processing

Deubiquitinase with an ATP-independent isopeptidase activity, cleaving at the C-terminus of the ubiquitin moiety. Catalyzes its own deubiquitination. In vitro, isoform 2, but not isoform 3, shows deubiquitinating activity. Promotes plasma membrane localization of ARF6 and selectively regulates ARF6-dependent endocytic protein trafficking. Is able to initiate tumorigenesis by inducing the production of matrix metalloproteinases following NF-kappa-B activation.

Endoplasmic Reticulum Mannosyl-Oligosaccharide 1,2-α-Mannosidase (MAN1B1) belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 47 family. MAB1B1 is a single-pass type II membrane protein and widely expressed in many tissues. MAB1B1 is involved in glycoprotein quality control targeting of misfolded glycoproteins for degradation. MAB1B1 can be inhibited by both 1-deoxymannojirimycin (dMNJ) and kifunensine. Defects in MAN1B1 are the cause of mental retardation autosomal recessive type 15 (MRT15). Mental retardation is characterized by significantly below average general intellectual functioning, it is also associated with impairments in adaptative behavior and manifested during the developmental period.

USP18 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 47.1 kDa and the accession number is Q9UMW8.

Along with McjC, necessary and sufficient to process the inactive microcin J25 (McjA) precursor into the active peptide.

Involved in the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway in conjunction with the 26S proteasome. Deubiquitinates the androgen receptor and regulates the androgen receptor signaling pathway.

USP7 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-SUMO and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 55.6 kDa and the accession number is Q93009.

Cathepsin L is an enzyme. Cathepsin L, a lysosomal endopeptidase expressed in most eukaryotic cells, is a member of the papain-like family of cysteine proteinases. Cathepsin L plays a major role in antigen processing, tumor invasion and metastasis, bone resorption, and turnover of intracellular and secreted proteins involved in growth regulation. Unlike the precursor forms of other papain family members, the 43 kDa pro-cathepsin L itself is secreted from various cells. Pro-cathepsin L is the major excreted protein of malignantly transformed mouse fibroblasts and is also one of the major acidic cysteine proteases in mammalian cells.

Dihydropteridine reductase, also known as HDHPR and Quinoid dihydropteridine reductase, QDPR and DHPR, belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases reductases (SDR) family. QDPR exists as a homodimer. QDPR is part of the pathway that recycles a substance called tetrahydrobiopterin, also known as BH4 and tryptophan hydroxylases. The regeneration of this substance is critical for the proper processing of several other amino acids in the body. Tetrahydrobiopterin also helps produce certain chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters, which transmit signals between nerve cells. Defects in QDPR are the cause of BH4-deficient hyperphenylalaninemia type C (HPABH4C) which is a rare autosomal recessive disorder and is lethal.

Mouse HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain (CD74), is a single-pass type II membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the CD74 gene. It contains 1 thyroglobulin type-1 domain. CD74 Plays a critical role in MHC class II antigen processing by stabilizing peptide-free class II alpha beta heterodimers in a complex soon after their synthesis and directing transport of the complex from the endoplasmic reticulum to compartments where peptide loading of class II takes place.

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I membrane protein with several isoforms due to alternative splicing, performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Of the three major splice isoforms of APP (APP695, APP751, and APP770) APP695 is the predominant neuronal form from which Amyloid beta peptide and transcriptionally-active cleaved intracellular domain of APP (AICD) are preferentially generated by selective processing through the amyloidogenic pathway. Human APP695 consists of a 17 amino acid (aa) signal sequence, a 607 aa extracellular domain (ECD), a 24 aa transmembrane domain, and a 47 aa cytoplasmic domain. Within the ECD, human APP695 shares 97% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat APP695. Amyloid beta is a major molecule implicated in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias. AICD regulates expression by direct promoter binding of multiple genes, including APP itself, the beta-secretase, BACE-1 and the Amyloid beta-degrading enzyme, Neprilysin. As such, APP695 plays an important role in brain development, learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and neurodegeneration including AD.

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a 12­16 kDa member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. It possesses an EGF­like domain, and a heparin-binding motif. Mature HB­EGF is a soluble peptide that arises from proteolytic processing of the transmembrane form. Human HB­EGF shows 76% and 73% aa sequence identity with rat and mouse HB­EGF, respectively. It is required for normal cardiac valve formation and normal heart function, promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation. It may be involved in macrophage-mediated cellular proliferation; it is mitogenic for fibroblasts, but not endothelial cells. HB­EGF classified as a group 2 ErbB ligand based on its ability to activate both the EGF ErbB1 and ErbB4 receptors. Activity associated with ErbB4 binding appears to be limited to non­mitogenic actions, while EGFR binding induces both mitogenic and non­mitogenic activity.

IMPAD1 protein (IMPA3, gPAPP or IMPase 3) belongs to the inositol monophosphatase family. It is found in Purkinje cells, brain stem, lung and chondrocytes. Mouse IMPAD1 gene encodes a type II transmembrane Golgi-embedded glycoprotein with 356 amino acid residues which generates a 306 amino acid residues mature protein after processing. It is expressed in embryo, and in theory may catalyze myo-inositol monophosphate to myo-inositol. Free myo-inositol is used to generate inositol phospholipid, an essential component of intracellular signaling pathways that mobilize calcium. Mouse IMPAD1 exhibits 91% sequence identity with the human homologue.

3CL protease, a viral cysteine proteinase, plays an important role in co-translational proteolytic processing of Coronavirus polyproteins. The 3CL protease cleaves as much as 11 sites in the replicase polyproteins and also releases the key replicative functions of polymerase and helicase. 3CLpro 3C-like Protease Protein (L50F, E166V), SARS-COV-2, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 33.80 kDa and the accession number is YP_009725301.1.

3CL protease, a viral cysteine proteinase, plays an important role in co-translational proteolytic processing of Coronavirus polyproteins. The 3CL protease cleaves as much as 11 sites in the replicase polyproteins and also releases the key replicative functions of polymerase and helicase. 3CLpro 3C-like Protease Protein (S144A), SARS-COV-2, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 33.78 kDa and the accession number is YP_009725301.1.

3CL protease, a viral cysteine proteinase, plays an important role in co-translational proteolytic processing of Coronavirus polyproteins. The 3CL protease cleaves as much as 11 sites in the replicase polyproteins and also releases the key replicative functions of polymerase and helicase. 3CLpro 3C-like Protease Protein (L50F), SARS-COV-2, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 33.8kDa and the accession number is YP_009725301.1.

Essential for the correct processing of both structural polyproteins and for the maturation of viral precursor membranes at the viral factories. ASFV (strain Ba71V) p17 Protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.2 kDa and the accession number is Q89424.

Modifies the subcellular distribution of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HNRNPK) and may contribute to modulate HNRNPK functions related to processing and export of mRNAs during ASFV infection.

Plays a role in masking infected cells for immune recognition by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Down-regulates the expression of the host TAP1 gene (transporter associated with antigen processing), thereby affecting the transport of peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent peptide loading by MHC class I molecules. Inhibits IFN-gamma synthesis. Epstein-Barr virus (strain B95-8) BCRF1 Protein (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.8 kDa and the accession number is P03180.

Lymphotoxin beta-activated kinase which seems to be exclusively involved in the activation of NF-kappa-B and its transcriptional activity. Promotes proteolytic processing of NFKB2 P100, which leads to activation of NF-kappa-B via the non-canonical pathway. Could act in a receptor-selective manner.

Prevents the establishment of the cellular antiviral state by inhibiting TRIM25-mediated DDX58 ubiquitination, which normally triggers the antiviral transduction signal that leads to the activation of type I IFN genes by transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. Prevents human EIF2AK2 PKR activation, either by binding double-strand RNA, or by interacting directly with EIF2AK2 PKR. This function may be important at the very beginning of the infection, when NS1 is mainly present in the cytoplasm. Also binds poly(A) and U6 snRNA.; Inhibits post-transcriptional processing of cellular pre-mRNA, by binding and inhibiting two cellular proteins that are required for the 3'-end processing of cellular pre-mRNAs: the 30 kDa cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor CPSF4 and the poly(A)-binding protein 2 PABPN1. In turn, unprocessed 3' end pre-mRNAs accumulate in the host nucleus and are no longer exported to the cytoplasm. Cellular protein synthesis is thereby shut off very early after virus infection. Viral protein synthesis is not affected by the inhibition of the cellular 3' end processing machinery because the poly(A) tails of viral mRNAs are produced by the viral polymerase through a stuttering mechanism.

Functions as key mediator in apoptosis and inflammation. Promotes caspase-mediated apoptosis involving predominantly caspase-8 and also caspase-9 in a probable cell type-specific manner. Involved in activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, promotes caspase-8-dependent proteolytic maturation of BID independently of FADD in certain cell types and also mediates mitochondrial translocation of BAX and activates BAX-dependent apoptosis coupled to activation of caspase-9, -2 and -3. Involved in macrophage pyroptosis, a caspase-1-dependent inflammatory form of cell death and is the major constituent of the ASC pyroptosome which forms upon potassium depletion and rapidly recruits and activates caspase-1. In innate immune response believed to act as an integral adapter in the assembly of the inflammasome which activates caspase-1 leading to processing and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The function as activating adapter in different types of inflammasomes is mediated by the pyrin and CARD domains and their homotypic interactions. Required for recruitment of caspase-1 to inflammasomes containing certain pattern recognition receptors, such as NLRP2, NLRP3, AIM2 and probably IFI16. In the NLRP1 and NLRC4 inflammasomes seems not be required but facilitates the processing of procaspase-1. In cooperation with NOD2 involved in an inflammasome activated by bacterial muramyl dipeptide leading to caspase-1 activation. May be involved in DDX58-triggered proinflammatory responses and inflammasome activation. In collaboration with AIM2 which detects cytosolic double-stranded DNA may also be involved in a caspase-1-independent cell death that involves caspase-8. In adaptive immunity may be involved in maturation of dendritic cells to stimulate T-cell immunity and in cytoskeletal rearrangements coupled to chemotaxis and antigen uptake may be involved in post-transcriptional regulation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor DOCK2; the latter function is proposed to involve the nuclear form. Also involved in transcriptional activation of cytokines and chemokines independent of the inflammasome; this function may involve AP-1, NF-kappa-B, MAPK and caspase-8 signaling pathways. For regulation of NF-kappa-B activating and inhibiting functions have been reported. Modulates NF-kappa-B induction at the level of the IKK complex by inhibiting kinase activity of CHUK and IKBK. Proposed to compete with RIPK2 for association with CASP1 thereby down-regulating CASP1-mediated RIPK2-dependent NF-kappa-B activation and activating interleukin-1 beta processing. Modulates host resistance to DNA virus infection, probably by inducing the cleavage of and inactivating CGAS in presence of cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA.

Intermediate filament-associated protein that associates in regular arrays with keratin intermediate filaments (KIF) of the inner root sheath cells of the hair follicle and the granular layer of the epidermis. It later becomes cross-linked to KIF by isodipeptide bonds. It may serve as scaffold protein, together with involucrin, in the organization of the cell envelope or even anchor the cell envelope to the KIF network. It may be involved in its own calcium-dependent postsynthetic processing during terminal differentiation.

In the ileum, may be involved in defensin processing, including DEFA5.

Acid protease active in intracellular protein breakdown. Plays a role in APP processing following cleavage and activation by ADAM30 which leads to APP degradation. Cathepsin D Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.2 kDa and the accession number is P24268.

TMED4, also known as ERS25, belongs to the EMP24 GP25L family. TMED4 may play a role in the regulation of heat-shock response and apoptosis. It is involved in vesicular protein trafficking, mainly in the early secretory pathway. TMED4 may also play a role in the biosynthesis of secreted cargo including processing. It functions in the regulation of heat-shock response and apoptosis. TMED4 also is involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress response. TMED4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.6 kDa and the accession number is Q7Z7H5-1.

Gastrokine 1 (GKN1) belongs to the BRICHOS domain family and plays a major role in maintaining gastric mucosa integrity. GKN1 is highly expressed in gastric tissue and is secreted into the stomach but is not expressed in gastric cancer. GKN1-mediated inhibition of APP processing might represent a new approach for the prevention and therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the presence of GKN2, GKN1 loses its ability to decrease cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and inhibit epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer cells, that GKN2 may contribute to the homeostasis of gastric epithelial cells by inhibiting GKN1 activity. The loss of GKN1 function contributes to malignant transformation and proliferation of gastric epithelial cells in gastric carcinogenesis.

IFI30 belongs to the GILT family. This family includes the two characterized human gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) sequences: P13284 and Q9UL08. It also contains several other eukaryotic putative proteins with similarity to GILT. The aligned region contains three conserved cysteine residues. Besides, the two GILT sequences possess a C-X(2)-C motif that is shared by some of the other sequences in the family. This motif is thought to be associated with disulfide bond reduction. IFI30 is a lysosomal thiol reductase that can reduce protein disulfide bonds. It facilitates the generation of MHC class II-restricted epitopes from disulfide bond-containing antigens by the endocytic reduction of disulfide bonds. It also facilitates MHC class I-restricted recognition of exogenous antigens containing disulfide bonds by CD8+ T-cells or cross-presentation. IFI30 may facilitate the complete unfolding of proteins destined for lysosomal degradation and plays an important role in antigen processing.

C1D nuclear receptor corepressor belongs to the C1D family. It is a DNA binding and apoptosis-inducing protein.C1D nuclear receptor corepressorinteracts with TSNAX and DNA-PKcs. It acts as a corepressor for the thyroid hormone receptor. It is thought that C1D nuclear receptor corepressor regulates TRAX Translin complex formation. It is expressed in kidney, heart, brain, spleen, lung, testis, liver and small intestine. It plays a role in the recruitment of the RNA exosome complex to pre-rRNA to mediate the 3'-5' end processing of the 5.8S rRNA; this function may include MPHOSPH6. It potentiates transcriptional repression by NR1D1 and THRB. C1D nuclear receptor corepressorcan activate PRKDC not only in the presence of linear DNA but also in the presence of supercoiled DNA. It also can induce apoptosis in a p53 TP53 dependent manner.

SRFBP1 contains 7 WD repeats and belongs to the WD repeat STRAP family. SRFBP1 may play a role in the cellular distribution of the SMN complex. The SMN complex plays an essential role in spliceosomal snRNP assembly in the cytoplasm and is required for pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus. SRFBP1 negatively regulates TGF-beta signaling but positively regulates the PDPK1 kinase activity by enhancing its autophosphorylation and by significantly reducing the association of PDPK1 with 14-3-3 protein. SRFBP1 may be involved in regulating transcriptional activation of cardiac genes during the aging process. It also may play a role in biosynthesis and or processing of SLC2A4 in adipose cells.

PSME2, also known as PA28b, is a subunit of proteasome. The 26S proteasome multicatalytic proteinase complex has a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 2S core and a 19S regulator. The 2S core is composed of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. The 19S regulator is composed of a base, which contains 6 ATPase subunits and 2 non-ATPase subunits, and a lid, which contains up to 1 non-ATPase subunits. Proteasomes are distributed throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An essential function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides. The immunoproteasome contains an alternate regulator, referred to as the 11S regulator or PA28, that replaces the 19S regulator. Three subunits (alpha, beta and gamma) of the 11S regulator have been identified. PSME2 gene encodes the beta subunit of the 11S regulator, one of the two 11S subunits that is induced by gamma-interferon. Three beta and three alpha subunits combine to form a heterohexameric ring.

TMED4, also known as ERS25, belongs to the EMP24 GP25L family. TMED4 may play a role in the regulation of heat-shock response and apoptosis. It is involved in vesicular protein trafficking, mainly in the early secretory pathway. TMED4 may also play a role in the biosynthesis of secreted cargo including processing. It functions in the regulation of heat-shock response and apoptosis. TMED4 also is involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress response. TMED4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 20.7 kDa and the accession number is Q7Z7H5-1.

Pro-Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a member of the NPY family. NPY is a secreted protein and is one of the most abundant peptides in the nervous system. It also can be found in some chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. NPY can be cleaved into Neuropeptide Y and C-flanking peptide of NPY chain, which regulates energy usage, and it is involved in learning, memory processing, and epilepsy. NPY is implicated in the control of feeding and in secretion of gonadotrophin-release hormone. In addition, NPY increases the proportion of energy stored as fat and blocks nociceptive signals to the brain.

Human Artemin is a GDNF family ligand that is distantly related to the TGF-β superfamily of molecules. It is synthesized as a preproprotein, and contains a variable length pre-, or signal sequence, plus a 68 amino acid (aa) proregion and a 113 aa mature segment. Following synthesis and proteolytic processing, mature ARTN is secreted as a presumably glycosylated, 28 kDa disulfide-linked homodimer that contains three intrachain disulfide bonds and the typical TGF-β signature cysteine-knot motif. In the mature region, human ARTN is 89% and 88% aa identical to rat and mouse ARTN, respectively. Human ARTN is active on rodent cells. The receptor for ARTN has been identified as the ligand binding subunit GFRα-3 plus the signal transducing subunit, RET. The GFRα-1 RET receptor complex has also been suggested to be a ligand binding unit for ARTN. ARTN is known to be a chemoattractant for sympathetic neuron axons innervating the developing cardiovascular system. It also promotes sensory neuron survival and likely plays a role in the development of the peripheral nervous system. Finally, it has been reported to reverse neuropathic pain due to nerve injury, and to help resolve morphological changes associated with nerve damage.

Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) is a secretory subtilase belonging to the proteinase K subfamily. PCSK9 is synthesized as a soluble zymogen that undergoes autocatalytic intramolecular processing in the ER , the pro domain and mature chain secrete together through noncovalent interactions. PCSK9 binds with low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and plays a major regulatory role in cholesterol homeostasis. PCSK9 also plays a role in the neural development.

CD39L1 protein (ENTPD2 or NTPDase2) is a member of the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase family which the main role is termination of purinergic signaling. CD39L1 gene encodes a precursor protein with 495 amino acid residues which generates a 437 amino acid residues mature protein after processing. It is an ecto-nucleotidase that found on the surface of vascular adventitial cells and accessory vascular cells. CD39L1 is a Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent enzyme that activates platelets by preferentially converting ATP to ADP. CD39L1 plays a role in regulating thrombosis and inflammation which is considered to be a therapeutic target for thromboregulation and the treatment of vascular inflammation. Alternative splicing of CD39L1 gene results in multiple transcript variants.

3CL protease, a viral cysteine proteinase, plays an important role in co-translational proteolytic processing of Coronavirus polyproteins. The 3CL protease cleaves as much as 11 sites in the replicase polyproteins and also releases the key replicative functions of polymerase and helicase. 3CLpro 3C-like Protease Protein (L167F), SARS-COV-2, Recombinant is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 34.5kDa and the accession number is YP_009725301.1.

3CL protease, a viral cysteine proteinase, plays an important role in co-translational proteolytic processing of Coronavirus polyproteins. The 3CL protease cleaves as much as 11 sites in the replicase polyproteins and also releases the key replicative functions of polymerase and helicase. 3CLpro 3C-like Protease Protein, SARS-COV-2, Recombinant (aa 1-306) is expressed in E. coli expression system. The predicted molecular weight is 33.8 kDa and the accession number is YP_009725301.1.

mRNA decapping enzyme that specifically removes the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) cap from a subset of mRNAs by hydrolyzing the diphosphate linkage to produce nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and 5' monophosphate mRNA. The NAD-cap is present at the 5'-end of some mRNAs and stabilizes RNA against 5'-processing. Has preference for mRNAs with a 5'-end purine. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of a broad range of dinucleotide pyrophosphates. NADH pyrophosphatase Protein, E. coli O157:H7, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.8 kDa and the accession number is Q8X6X7.

Serine threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK1 ERK2 and MAPK3 ERK1 are the 2 MAPKs which play an important role in the MAPK ERK cascade. They participate also in a signaling cascade initiated by activated KIT and KITLG SCF. Depending on the cellular context, the MAPK ERK cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK ERK cascade plays also a role in initiation and regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors. About 160 substrates have already been discovered for ERKs. Many of these substrates are localized in the nucleus, and seem to participate in the regulation of transcription upon stimulation. However, other substrates are found in the cytosol as well as in other cellular organelles, and those are responsible for processes such as translation, mitosis and apoptosis. Moreover, the MAPK ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of the endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC); as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis. The substrates include transcription factors (such as ATF2, BCL6, ELK1, ERF, FOS, HSF4 or SPZ1), cytoskeletal elements (such as CANX, CTTN, GJA1, MAP2, MAPT, PXN, SORBS3 or STMN1), regulators of apoptosis (such as BAD, BTG2, CASP9, DAPK1, IER3, MCL1 or PPARG), regulators of translation (such as EIF4EBP1) and a variety of other signaling-related molecules (like ARHGEF2, FRS2 or GRB10). Protein kinases (such as RAF1, RPS6KA1 RSK1, RPS6KA3 RSK2, RPS6KA2 RSK3, RPS6KA6 RSK4, SYK, MKNK1 MNK1, MKNK2 MNK2, RPS6KA5 MSK1, RPS6KA4 MSK2, MAPKAPK3 or MAPKAPK5) and phosphatases (such as DUSP1, DUSP4, DUSP6 or DUSP16) are other substrates which enable the propagation the MAPK ERK signal to additional cytosolic and nuclear targets, thereby extending the specificity of the cascade.

Required for the control of apoptosis during postnatal growth. Essential for proteolytic processing of an antiapoptotic form of OPA1 which prevents the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c in response to intrinsic apoptotic signals. Required for the maturation of PINK1 into its 52kDa mature form after its cleavage by mitochondrial-processing peptidase (MPP). Promotes changes in mitochondria morphology regulated by phosphorylation of P-beta domain. PARL Protein, Human, Recombinant (Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.8 kDa and the accession number is Q9H300.

Plasma membrane-anchored serine protease that directly induces processing of pro-uPA PLAU into the active form through proteolytic activity. Seems to be capable of activating ENaC.; (Microbial infection) In gut epithelial cells, facilitates human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection through, at least, the cleavage of coronavirus spike glycoproteins which activates the glycoprotein for host cell entry. TMPRSS4 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 49.8 kDa and the accession number is Q9NRS4.

Regulates pathways leading to the activation of NF-kappa-B and MAP kinases, and plays a central role in the regulation of B-cell survival. Part of signaling pathways leading to the production of cytokines and interferon. Required for normal antibody isotype switching from IgM to IgG. Plays a role T-cell dependent immune responses. Plays a role in the regulation of antiviral responses. Is an essential constituent of several E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes. May have E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and promote 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination of target proteins. Inhibits activation of NF-kappa-B in response to LTBR stimulation. Inhibits TRAF2-mediated activation of NF-kappa-B. Down-regulates proteolytic processing of NFKB2, and thereby inhibits non-canonical activation of NF-kappa-B. Promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of MAP3K14.

Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase that plays a key role in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) by recruiting DNA-PK to DNA. Required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. Also has a role in chromosome translocation. The DNA helicase II complex binds preferentially to fork-like ends of double-stranded DNA in a cell cycle-dependent manner. It works in the 3'-5' direction. During NHEJ, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer performs the recognition step: it recognizes and binds to the broken ends of the DNA and protects them from further resection. Binding to DNA may be mediated by XRCC6. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer acts as regulatory subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK by increasing the affinity of the catalytic subunit PRKDC to DNA by 100-fold. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer is probably involved in stabilizing broken DNA ends and bringing them together. The assembly of the DNA-PK complex to DNA ends is required for the NHEJ ligation step. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer probably also acts as a 5'-deoxyribose-5-phosphate lyase (5'-dRP lyase), by catalyzing the beta-elimination of the 5' deoxyribose-5-phosphate at an abasic site near double-strand breaks. XRCC5 probably acts as the catalytic subunit of 5'-dRP activity, and allows to 'clean' the termini of abasic sites, a class of nucleotide damage commonly associated with strand breaks, before such broken ends can be joined. The XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer together with APEX1 acts as a negative regulator of transcription. In association with NAA15, the XRCC5-XRRC6 dimer binds to the osteocalcin promoter and activates osteocalcin expression. As part of the DNA-PK complex, involved in the early steps of ribosome assembly by promoting the processing of precursor rRNA into mature 18S rRNA in the small-subunit processome. Binding to U3 small nucleolar RNA, recruits PRKDC and XRCC5 Ku86 to the small-subunit processome. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway.

Involved in the association of MHC class I with transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and in the assembly of MHC class I with peptide (peptide loading). Tapasin Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 49.4 kDa and the accession number is O15533.

Plasma membrane-anchored serine protease that directly induces processing of pro-uPA PLAU into the active form through proteolytic activity. Seems to be capable of activating ENaC. TMPRSS4 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 57.8 kDa and the accession number is Q8VCA5.

Presumably involved in the processing and regular turnover of intracellular proteins. Catalyzes the removal of unsubstituted N-terminal amino acids from various peptides. Leucyl aminopeptidase Protein, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 64.8 kDa and the accession number is P75206.

BMP-3b GDF-10 is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site which is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. The members of this family are regulators of cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. Studies in mice suggest that the protein encoded by this gene plays a role in skeletal morphogenesis. In the bone morphogenetic cascade, cartilage differentiation, hypertrophy, and cell death are followed by bone formation. In this regard, all BMPs are cartilage morphogenetic proteins since cartilage is formed first. An overexpression or dysregulation of BMP pathways may lead to heterotopic bone formation or fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). BMPs have been implicated in FOP. The pioneering work of Sakou has implicated BMP-3b GDF-10 in ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine in Japanese patients. The BMP-specific antagonists such as noggin or chordin might be used therapeutically in clinical conditions with pathologically excessive bone formation. The osteoinductive capacity of BMPs has been demonstrated in preclinical models, and the efficacy of BMPs for the treatment of orthopaedic patients is now being evaluated in clinical trials. It was suggested that further progress in the clinical application of the BMP-3b GDF-10 will depend upon the development of carriers with ideal release kinetics for the delivery of the BMPs.

Kallikrein-4, also known as Enamel matrix serine proteinase 1, Kallikrein-like protein 1, KLK-L1, Serine protease 17, KLK4, PRSS17, and EMSP1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the peptidase S1 family and Kallikrein subfamily. Kallikrein-4 KLK4 is a serine protease expressed during enamel maturation, and proteolytic processing of the enamel matrix by KLK4 is critical for proper enamel formation. Kallikrein-4 KLK4 contains one peptidase S1 domain. Kallikrein-4 KLK4 is secreted by transition- and maturation-stage ameloblasts. KLK4 aggressively degrades the retained organic matrix following the termination of enamel protein secretion. Two proteases are secreted into the enamel matrix of developing teeth. The early protease is enamelysin (MMP-2). The late protease is kallikrein 4 (KLK4). The principal functions of MMP-2 and KLK4 in dental enamel formation are to facilitate the orderly replacement of organic matrix with mineral, generating an enamel layer that is harder, less porous, and unstained by retained enamel proteins. Defects in Kallikrein-4 KLK4 are the cause of Amelogenesis Imperfecta Hypomaturation type 2A1 (AI2A1) which is an autosomal recessive defect of enamel formation. The disorder involves both primary and secondary dentitions.