dna-binding

A DNA-binding protein implicated in transcriptional repression (silencing). Also involved in bacterial chromosome organization and compaction. H-NS binds tightly to AT-rich dsDNA and inhibits transcription. Binds upstream and downstream of initiating RNA polymerase, trapping it in a loop and preventing transcription. Binds to hundreds of sites, approximately half its binding sites are in non-coding DNA, which only accounts for about 10% of the genome. Many of these loci were horizontally transferred (HTG); this offers the selective advantage of silencing foreign DNA while keeping it in the genome in case of need. Suppresses transcription at many intragenic sites as well as transcription of spurious, non-coding RNAs genome-wide. Repression of HTG by H-NS is thought to allow their DNA to evolve faster than non-H-NS-bound regions, and facilitates integration of HTG into transcriptional regulatory networks. A subset of H-NS/StpA-regulated genes also require Hha (and/or Cnu, ydgT) for repression; Hha and Cnu increase the number of genes DNA bound by H-NS/StpA and may also modulate the oligomerization of the H-NS/StpA-complex. The protein forms 2 clusters in the nucleoid which gather hns-bound loci together, bridging non-contiguous DNA, and causes DNA substantial condensation. Binds DNA better at low temperatures than at 37 degrees Celsius; AT-rich sites nucleate H-NS binding, further DNA-binding is cooperative and this cooperativity decreases with rising temperature. Transcriptional repression can be inhibited by dominant-negative mutants of StpA or itself. May effect transcriptional elongation. Can increase translational efficiency of mRNA with suboptimal Shine-Dalgarno sequences. Plays a role in the thermal control of pili and adhesive curli fimbriae production, by inducing transcription of csgD. Plays a role in flagellar function. Represses the CRISPR-cas promoters, permits only weak transcription of the crRNA precursor; its repression is antagonized by LeuO. Binds preferentially to the upstream region of its own gene recognizing two segments of DNA on both sides of a bend centered around -150. Overexpression suppresses secY24, a temperature-sensitive mutation. Has also been reported to activate transcription of some genes.

Involved in DNA transformation; mediates the nuclear uptake of single-stranded DNA copies of the transferred DNA (T-DNA) element. Binds single-stranded but not double-stranded DNA regardless of nucleotide sequence composition. Single-strand DNA-binding protein Protein, Agrobacterium fabrum, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 70.3 kDa and the accession number is P08062.

A DNA-binding protein implicated in transcriptional repression and chromosome organization and compaction. Binds nucleation sites in AT-rich DNA and bridges them, forming higher-order nucleoprotein complexes and condensing the chromosome. As many horizontally transferred genes are AT-rich, it plays a central role in silencing foreign genes. A subset of genes are repressed by H-NS in association with other proteins. DNA-binding protein H-NS Protein, SerRatia marcescens, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.5 kDa and the accession number is P18955.

Histone-like DNA-binding protein which is capable of wrapping DNA to stabilize it, and thus to prevent its denaturation under extreme environmental conditions. DNA-binding protein HU-alpha Protein, E. coli O157:H7, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 25.5 kDa and the accession number is P0ACF2.

Human adenovirus C serotype 2 DNA-binding protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.8 kDa and the accession number is P03264.

Human adenovirus C serotype 5 DNA-binding protein (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.3 kDa and the accession number is P03265.

Nesfatin-1 is a metabolic polypeptide encoded in the N-terminal region of the precursor protein, Nucleobindin2 (NUCB2). Nesfatin-1 is a neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus of mammals. It participates in the regulation of hunger and fat storage. Nesfatin-1 is also expressed in other areas of the brain, and in pancreatic islets β-cells, gastric endocrine cells and adipocytes. Nesfatin-1 suppresses food intake and can regulate energy metabolism in a Leptin independent manner. Nesfatin-1 may also exert hypertensive roles and modulate blood pressure through directly acting on peripheral arterial resistance.

IKZF1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (Avi & His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 56.8 kDa and the accession number is Q13422.

TARDBP Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 44.9 kDa and the accession number is Q13148.

Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase that plays a key role in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by recruiting DNA-PK to DNA. Required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Also has a role in chromosome translocation. The DNA helicase II complex binds preferentially to fork-like ends of double-stranded DNA in a cell cycle-dependent manner. It works in the 3'-5' direction. During NHEJ, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer performs the recognition step: it recognizes and binds to the broken ends of the DNA and protects them from further resection. Binding to DNA may be mediated by XRCC6. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer acts as regulatory subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK by increasing the affinity of the catalytic subunit PRKDC to DNA by 100-fold. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer is probably involved in stabilizing broken DNA ends and bringing them together. The assembly of the DNA-PK complex to DNA ends is required for the NHEJ ligation step. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer probably also acts as a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (5'-dRP lyase), by catalyzing the beta-elimination of the 5' deoxyribose-5-phosphate at an abasic site near double-strand breaks. XRCC5 probably acts as the catalytic subunit of 5'-dRP activity, and allows to 'clean' the termini of abasic sites, a class of nucleotide damage commonly associated with strand breaks, before such broken ends can be joined. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer together with APEX1 acts as a negative regulator of transcription. In association with NAA15, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer binds to the osteocalcin promoter and activates osteocalcin expression. As part of the DNA-PK complex, involved in the early steps of ribosome assembly by promoting the processing of precursor rRNA into mature 18S rRNA in the small-subunit processome. Binding to U3 small nucleolar RNA, recruits PRKDC and XRCC5/Ku86 to the small-subunit processome. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway.

Binds double-stranded DNA tightly but without sequence specificity. It is distributed uniformly and abundantly on the chromosome, suggesting a role in chromatin architecture. However, it does not significantly compact DNA. Binds rRNA and mRNA in vivo. May play a role in maintaining the structural and functional stability of RNA, and, perhaps, ribosomes. Alba Protein, Pyrococcus furiosus, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 26.4 kDa and the accession number is Q8TZV1.

The 50 kD protein is a DNA binding subunit of the NF-kappa-B (NFKB) protein complex. NFKB is a transcription regulator that is activated by various intra- and extra-cellular stimuli such as cytokines, oxidant-free radicals, ultraviolet irradiation, and bacterial or viral products. Activated NFKB translocates into the nucleus and stimulates the expression of genes involved in a wide variety of biological functions. Inappropriate activation of NFKB has been associated with a number of inflammatory diseases while persistent inhibition of NFKB leads to inappropriate immune cell development or delayed cell growth. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Single-stranded DNA-binding protein that participates in viral DNA replication, recombination, and repair (Probable). Coats the lagging-strand ssDNA as the replication fork advances. Stimulates the activities of viral DNA polymerase and DnaB-like SF4 replicative helicase, probably via its interaction with the helicase assembly factor. Together with DnaB-like SF4 replicative helicase and the helicase assembly factor, promotes pairing of two homologous DNA molecules containing complementary single-stranded regions and mediates homologous DNA strand exchange. Promotes also the formation of joint molecules. mRNA specific autogenous translational repressor.

RPA1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 84.0 kDa and the accession number is P27694.

Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase that plays a key role in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by recruiting DNA-PK to DNA. Required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Also has a role in chromosome translocation. The DNA helicase II complex binds preferentially to fork-like ends of double-stranded DNA in a cell cycle-dependent manner. It works in the 3'-5' direction. During NHEJ, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer performs the recognition step: it recognizes and binds to the broken ends of the DNA and protects them from further resection. Binding to DNA may be mediated by XRCC6. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer acts as regulatory subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK by increasing the affinity of the catalytic subunit PRKDC to DNA by 100-fold. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer is probably involved in stabilizing broken DNA ends and bringing them together. The assembly of the DNA-PK complex to DNA ends is required for the NHEJ ligation step. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer probably also acts as a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (5'-dRP lyase), by catalyzing the beta-elimination of the 5' deoxyribose-5-phosphate at an abasic site near double-strand breaks. XRCC5 probably acts as the catalytic subunit of 5'-dRP activity, and allows to 'clean' the termini of abasic sites, a class of nucleotide damage commonly associated with strand breaks, before such broken ends can be joined. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer together with APEX1 acts as a negative regulator of transcription. In association with NAA15, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer binds to the osteocalcin promoter and activates osteocalcin expression. As part of the DNA-PK complex, involved in the early steps of ribosome assembly by promoting the processing of precursor rRNA into mature 18S rRNA in the small-subunit processome. Binding to U3 small nucleolar RNA, recruits PRKDC and XRCC5/Ku86 to the small-subunit processome. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway.

Single-stranded DNA-binding protein that participates in viral DNA replication, formation of concatemers, recombination and repair of double-stranded breaks. Coats the lagging-strand ssDNA as the replication fork advances and stimulates the activities of viral DNA polymerase and primase/helicase. Coordinates simultaneous synthesis of leading- and lagging-strands. Together with DNA primase/helicase, promotes pairing of two homologous DNA molecules containing complementary single-stranded regions and mediates homologous DNA strand exchange. Promotes also the formation of joint molecules. Disrupts loops, hairpins and other secondary structures present on ssDNA to reduce and eliminate pausing of viral DNA polymerase at specific sites during elongation.

TARDBP Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 44.9 kDa and the accession number is Q13148.

YBX1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.6 kDa and the accession number is P62960.

Histone-like DNA-binding protein which is capable of wrapping DNA to stabilize it, and thus to prevent its denaturation under extreme environmental conditions. HupB Protein, Salmonella typhi, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-SUMO and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 29.2 kDa and the accession number is P0A1R9.

NFYA Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 40 and 60 and 70 KDa and the accession number is P23511-2.

Z-DNA Binding Protein 1 (ZBP1) is a protein with 2 DRADA repeats. ZBP1 is highly expressed in lymphatic tissues including lymph node, leukocytes, tonsil, bone marrow, and spleen. ZBP1 participates in the detection of viral and bacterial DNA from by the host's innate immune system. It plays a role in host defense against tumors and pathogens. ZBP1 Acts as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor which, when activated, induces the recruitment of TBK1 and IRF3 to its C-terminal region and activates the downstream interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and NF-kappa B transcription factors, leading to type-I interferon production. ZBP1-induced NF-kappaB activation probably involves the recruitment of the RHIM containing kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3.

ID1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 32.1 kDa and the accession number is P41134.

G3BP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

FUS Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 60.9 kDa and the accession number is P35637.

Can constrain negative DNA supercoils. May be involved in maintaining the integrity of the genome at high temperature. Stimulates the Holliday junction cleavage activity of Hjc. Sso7d Protein, Sulfolobus solfataricus, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.1 kDa and the accession number is P39476.

NFYA Protein, Human, Recombinant (GST) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-GST tag. The predicted molecular weight is 55 KDa and the accession number is P23511-2.

D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) deacylase 1(DTD1) belongs to the DTD family, and expressed in many adult and fetal tissues such as testis, ovary, spleen in adult and fetal brain. It is a nucleus and cytoplasm located protein, and is preferentially phosphorylated in cells arrested early in S phase. DTD1 is an ATPase involved in DNA replication, it may facilitate loading of CDC45 onto pre-replication complexes. The protein may hydrolyze D-tyrosyl-tRNA(Tyr) into D-tyrosine and free tRNA(Tyr), a possible defense mechanism against a harmful effect of D-tyrosine.

Binds and compacts DNA (95 to 150 base pairs) to form nucleosome-like structures that contain positive DNA supercoils. Increases the resistance of DNA to thermal denaturation. HMf-1 Protein, Methanothermus fervidus, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.9 kDa and the accession number is P48781.

Binds and compacts DNA (95 to 150 base pairs) to form nucleosome-like structures that contain positive DNA supercoils. Increases the resistance of DNA to thermal denaturation in vitro. HMf-2 Protein, Methanothermus fervidus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 11.7 kDa and the accession number is P19267.

Single-stranded DNA-binding protein that participates in viral DNA replication, formation of concatemers, recombination and repair of double-stranded breaks. Coats the lagging-strand ssDNA as the replication fork advances and stimulates the activities of viral DNA polymerase and primase/helicase. Coordinates simultaneous synthesis of leading- and lagging-strands. Together with DNA primase/helicase, promotes pairing of two homologous DNA molecules containing complementary single-stranded regions and mediates homologous DNA strand exchange. Promotes also the formation of joint molecules. Disrupts loops, hairpins and other secondary structures present on ssDNA to reduce and eliminate pausing of viral DNA polymerase at specific sites during elongation.

May play a role in transcription of several T4 genes. Binds double-stranded DNA and interacts preferentially with T4 late promoter regions. DsDNA-binding protein A Protein, Enterobacteria phage T4, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.8 kDa and the accession number is P13320.

DNA helicase which plays a role in chromatin-remodeling following DNA damage. Targeted to sites of DNA damage through interaction with poly(ADP-ribose) and functions to regulate chromatin during DNA repair. Able to catalyze nucleosome sliding in an ATP-dependent manner. Helicase activity is strongly stimulated upon poly(ADP-ribose)-binding. CHD1L Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.3 kDa and the accession number is Q86WJ1.

Histone-like DNA-binding protein which is capable of wrapping DNA to stabilize it, and thus to prevent its denaturation under extreme environmental conditions.

Estrogen Receptor is a major ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Estrogen Receptor is composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription. The protein localizes to the nucleus where it may form a homodimer or a heterodimer with estrogen receptor 2. Estrogen and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproductive function, but they also play a role in other tissues such as bone. Estrogen receptors are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants, which differ in their 5' UTRs and use different promoters.

Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) is a member of the IRF family. It contains one IRF tryptophan pentad repeat DNA-binding domain. IRF5 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. IRF5 can form homodimer when it is phosphorylated. IRF5 functions as a transcription factor involved in the induction of interferons IFNA and INFB and inflammatory cytokines upon virus infection. Genetic variations in IRF5 are associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus type 10. In addition, the genetic variations wil result in susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis.

SWSAP1 is a nucleus ATPase protein, interacts with ZSWIM7 and forms a functional complex. The complexs involved in homologous recombination repair and stabilizes each other. SWS1AP1 also interacts with RAD51, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D and XRCC3. It involves in homologous recombination repair. ATPase is preferentially stimulated by single-stranded DNA and is involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR). SWSAP1 has a DNA-binding activity which is independent of its ATPase activity.

Zinc Finger Protein 100 (ZNF100) is part of the krueppel C2H2-type zinc-finger protein family. ZNF100 contains 12 C2H2-type zinc fingers and 1 KRAB domain. ZNF100 is a DNA-binding protein domain consisting of zinc fingers. Zinc finger protein 100 occurs in nature as the part of transcription factors conferring DNA sequence specificity as the DNA-binding domain. Zinc finger proteins have also found use in protein engineering due to their modularity and have prospects as components of tools for use in therapeutic gene modulation and zinc finger nucleases.

TMX2 is a single-pass type I membrane protein and contains 1 thioredoxin domain. Thioredoxin plays an important role in various cellular processes through redox regulation. The Molecular Cloning and characterization of one member of the thioredoxin superfamily, designated as TMX2.The TMX2 cDNA consists of 1644 nucleotides and contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 372 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 42.5 kDa and an isoelectric point of 8.94. The TMX2 protein may possess an N-terminal signal peptide, a potential transmembrane domain, an Myb DNA-binding domain repeat signature, a thioredoxin consensus pattern, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane retention signal (KKXX-like motif), and a dileucine motif in the tail.

Plays a key role in the activation of the host resting B-cell and stimulation of B-cell proliferation. Acts by up-regulating the expression of viral EBNA1-6, LMP1, LMP2A and LMP2B genes, as well as several host genes including CD21, CD23 and MYC. Activates transcription by acting as an adapter molecule that binds to cellular sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins such as host CBF1, SMARCB1 and SPI1. Once EBNA2 is near promoter sites, its acidic activating domain recruits basal and activation-associated transcription factors TFIIB, TAF40, TFIIH components ERCC2 and ERCC3, and CBP in order to promote transcription. Alternatively, EBNA2 can affect activities of cell cycle regulators and retard cell cycle progression at G2/M phase. It also induces chromosomal instability, by disrupting mitotic checkpoints, multi-nucleation and formation of micronuclei in infected cells.

Inactivates MAPK1 and MAPK3 which leads to dephosphorylation of heat shock factor protein 4 and a reduction in its DNA-binding activity. Inhibits MAP kinase p38 by dephosphorylating it and inhibits p38-mediated apoptosis in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Can also induce activation of MAP kinase p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).

DNA polymerase that promotes microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), an alternative non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) machinery triggered in response to double-strand breaks in DNA. MMEJ is an error-prone repair pathway that produces deletions of sequences from the strand being repaired and promotes genomic rearrangements, such as telomere fusions, some of them leading to cellular transformation. POLQ acts as an inhibitor of homology-recombination repair (HR) pathway by limiting RAD51 accumulation at resected ends. POLQ-mediated MMEJ may be required to promote the survival of cells with a compromised HR repair pathway, thereby preventing genomic havoc by resolving unrepaired lesions. The polymerase acts by binding directly the 2 ends of resected double-strand breaks, allowing microhomologous sequences in the overhangs to form base pairs. It then extends each strand from the base-paired region using the opposing overhang as a template. Requires partially resected DNA containing 2 to 6 base pairs of microhomology to perform MMEJ. The polymerase activity is highly promiscuous: unlike most polymerases, promotes extension of ssDNA and partial ssDNA (pssDNA) substrates. Also exhibits low-fidelity DNA synthesis, translesion synthesis and lyase activity, and it is implicated in interstrand-cross-link repair, base excision repair and DNA end-joining. Involved in somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes, a process that requires the activity of DNA polymerases to ultimately introduce mutations at both A/T and C/G base pairs.

Facilitates transcription termination by a mechanism that involves Rho binding to the nascent RNA, activation of Rho's RNA-dependent ATPase activity, and release of the mRNA from the DNA template. RNA-dependent NTPase which utilizes all four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Rho Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 51.0 kDa and the accession number is P0AG30.

Since they lack a putative transactivation domain, the small Mafs behave as transcriptional repressors when they dimerize among themselves. However, they act as transcriptional activators by dimerizing with other (usually larger) basic-zipper proteins, such as NFE2, NFE2L1/NRF1, NFE2L2/NRF2 and NFE2L3/NRF3, and recruiting them to specific DNA-binding sites. Small Maf proteins heterodimerize with Fos and may act as competitive repressors of the NF-E2 transcription factor. MAFK Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 21.5 kDa and the accession number is Q61827.

Since they lack a putative transactivation domain, the small Mafs behave as transcriptional repressors when they dimerize among themselves. However, they act as transcriptional activators by dimerizing with other (usually larger) basic-zipper proteins, such as NFE2, NFE2L1/NRF1, NFE2L2/NRF2 and NFE2L3/NRF3, and recruiting them to specific DNA-binding sites. Small Maf proteins heterodimerize with Fos and may act as competitive repressors of the NF-E2 transcription factor. MAFK Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-SUMO and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.5 kDa and the accession number is Q61827.

p53, also known as Tp53, is a DNA-binding protein which belongs to the p53 family. It contains transcription activation, DNA-binding, and oligomerization domains. p53 protein is expressed at low level in normal cells and at a high level in a variety of transformed cell lines, where it's believed to contribute to transformation and malignancy. p53 (TP53) is a transcription factor whose protein levels and post-translational modification state alter in response to cellular stress (such as DNA damage, hypoxia, spindle damage). Activation of p53 begins through a number of mechanisms including phosphorylation by ATM, ATR, Chk1 and MAPKs. MDM2 is a ubiquitin ligase that binds p53 and targets p53 for proteasomal degradation. Phosphorylation, p14ARF and USP7 prevent MDM2-p53 interactions, leading to an increase in stable p53 tetramers in the cytoplasm. Further modifications such as methylation and acetylation lead to an increase in Tp53 binding to gene specific response elements. Tp53 regulates a large number of genes (>100 genes) that control a number of key tumor suppressing functions such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, senescence and apoptosis. Whilst the activation of p53 often leads to apoptosis, p53 inactivation facilitates tumor progression. It is postulated to bind to a p53-binding site and activate expression of downstream genes that inhibit growth and/or invasion, and thus function as a tumor suppressor. Mutants of p53 that frequently occur in a number of different human cancers fail to bind the consensus DNA binding site, and hence cause the loss of tumor suppressor activity. Defects in TP53 are a cause of esophageal cancer, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, lung cancer and adrenocortical carcinoma.Cancer ImmunotherapyImmune CheckpointImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy

HMGN3 belongs to the HMGN family and is expressed in the kidney, lung, pancreas, testis, skeletal muscle, heart, thyroid gland, pituitary gland, prostate, and uterus. Members of the HMGN family bind to nucleosomes without any specificity for the underlying DNA sequence. They affect the global and local structure of chromatin, as well as the levels of histone modifications, and thus play a role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. HMGN3 regulates the expression of the glucose transporter SLC2A2 by binding specifically to its promoter region and recruiting PDX1 and additional transcription factors. It also regulates the expression of SLC6A9, a glycine transporter that regulates the glycine concentration in synaptic junctions in the central nervous system, by binding to its transcription start site. Both insulin and glucagon levels can be affected by HMGN3. HMGN3 may play a role in ocular development and astrocyte function. It also modulates the expression of pancreatic genes involved in insulin secretion.

CBFB is the beta subunit of a heterodimeric core-binding transcription factor belonging to the PEBP2/CBF transcription factor family which master-regulates a host of genes specific to hematopoiesis (e.g., RUNX1) and osteogenesis (e.g., RUNX2). CBFB is a non-DNA binding regulatory subunit; it allosterically enhances DNA binding by alpha subunit as the complex binds to the core site of various enhancers and promoters, including murine leukemia virus, polyomavirus enhancer, T-cell receptor enhancers and GM-CSF promoters. Alternative splicing generates two mRNA variants, each encoding a distinct carboxyl terminus. In some cases, a pericentric inversion of chromosome 16 [inv(16)(p13q22)] produces a chimeric transcript consisting of the N terminus of core-binding factor beta in a fusion with the C-terminal portion of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain 11. This chromosomal rearrangement is associated with acute myeloid leukemia of the M4Eo subtype. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for CBFB gene. Mutations in CBFB are implicated in cases of breast cancer.

The protein encoded by this gene is an evolutionarily conserved 95-kDa protein containing six C-terminal zinc-finger motifs and an N-terminal POZ domain. It has been reported that BCL-6 is present in DNA-binding complexes in nuclear extracts from various B-cell lines. There are many relationships between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, diffuse large cell lymphoma and BCL6’s translocations. BCL6 can repress transcription from promoters linked to its DNA target sequence and this activity is dependent upon specific DNA-binding and the presence of an intact N-terminal half of the protein.

GADD45G, also known as CR6, is part of the nuclear proteins to interact with various proteins whose transcript levels are raised after stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. GADD45G reacts to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway which is mediated through their protein binding and activating MTK1/MEKK4 kinase, which is an upstream activator of both p38 and JNK MAPKs. GADD45G acts as a new-age tumor suppressor however is being frequently inactivated epigenetically in multiple tumors. GADD45G mRNA expression is down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma. GADD45G causes cell cycle arrest at G2/M transition when transfected into Hep-G2 cells. GADD45G induction by androgens involves new protein synthesis. Overexpression of GADD45G inhibits cell growth and causes morphological modifications in prostate cell lines thus GADD45G takes part in differentiation induction by androgens.

CEBPG, also known as CEBP gamma, is a transcription factor which belongs to the CEBP family. Members of this family regulate viral and cellular CCAAT/enhancer element-mediated transcription. CEBP proteins contain the bZIP region, which is characterized by two motifs in the C-terminal half of the protein: a basic region involved in DNA binding and a leucine zipper motif involved in dimerization. CEBPG binds to the enhancer element PRE-I of the IL-4 gene. It Might change the DNA-binding specificity of other transcription factors and recruit them to unusual DNA sites.