflammatory responses. 3. Ginkgetin is a good STAT3 inhibitor and may be a useful lead

Talabostat (PT100, Val-boroPro) is a potent, nonselective and orally available dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor with a Ki of 0.18 nM. Talabostat is a nonselective DPP-IV inhibitor, inhibiting DPP8/9, FAP, DPP2 and some other DASH family enzymes essentially as potently as it inhibits DPP-IV[1]. Talabostat stimulates the immune system by triggering a proinflammatory form of cell death in monocytes and macrophages known as pyroptosis. The inhibition of two serine proteases, DPP8 and DPP9, activates the proprotein form of caspase-1 independent of the inflammasome adaptor ASC[2]. Talabostat competitively inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) activity of FAP and CD26/DPP-IV, and there is a high-affinity interaction with the catalytic site due to the formation of a complex between Ser630/624 and the boron of talabostat[3]. Talabostat can stimulate immune responses against tumors involving both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system. In WEHI 164 fibrosarcoma and EL4 and A20/2J lymphoma models, PT-100 causes regression and rejection of tumors. The antitumor effect appears to involve tumor-specific CTL and protective immunological memory. Talabostat treatment of WEHI 164-inoculated mice increases mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines known to promote T-cell priming and chemoattraction of T cells and innate effector cells[3]. Talabostat treated mice show significant less fibrosis and FAP expression is reduced. Upon PT100 treatment, significant differences in the MMP-12, MIP-1α, and MCP-3 mRNA expression levels in the lungs are also observed. Treatment with PT100 in this murine model of pulmonary fibrosis has an anti-fibro-proliferative effect and increases macrophage activation[4]. [1]. Connolly BA, et al. Dipeptide boronic acid inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV: determinants of potencyand in vivo efficacy and safety. J Med Chem. 2008 Oct 9;51(19):6005-13. [2]. Okondo MC, et al. DPP8 and DPP9 inhibition induces pro-caspase-1-dependent monocyte and macrophage pyroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2017 Jan;13(1):46-53. [3]. Adams S, et al. PT-100, a small molecule dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor, has potent antitumor effects and augments antibody-mediated cytotoxicity via a novel immune mechanism. Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 1;64(15):5471-80. [4]. Egger C, et al. Effects of the fibroblast activation protein inhibitor, PT100, in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017 Aug 15;809:64-72.

1. Polyphyllin VI has hemostasis , expectorant , bacteriostasis, anticytotoxic, anti pregnancy kill sperm effects.

MDK83190 (Apoptosis Activator 2) is a potent apoptosis activator, induceing caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation .

CIL62 is a Necrostatin-1 dependent inducer of cell death through a caspase-3 7-independent mechanism [1].

TC11 (1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, 5-amino-2-[2,6-bis(1-methylethyl)phenyl]-TC11) is a potent inhibitor of tumor cell proliferation and an inducer of apoptosis via activation of caspase-3, 8 and 9.

Kea1-97 is a selective disruptor of interaction between thioredoxin and caspase-3 (IC50 = 10 μ M). Kea1-97 destroys the interaction between thioredoxin and caspase 3 and activates caspases without affecting the activity of thioredoxin.

L67 (DNA Ligase Inhibitor) is a competitive inhibitor of human DNA ligases I and III with an IC50 of 10 μM.

PTC-028 selectively suppresses cancer cells whereas normal cells remain unaffected. PTC-028 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of stem cell factor BMI-1 in ovarian cancer. The depletion of BMI-1 by PTC-028 causes caspase-mediated apoptosis.

VR23 is a potent proteasome inhibitor. Data shows IC50 =1 nM for trypsin-like proteasomes, IC50=50-100 nM for chymotrypsin-like proteasomes, and IC50=3 μM for caspase-like proteasomes.

NLRP3-IN-9 (INF-4E) is an inhibitor of NLRP3 ATPase and caspase-1. NLRP3-IN-9 acts by irreversibly trapping thiol nucleophiles, which prevents both ATP- and nigericin-triggered pyroptosis of human THP-1 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner.

Almorexant (ACT 078573) is a potent and competitive dual orexin 1 receptor (OX1) orexin 2 receptor (OX2) antagonist with Ki values of 1.3 and 0.17 nM for OX1 and OX2, respectively.

PQ401 (IGF-1R Inhibitor II) suppresses autophosphorylation of IGF-1R domain(IC50<1 μM).

Ac-LEVD-CHO, a caspase-4 inhibitor, is a peptide with the sequence Ac-Leu-Glu-Val-Asp-al [1].

5-hydroxy Diclofenac is a metabolite of the NSAID diclofenac formed by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP3A4. Diclofenac is a non-selective COX inhibitor. It inhibits human COX-1 and -2 with IC50 values of 0.9-2.7 and 1.5-20 μM, respectively. Diclofenac inhibits ovine COX-1 and -2 with IC50 values of 60 and 220 nM, respectively.

Diclofenac deanol is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the phenylacetic acid class with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Contrary to the action of many traditional NSAIDs, diclofenac inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzyme with greater potency than it does COX-1.

Diclofenac Epolamine (DHEP) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic actions.