Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyte) is an unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.

Linoleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid) is an essential fatty acid. Prostaglandin precursor.

Ferulamide (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamide), a Ferulic acid derivative, shows potent inhibitory activity against arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation.

12-OxoETE is synthesized by human platelets and Aplysia nervous tissue after incubation with arachidonic acid. Microsomal fractions of various tissues will reduce 12-oxoETE to 12(S)-HETE or a mixture of 12(S)- and 12(R)-HETE. 12-OxoETE induces a rapid, dose dependent increase of cytoplasmic free calcium via a leukotriene B4 receptor or a common activation sequence.

Kazinol A shows strong inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation. It also exhibits potent inhibition with IC50 values ranging 0.6-164 M against XOD. Kazinol A may be a candidate for the development of effective anti-cancer drug on h

Thielavin A is a fungal metabolite originally isolated from T. terricola that is related to thielavin B . Thielavin A inhibits COX, blocking both the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 and the conversion of PGH2 to PGE2 . Thielavin A also inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase in rat liver microsomes (IC50 = 4.6 μM). It is a non-competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase from S. cerevisiae (IC50 = 23.8 μM; Ki = 27.8 μM).

Cyclocommunol exhibits cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma (SMMC-7721) and gastric carcinoma (BGC-823 and SGC-7901) cell lines. It also shows strong inhibition of arachidonic acid (AA)- and collagen-induced platelet aggregation.

Triacsin C (WS 1228A) from Streptomyces aureofaciens is a differential inhibitor of arachidonic acid coenzyme A synthetase and non-specific long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase, with anti-atherosclerotic activity, inhibition of ACSL activity, and inhibition of the accumulation of TAGs into lipid droplets (LDs).Triacsin C has been used to study rotavirus infection and Alzheimer;s disease. Triacsin C is used to study rotavirus infection and Alzheimer;s disease.

Broussoflavonol F has antiplatelet effect, is partially due to an inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase, can inhibit arachidonic acid (AA)-induced platelet aggregation. Broussoflavonol F shows inhibitory activities on mushroom tyrosinase. Broussoflavonol F

Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator formed from arachidonic acid, a bronchoconstrictor, and induces osteoclast senescence.Leukotriene D4 induces transcriptional activity of potentially oncogenic genes and can be used in the study of asthma.

2-Deacetoxytaxinine B is a strongly inhibitor against U46619-induced aggregation, it shows strong inhibitory effects against arachidonic acid (AA)-induced aggregation.

Taxagifine shows cytotoxic activity toward HepG2 cells; it can suppress the superoxide generation induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and arachidonic acid (AA) in a concentration-dependent manner.

Citicoline sodium (CDP-choline) is an endogenous intermediate in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. It also serves as a choline donor in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Citicoline sodium demonstrates protective effects in cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and memory disorders. Exogenous administration of citicoline to rodents (500 mg/kg i.p. immediately after ischemia and at 3-h reperfusion) has been shown to stimulate the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cardiolipin and to attenuate the release of arachidonic acid and the accumulation of ceramide.

Gnetol competitivity inhibits butyrylcholinesterase (IC50: 1.3 uM). Gnetol has a strong inhibitory effect on murine tyrosinase activity. Gnetol significantly suppresses melanin biosynthesis in murine B16 melanoma cells. It is active in the inhibition of a

(S)-Laudanosine, the (S) enantiomer of laudanosine, emerges as a metabolite from the neuromuscular blocking agents atracurium and cisatracurium. It functions by inhibiting prolyl endopeptidase and obstructing arachidonic acid- and collagen-induced aggregation in washed rabbit platelets.

6-Acetyl-2,2-dimethylchroman-4-one and vanillin show anti-platelet aggregation activity induced by arachidonic acid in vitro.

D-Erythro-dihydrosphingosine (C18-Dihydrosphingosine) inhibits arachidonic acid release and cPLA2α activity.

13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE), an endogenous metabolite produced by the lipoxygenase pathway of Linoleic acid, promotes prostacyclin synthesis by facilitating the release of arachidonic acid (AA) from phospholipids [1].

Aristolactam AIIIa is a new type of Plk1 inhibitors, targeting the Polo Box domain (PBD), it has anti-tumor activity. Aristolactam IIIa shows inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by collagen or arachidonic acid.

Neocryptotanshinone inhibits rabbit platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid.

N-norarmepavine shows significant cytotoxic activities against HL-60 carcinoma cell line with inhibitory ratios of 51.43% at concentration of 1 x 10(-5) M. Norarmepavine shows inhibition against Trypanosoma cruzi. D-(+)- N-norarmepavine exhibits significa

Collinin is a coumarin that has been found in Z. schinifolium and has diverse biological activities.1,2,3,4 It is active against drug-susceptible and -resistant strains of M. tuberculosis (MIC50s = 3.13-6.25 μg/ml).1 Collinin inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production (IC50 = 5.9 μM) and reduces COX-2 protein levels in RAW 264.7 cells.2 It completely inhibits aggregation of isolated rabbit platelets induced by arachidonic acid , collagen, or platelet activating factor (PAF) when used at a concentration of 100 μM.3 Dietary administration of collinin (0.05% w/w) reduces the number of mice with tumors and the number of tumors per mouse in a mouse model of colitis-related carcinogenesis.4 |1. Kim, S., Seo, H., Al Mahmud, H., et al. In vitro activity of collinin isolated from the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium against multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Phytomedicine 46, 104-110 (2018).|2. Nguyen, P.-H., Zhao, B.T., Kim, O., et al. Anti-inflammatory terpenylated coumarins from the leaves of Zanthoxylum schinifolium with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. J. Nat. Med. 70(2), 276-281 (2016).|3. I.S., C., Lin, Y.C., Tsai, I.L., et al. Coumarins and anti-platelet aggregation constituents from Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Phytochemistry 39(5), 1091-1097 (1995).|4. Kohno, H., Suzuki, R., Curini, M., et al. Dietary administration with prenyloxycoumarins, auraptene and collinin, inhibits colitis-related colon carcinogenesis in mice. Int. J. Cancer 118(12), 2936-2942 (2006).

Taxinine and taxinine B can inhibit the drug transport by P-glycoprotein in multidrug-resistant cells. Taxinine B shows stronger inhibitory effects than acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (AA).

Elaidic acid (trans-Oleic Acid) is the 9-trans isomer of oleic acid. It is a monounsaturated trans-fatty acid which can be found in partially hydrogenated cooking oils. In human platelets incubated with arachidonic acid, elaidic acid inhibits HHT and HETE formation while inducing prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis.

Desonide (Prednacinolone) is a synthetic glucocorticosteroid for topical use, with anti-inflammatory activity. Desonide binds to glucocorticoid receptors in the cytoplasm, and the ligand-receptor complex is translocated as a homodimer into the nucleus, where transcription activation via glucocorticoid response elements within glucocorticoid-responsive genes occur. This agent induces transcription of genes coding for anti-inflammatory proteins, including lipocortin-1, interleukin-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and neutral endopeptidase. Increased synthesis of lipocortin-1 has an inhibitory effect on phospholipase A2, which in turn inhibits the release of arachidonic acid, thereby controlling the biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Triamcinolone (Aristocort) is a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Upon cell entry, triamcinolone binds to and activates the glucocorticoid receptor, which leads to translocation of the ligand-receptor complex to the nucleus and induces expression of glucocorticoid-responsive genes such as lipocortins. Lipocortins inhibit phospholipase A2, thereby blocking the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids and preventing the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, both mediators of inflammation. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including interleukin (IL)-1and IL-6, and the activation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes is also inhibited. T-cells are prevented from making IL-2 and proliferating. This agent also decreases the number of circulating lymphocytes, induces cell differentiation, and stimulates apoptosis through increasing Ikappa-B expression and curtailing activation of nuclear factor (NF)kappa-B.

1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-1,3-heptadien-5-one shows strong inhibition of collagen-induced, arachidonic acid-induced, and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation of human whole blood.

Taxacin shows strong inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid (IC(50):21.9 microM). Taxacin can suppress the superoxide generation induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) and arachidonic acid (AA) in a conce

Arachidic acid (Icosanoic Acid) is a saturated fatty acid found naturally in fish and vegetable oils (such as those from peanuts). It can also be formed by the hydrogenation of arachidonic acid. Diets rich in saturated fatty acids, such as arachidic acid, are known to increase serum low-density lipoproteins resulting in high blood cholesterol levels.

1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (DAG) is a diacylglycerol (DAG) substrate that can be hydrolyzed to 2-arachidonic acid glycerol. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol activates PKC, induces Ca2+ influx, and can induce tracheal smooth muscle contraction.