Thapsigargin is a natural product, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer. Thapsigargin increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration by blocking the ability of cells to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum.

L-Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is a natural product that is a potent reducing agent and antioxidant. L-Ascorbic acid functions in fighting bacterial infections, in detoxifying reactions, and in the formation of collagen. L-Ascorbic acid is used in the treatment of scurvy.

L-Phenylalanine (3-Phenyl-L-alanine) is an essential amino acid and the precursor of the amino acid tyrosine, acts as an antagonist at α2δ calcium channels.

lonomycin calcium is a potent, selective calcium ionophore and an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces conglobatus. also induces the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Ionomycin calcium (SQ23377 calcium) is highly specific for divalent cations (Ca>Mg>Sr=Ba). Ionomycin promotes apoptosis.

Acetylcholine Chloride is the chloride salt form of acetylcholine, a synthetic, quaternary amino alcohol with cholinergic properties. Acetylcholine chloride (Pilofrin) mimics the parasympathomimetic effect of the endogenous compound acetylcholine. Administered as an ophthalmic solution, this drug stimulates the cholinoceptors in the sphincter muscle of the iris, causing the pupil to constrict.

Urolithin C is a gut metabolite of ellagic acid. Urolithin C induces apoptosis in PC12 cells through a mitochondria-mediated pathway.

1-Octanol, a saturated fatty alcohol, functions as an inhibitor of T-type calcium channels (T-channels), showing an inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4 μM for native T-currents[1]. Additionally, 1-Octanol is recognized for its potential as a biofuel, possessing diesel-like properties[2].

14-Deoxyandrographolide is a bioactive compound of Andrographis paniculata with hepatoprotective efficacy. It desensitizes hepatocytes to TNF-α-mediated apoptosis through the release of TNFRSF1A release.

1. Praeruptorin C and E can relax swine coronary artery and decrease contractility in guinea-pig left atria, these effects are similar in many respects to those displayed by drugs that have calcium entry blocking activity. 2. Praeruptorin D and E can prot

(R)-IDHP, an isomer of IDHP and a metabolite of salvia, exhibits vasorelaxant properties by inhibiting calcium (Ca 2+) release and inward flow through both voltage-dependent and receptor-operated calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. It is utilized in cardiovascular disease research [1].

Cd1a, a β-toxin from the African spider Ceratogyrus darlingi, modulates calcium ion channels and inhibits human calcium ion channels (Ca v 2.2)(IC 50 2.6 μM) as well as mouse sodium ion channels (Na v 1.7). This compound has potential applications in creating drugs for the treatment of peripheral pain [1].

Glaucine has antitussive, antioxidative potential and antiviral activities, it may be an anti-arthritic agent, it can enhance LPS and zymosan-induced IL-10 production. Glaucine can inhibit the migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells by MMP-9 i

Cycleanine has potent antibacterial, antifungal, antiplasmodial, and cytotoxic activities.

Halofuginone (RU-19110), the competitive inhibitor of prolyl-tRNA synthetase(Ki=18.3 nM), could also down-regulate Smad3 and blocked TGF-β signaling at 10 ng/ml in the mammal.

Catharanthine ((+)-3,4-Didehydrocoronaridine) suppresses nicotinic receptor-mediated diaphragm contractions (IC50=59.6 μM).

1. Heteroclitin D can inhibit L-type calcium channels. 2. Heteroclitin D might be a valuable antitumor promoter or chemopreventor.

1. Praeruptorin C has been widely used as an antioxidant and a calcium antagonist to treat diseases. 2. Praeruptorin C partially protects cortical neurons by inhibiting the expression of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors and regulating the Bcl-2 family. 3.

Dronedarone (SR 33589) is an amiodarone analogue which has an effective and promising treatment for Atrial fibrillation.

(+)-Kavain ((R)-KAWAIN) is one of the six major kavalactones found in the Piper methysticum (kava) plant; reversible inhibitor of MAO-B.

Ginsenoside Ro (Chikusetsusaponin V) can reduce TXA2 production, weakly reduce COX-1 and TXAS activities, and has antiplatelet effects as a Ca2+ antagonist with an IC50 of 155 μM.

Gomisin J is a natural product and have vasodilatory activity. Gomisin J suppresses lipid accumulation by regulating the expression of lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes and inflammatory molecules through activation of AMPK, LKB1 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and inhibition of fetuin-A in HepG2 cells.

Taurolithocholic acid sodium salt (Sodium taurolithocholate) is the major human metabolite, a bile acid which inhibits radioligand binding to muscarinic M1, but not to M2 or M3 receptors.

Myomodulin is a neuropeptide present in molluscs, insects, and gastropods.Myomodulin is present in two identified aplysia neurons that contain myomodulin A the ARC motor neuron B16 and the abdominal neuron L10.

Ginsenoside Rf (Panaxoside Rf) is a trace component of ginseng root. Ginsenoside Rf inhibits N-type Ca2+ channel.

L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt (Vitamin C sodium salt) is a more bioavailable form of vitamin C that is an alternative to taking ascorbic acid as a supplement.

Tetrandrine (Sinomenine A) is a natural, bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the root of the plant. Tetrandrine non-selectively inhibits calcium channel activity and induces G1 blockade of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and apoptosis in various cell types, resulting in immunosuppressive, anti-proliferative and free radical scavenging effects.

1. (±)-Praeruptorin A could exhibit its anti-osteoclastogenic activity by inhibiting p38/Akt-c-Fos-NFATc1 signaling and PLCγ-independent Ca(2+) oscillation 2. Praeruptorin A has the potential to inhibit migration/fusion of preosteoclasts in vitro and bone erosion in vivo by targeting calmodulin and inhibiting the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-CaMKIV-CREB-NFATc1 and/or Ca(2+)/calmodulin-calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling axis. 3. Praeruptorin A and praeruptorin C can significantly upregulate multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 expression via the constitutive androstane receptor-mediated pathway in vitro, and this should be taken as an herb-drug interaction.

Psoralenoside is a natural product isolated from the fruits of Psoralea corylifolia, shows estrogen-like activity, osteoblastic proliferation accelerating activity, antitumor effects and antibacterial activity.

Yangambin is a selective antagonist of the cardiovascular effects of platelet activating factor (PAF); it has hypotensive effect, which is probably due to a peripheral vasodilatation that involves, at least, the inhibition the Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Yangambin also has central nervous system activity.

Menthol (DL-Menthol) is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from peppermint or mint oils with flavoring and local anesthetic properties.

Ophiopogonin D is a natural product,and is a CYP2J3 inducer that significantly inhibits Ang II induced NF-κB nuclear translocation.

Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxic secondary metabolite (SM) made by A. flavus. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (Ca2+ATPase; SERCA)nanomolar inhibitor and a potent inducer of cell death in plants.

Ginsenoside Rd (Gypenoside VIII) may have properties that inhibit or prevent the growth of tumors.

Drotaverine hydrochloride is a type 4 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitor，and is an antispasmodic drug, used to enhance cervical dilation during childbirth. Drotaverine hydrochloride is structurally related to papaverine

Ethosuximide (Zarontin) is an anticonvulsant, blocks the low voltage-activated T-type calcium channel used in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.

1-Hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone (HM-1) has vasodilator action ,which involves both an endothelium-dependent mechanism involving NO and an endothelium-independent mechanism by inhibiting Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-operated Ca(2+) channels; a minor contribution to the effects of HM-1 may be related to inhibition of the protein kinase C-mediated release of intracellular Ca(2+) stores. HM-1,at the concentration of 1 ug/mL, can effectively inhibit the osteoclast differentiation in a co-culture system with mouse osteoblastic calvarial cells and bone marrow cells; it also can protect mice from the acute lung injury induced by ipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is relative to the increasing of IκB-α protein expression and the suppressing of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-Ⅱ protein expression.

Catharanthine tartrate (Catharanthine hemitartrate) is an alkaloid from periwinkle that inhibits voltage-gated L-type calcium channels and has antitumor and hypotensive activities.

Vindorosine has blood vessel relaxation effect, possible underlying mechanisms involving the inhibition of Ca(2+) entry via L-type Ca(2+) channels in vascular smooth muscles.

Halofuginone specifically inhibits collagen type I gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression, which may result in the suppression of angiogenesis, tumor stromal cell development, and tumor cell growth. Halofuginone Hydrobromide is the hydrobromide salt of halofuginone, a semisynthetic quinazolinone alkaloid anticoccidial derived from the plant Dichroa febrifuga, with antifibrotic and potential antineoplastic activities. These effects appear to be due to halofuginone-mediated inhibition of the collagen type I and MMP-2 promoters. Collagen type I and MMP-2 play important roles in fibroproliferative diseases.