glycine

glycine (2-Aminoacetic acid) is a non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.

N-Oleoyl Glycine, a Lipoamino Acid, Stimulates Adipogenesis Associated With Activation of CB1 Receptor and Akt Signaling Pathway in 3T3-L1 Adipocyte

N-(3-Phenylpropionyl)glycine (Phenylpropionylglycine) is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:acyl-CoA + glycine < - > CoA + N-acylglycineThe detection of phenylpropionylglycine in urine after an oral load of phenylpropionic acid can be used to diagnose deficiency of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a frequent and treatable metabolic defect.

The acyl amides are a family of endogenous lipids that act as potent modulators of pain and inflammation. The best characterized members of this family are the arachidonoyl amides, which includes N-arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA; anandamide). N-palmitoyl glycine (PalGly) contains an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid that is amide-linked to glycine and is structurally similar to the phospholipid-derived N-acyl ethanolamines. Endogenously produced in rat skin and spinal cord, PalGly is present in 100-fold greater amounts in skin and 3-fold greater in brain compared to AEA. Injection of 0.43 μg PalGly in rat hindpaw inhibits heat-induced firing of nociceptive neurons in rat dorsal horn. PalGly treatment induces transient calcium influx in native dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells and in the PTX-sensitive, DRG-like cell line F-11 (EC50 = 5.5 μM).

Glycylglycine (Diglycine) is a dipeptide used in biochemical research. It is the simplest of all dipeptides and is used as a starting template for preparation of more complex peptides. Glycine is involved in the body's production of DNA, phospholipids, and collagen, and in the release of energy.

N-Arachidonylglycine (NA-Gly) is a heat-dependent circulating metabolite with anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.

4-Hydroxyphenylpropionylglycine, a metabolite derived from the conditionally essential amino acid tyrosine, is synthesized through a process involving aromatic amino acid aminotransferase and tyrosine aminotransferase activities, with subsequent modifications by gut microbiota and glycine conjugation. Additionally, it serves as a metabolite of the phenol phloretin.

Betaine (trimethylglycine) is a methyl derivative of glycine first isolated from sugar beets. It has been shown to have potential benefits for fighting heart disease, improving body composition, and helping promote muscle gain and fat loss because of its abilities to promote protein synthesis in the body.

Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid (Lithocholylglycine) is a glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid, a bile acid. It is increased in livers of mice that are fed diets supplemented with ursadeoxycholic acid. Glycolithocholic acid levels are decreased in lean mice treated with obestatin. Serum glycolithocholic acid levels increase with age in children.

Glycolithocholic acid (Lithocholic acid glycine conjugate) is a glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.

Salicyluric acid (2-Hydroxy Hippuric Acid) is a metabolite of Salicylic Acid.

Phenyl-ac-Gly-OH is an endogenous metabolite that activates β2AR and can be used in the study of ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury.

2-(2-Methylbenzamido)acetic acid (O-Toluric acid) is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. In certain cases, the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Methylhippuric acid is a metabolite of xylene which is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as a solvent.

p-Coumaric acid (para-Coumaric Acid) is the abundant isomer of cinnamic acid, with antitumor and anti-mutagenic activities.

N-Isovaleroylglycine (Isovaleroylglycine) is an acyl glycine. Acyl glycines are normally minor metabolites of fatty acids. However, the excretion of certain acyl glycines is increased in several inborn errors of metabolism. In certain cases, the measurement of these metabolites in body fluids can be used to diagnose disorders associated with mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation. Acyl glycines are produced through the action of glycine N-acyltransferase which is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: acyl-CoA + glycine < -- > CoA + N-acylglycine. N-Isovaleroylglycine is a byproduct of the catabolism of the amino acid leucine. Accumulation of N-Isovaleroylglycine occurs in Isovaleric Acidemia (IVA).

2-Pentylfuran (2-N-Pentylfuran) is a compound obtained by isolating the volatile oil of potato vapors at atmospheric pressure.

Coumarin is a chemical compound/poison found in many plants, notably in high concentration in the tonka bean, woodruff, and bison grass. It has clinical value as the precursor for several anticoagulants, notably warfarin.

Daidzein (Isoflavone) is an isoflavone extract from soy, which is an inactive analog of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. It has antioxidant and phytoestrogenic properties.

Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin) is found in anise. Umbelliferone occurs widely in plants including Angelica species Phytoalexin of infected sweet potat. It has been reported to have antioxidant properties.

Cholic acid sodium (SodiumCholate) exhibits a strong spermicidal and antiviral [anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1] activity.

Cholic Acid (Cholate) is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Cholic acid facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

Dihydrodaidzein ((±)-Dihydrodaidzein)-producing bacteria might lead to clarification of some of the mechanisms regulating the production of equol by fecal microbiota.

Myristic acid (Crodacid) , a 14 carbon saturated fatty acid, is a rare molecule in cells and is a substrate of some fatty acid desaturases. This compound has the ability to acylate proteins by covalently binding to the N-terminal glycine residues, in a process called N-terminal myristoylation. Myristoylation of substrate proteins by this fatty acid has the potential to activate and mediate many physiological pathways. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids have been reported to be essential for biological activities of lipopolysaccharides and have demonstrated the ability to induce expression of COX-2 and NFκB (nuclear factor κB) activation.

4-Methylesculetin (Methylesculetin) is one of the coumarin derivatives with great anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Lithocholic acid (3α-Hydroxy-5β-cholanic acid) is a bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodeoxycholylglycine) is an acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate. It is a secondary bile acid produced by the action of enzymes existing in the microbial flora of the colonic environment. In hepatocytes, both primary and secondary bile acids undergo amino acid conjugation at the C-24 carboxylic acid on the side chain, and almost all bile acids in the bile duct, therefore, exist in a glycine conjugated form. Bile acids are steroid acids found predominantly in bile of mammals.

L-Phenylalanine (3-Phenyl-L-alanine) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine, acts as an antagonist at α2δ calcium channels.

N-Formylglycine, an endogenous metabolite, is an inhibitor of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase.

6''-O-xylosyl-glycitin is isolated from the flower of Pueraria thunbergiana Benth.

7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-carboxyquinoline) is an effecitve and selective antagonist of NMDA receptor with IC50 of 0.56 μM for the glycine B coagonist site. 7-Chlorokynurenic acid inhibits the reuptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles with a Ki of 0.59 μM and shows antinociceptive actions after neuraxial delivery.

Cinnamoylglycine is a glycine conjugate of cinnamic acid and a urinary metabolite in humans. It is used as a potential urinary biomarker.

Suberylglycine is an acyl glycine that is a normally minor metabolite of fatty acid.

3-Methylcrotonylglycine is an acyl glycine, a normal amino acid metabolite found in urine.

Cysteinylglycine (Cys-Gly), is a biologically important compound since it is formed during the γ-glutamyl cycle. It is a L-cysteinyl peptide, that can be used in the studies of many peptides and important proteins.

N-Acetylglycine is a minor constituent of food that is not genotoxic or acutely toxic and is capable of being used in biological studies of mimetic peptides.N-Acetylglycine acts as a blocker of the N-terminus of a peptide.3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is a competitive succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor.

2-Phenylglycine (DL-α-Phenylglycine) is a metabolite in breast milk during the lactation period.

NSC-16590 (2-Aminoisobutyric acid) is a nonprotein amino acid (is an end product of pyrimidine Metabolism) excreted in the urine of about 5% of healthy individuals, and high excretion is an autosomal recessive phenotype.

Hydroxyphenylacetylglycine (p-Hydroxyphenylacetylglycine) is an endogenous human metabolite.

2-Furoylglycine is a natural product for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T38061 and the CAS number is 5657-19-2.

L-Prolylglycine is a natural product for research related to life sciences. The catalog number is T65246 and the CAS number is 2578-57-6.

Tiopronin (Acadione), a sulfhydryl acylated derivative of glycine, leads to a reduction in urinary cystine concentration and subsequently reduces cystine stone formation.

Daidzin (Daidzoside) is an isoflavone isolated from soya bean with anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-atherosclerotic activities.

Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is a bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.

Esculetin (Cichorigenin) is a coumarin derivative from various natural plant products with various biological and pharmaceutical properties including anti-edema, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour effects. It inhibits lipoxygenases (LOs).

Deoxycholic acid (Cholanoic Acid) is a bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.

1. Gycitein has weak estrogenic activity. 2. Glycitein (Glycetein) inhibits glioma cell invasion through down-regulation of MMP-3 and MMP-9 gene expression.

Urethane (Ethylurethane) was an antineoplastic agent .Now is used for other medicinal purposes.

1. L-Arginine (L-Arg) exhibits anti-atherosclerotic effect. 2. L-Arginine and soy enriched diet are effective in prevention of osteoporosis associated with diabetes mellitus. 3. Exogenous L-Arginine could enhance neonate lymphocyte proliferation through an interleukin-2-independent pathway. 4. A combination of oral L-citrulline and L-Arginine effectively and rapidly augments NO-dependent responses at the acute stage.

Soyasapogenol D is a natural product

6-Hydroxycoumarin (6-hydroxychromen-2-one) exhibits cytotoxicity against human HL60, HCT116, COLO205 cells with activity value of 35 uM, 42 uM, 37 respectively. 6-Hydroxycoumarin is a human CA9, CA12 inhibitor.