host

Binds to host RecBCD nuclease and inhibits it thereby protecting the viral DNA against recBCD mediated degradation.

Host cell factor 2(HCFC2) is a cytoplasmic protein. It contains 2 fibronectin type-III domains.HCFC2 binds KMT2A/MLL1, as component of the MLL1/MLL complex.Hcfc2 negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter.

Strongly activates transcription when bound to HCFC1. Suppresses the expression of HSV proteins in cells infected with the virus in a HCFC1-dependent manner. Also suppresses the HCFC1-dependent transcriptional activation by CREB3 and reduces the amount of CREB3 in the cell. Able to down-regulate expression of some cellular genes in CREBZF-expressing cells.

Regulation of plaque size and host range. In this strain the truncated ps/hr protein is probably not functional. Vaccinia virus (strain LC16m8) B5 Protein (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 10.6 kDa and the accession number is P24284.

IHF-alpha Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 18.7 kDa and the accession number is P0A6X7.

Plays a role in the dissolution of the outermost membrane of extracellular enveloped virions (EV) to allow virion entry into host cells. Participates also in wrapping mature virions (MV) to form enveloped virions (EV). Vaccinia virus (strain Western Reserve) OPG190 Protein (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.1 kDa and the accession number is Q01227.

This protein is one of the two subunits of integration host factor, a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control.

Regulation of plaque size and host range. Vaccinia virus (strain Lister) OPG190 Protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.2 kDa and the accession number is P24083.

Plays a role in the dissolution of the outermost membrane of extracellular enveloped virions (EEV) to allow virion entry into host cells. Participates also in wrapping intracellular mature virions (IMV) to form intracellular enveloped virions (IEV). Vaccinia virus (strain Copenhagen) OPG190 Protein (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 36.5 kDa and the accession number is P21115.

This protein is one of the two subunits of integration host factor, a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control. IHF-beta Protein, MenB, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.8 kDa and the accession number is P0A0U2.

Plays a role in the dissolution of the outermost membrane of extracellular enveloped virions (EV) to allow virion entry into host cells. Participates also in wrapping mature virions (MV) to form enveloped virions (EV). Vaccinia virus (strain Western Reserve) OPG190 Protein (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.2 kDa and the accession number is Q01227.

Plays a role in the dissolution of the outermost membrane of extracellular enveloped virions (EEV) to allow virion entry into host cells. Participates also in wrapping intracellular mature virions (IMV) to form intracellular enveloped virions (IEV). Vaccinia virus (strain Copenhagen) OPG190 Protein (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 31.1 kDa and the accession number is P21115.

Regulation of plaque size and host range. In this strain the truncated ps/hr protein is probably not functional. Vaccinia virus (strain LC16m8) B5 Protein (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.1 kDa and the accession number is P24284.

Lithostathine-1/Reg1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli.

Interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) is a cytokine that plays physiologically important roles in promoting innate and adaptive immune responses. The absence of IFN gamma production or cellular responsiveness in humans and experimental animals significantly predisposes the host to microbial infection, a result that validates the physiologic importance of this cytokine in preventing infectious disease. IFN gamma Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.1 kDa and the accession number is P01579.

Interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) is a cytokine that plays physiologically important roles in promoting innate and adaptive immune responses. The absence of IFN gamma production or cellular responsiveness in humans and experimental animals significantly predisposes the host to microbial infection, a result that validates the physiologic importance of this cytokine in preventing infectious disease. IFN gamma Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.1 kDa and the accession number is P01579.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes invasive infections in human newborns. the GBS β-protein attenuates innate immune responses by binding to sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 5 (Siglec-5), an inhibitory receptor on phagocytes.the polymorphism could influence the risk of prematurity among human fetuses of mothers colonized with GBS. This first functionally proven example of a paired receptor system in the Siglec family has multiple implications for regulation of host immunity.

Factor H is the major soluble inhibitor of complement, where its binding to self markers (i.e., particular glycan structures) prevents complement activation and amplification on host surfaces. Not surprisingly, mutations and polymorphisms that affect recognition of self by factor H are associated with diseases of complement dysregulation, such as age-related macular degeneration and atypical haemolytic uremic syndrome. In addition, pathogens (i.e., non-self) and cancer cells (i.e., altered-self) can hijack factor H to evade the immune response.

Although platelets are best known for their role in hemostasis, they are also crucial in development, host defense, inflammation, and tissue repair. Many of these roles are regulated by the immune-like receptors glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and C-type lectin receptor 2 (CLEC-2), which signal through an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). GPVI is activated by collagen in the subendothelial matrix, by fibrin and fibrinogen in the thrombus, and by a remarkable number of other ligands. GPVI Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28 kDa and the accession number is Q9HCN6-1.

ITGB6 is known to be one of the major receptor components involved in host tropism of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus in cattle. A competitive PCR technique called ARMS PCR was adapted to identify a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), G29A, db SNP Id: rs109075046, in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of the bovine ITGB6 gene. ITGB6 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 75.7 kDa and the accession number is Q9Z0T9.

Functions as a porin. Induces apoptosis in human cell lines through caspase-dependent and AIF-dependent pathways. Purified Omp38 enters host cell and localizes to the mitochondria, which presumably leads to a release of proapoptotic molecules such as cytochrome c and AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor). Binds peptidoglycan, contributes to cell wall maintenance (Probable). Outer membrane protein Omp38, Acinetobacter baumannii, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 44.0 kDa and the accession number is Q6RYW5.

Secreted, cytolytic toxin that forms pores in host membranes after proteolytic removal of a C-terminal propeptide, leading to destruction of the membrane permeability barrier and cell death. The pores are formed by transmembrane beta-strands and are approximately 3 nm in diameter.

Cysteine protease that plays an essential role in host liquefaction to facilitate horizontal transmission of the virus. Accumulates within infected cells as an inactive proenzyme (proV-CATH), which is activated by proteolytic cleavage upon cell death. AcMNPV Viral cathepsin Protein (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 39.9 kDa and the accession number is P25783.

Cell surface adhesion protein which mediates both yeast-to-host tissue adherence and yeast aggregation. Plays an important role in the biofilm formation and pathogenesis of C.albicans infections. Necessary for C.albicans to bind to N-cadherin on endothelial cells and E-cadherin on oral epithelial cells and subsequent endocytosis by these cells. During disseminated infection, mediates initial trafficking to the brain and renal cortex and contributes to fungal persistence in the kidneys. ALS3 Protein, Candida albicans, Recombinant (B2M & His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis-B2M and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 37.9 kDa and the accession number is O74623.

In elementary bodies (EBs, the infectious stage, which is able to survive outside the host cell) provides the structural integrity of the outer envelope through disulfide cross-links with the small cysteine-rich protein and the large cysteine-rich periplasmic protein. It has been described in publications as the Sarkosyl-insoluble COMC (Chlamydia outer membrane complex), and serves as the functional equivalent of peptidoglycan.; Permits diffusion of specific solutes through the outer membrane. MOMP Protein, Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 56.3 kDa and the accession number is P06597.

CDTs are cytotoxins which induce host cell distension, growth arrest in G2/M phase, nucleus swelling, and chromatin fragmentation in HeLa cells. CdtA, along with CdtC, probably forms a heterodimeric subunit required for the delivery of CdtB.

Endolysin with lysozyme activity that degrades host peptidoglycans and participates with the holin and spanin proteins in the sequential events which lead to the programmed host cell lysis releasing the mature viral particles. Once the holin has permeabilized the host cell membrane, the endolysin can reach the periplasm and break down the peptidoglycan layer.

Prevents premature death of the host cell during virus production, which would otherwise reduce the amount of progeny virus. Acts as a host B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) homolog, and interacts with pro-apoptotic proteins to prevent mitochondria permeabilization, release of cytochrome c and subsequent apoptosis of the host cell.

Plays a key role in the activation of the host resting B-cell and stimulation of B-cell proliferation. Acts by up-regulating the expression of viral EBNA1-6, LMP1, LMP2A and LMP2B genes, as well as several host genes including CD21, CD23 and MYC. Activates transcription by acting as an adapter molecule that binds to cellular sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins such as host CBF1, SMARCB1 and SPI1. Once EBNA2 is near promoter sites, its acidic activating domain recruits basal and activation-associated transcription factors TFIIB, TAF40, TFIIH components ERCC2 and ERCC3, and CBP in order to promote transcription. Alternatively, EBNA2 can affect activities of cell cycle regulators and retard cell cycle progression at G2/M phase. It also induces chromosomal instability, by disrupting mitotic checkpoints, multi-nucleation and formation of micronuclei in infected cells.

Fimbriae (also called pili), polar filaments radiating from the surface of the bacterium to a length of 0.5-1.5 micrometers and numbering 100-300 per cell, enable bacteria to colonize the epithelium of specific host organs.; FanC is the main component of the K99 fimbriae. K99 fimbrial Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 32.5 kDa and the accession number is P18103.

Fimbriae (also called pili), polar filaments radiating from the surface of the bacterium to a length of 0.5-1.5 micrometers and numbering 100-300 per cell, enable bacteria to colonize the epithelium of specific host organs. F17 fimbrial Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 32.4 kDa and the accession number is P11312.

Acts as a CD40 functional homolog to prevent apoptosis of infected B-lymphocytes and drive their proliferation. Functions as a constitutively active tumor necrosis factor receptor that induces the activation of several signaling pathways, including those of the NF-kappa-B family. LMP1 signaling leads to up-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins and provide growth signals in latently infected cells. Interacts with host UBE2I and subsequently affects the sumoylation state of several cellular proteins. For example, induces the sumoylation of host IRF7 thereby limiting its transcriptional activity and modulating the activation of innate immune responses. Inhibits also host IFN-alpha-stimulated STAT2 nuclear translocation and interferon-stimulated response element transcriptional activity by interacting with and inhibiting host TYK2.

Fimbriae (also called pili), polar filaments radiating from the surface of the bacterium to a length of 0.5-1.5 micrometers and numbering 100-300 per cell, enable bacteria to colonize the epithelium of specific host organs.; FanC is the main component of the K99 fimbriae.

Encapsidates the genome protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the nucleocapsid (NC) and serves as template for transcription and replication. Seems to participate in the nuclear relocalization of host PABP1, thereby inhibiting host cellular translation. Bunyavirus La Crosse Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 28.5 kDa and the accession number is P04873.

Promotes both transcription and replication of genomic RNA. Following virus entry into host cell, provides nuclear import of HDV RNPs thanks to its nuclear localization signal. May interact with host RNA polymerase II thereby changing its template requirement from DNA to RNA. RNA pol II complex would then acts as an RNA-directed RNA polymerase, and transcribe and replicate HDV genome. Hepatitis delta virus genotype I (HDV) Small delta antigen Protein (His & Myc) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 25.4 kDa and the accession number is P06934.

Forms spikes that protrude from each vertex of the icosahedral capsid. Interacts with host receptor CD46 to provide virion initial attachment to target cell. Fiber proteins are shed during virus entry, when virus is still at the cell surface. Human adenovirus B serotype 11 (strain BC34) Fiber protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40.6 kDa and the accession number is P35773.

Major attachment protein that mediates binding of the virus to cell surface heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate. Plays also a role in host immune evasion by inhibiting the host complement cascade activation. Human herpesvirus 2 (HHV-2) (strain HG52) Envelope glycoprotein C (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 50.5 kDa and the accession number is Q89730.

Binds to sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the cell. This attachment induces virion internalization either through clathrin-dependent endocytosis or through clathrin- and caveolin-independent pathway. Plays a major role in the determination of host range restriction and virulence. Class I viral fusion protein. Responsible for penetration of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by mediating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytosed virus particle with the endosomal membrane. Low pH in endosomes induces an irreversible conformational change in HA2, releasing the fusion hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are required to form a competent fusion pore.

Forms a proton-selective ion channel that is necessary for the efficient release of the viral genome during virus entry. After attaching to the cell surface, the virion enters the cell by endocytosis. Acidification of the endosome triggers M2 ion channel activity. The influx of protons into virion interior is believed to disrupt interactions between the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP), matrix protein 1 (M1), and lipid bilayers, thereby freeing the viral genome from interaction with viral proteins and enabling RNA segments to migrate to the host cell nucleus, where influenza virus RNA transcription and replication occur. Also plays a role in viral proteins secretory pathway. Elevates the intravesicular pH of normally acidic compartments, such as trans-Golgi network, preventing newly formed hemagglutinin from premature switching to the fusion-active conformation.

Encapsidates the negative strand viral RNA, protecting it from nucleases. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and serves as template for transcription and replication. The RNP needs to be localized in the host nucleus to start an infectious cycle, but is too large to diffuse through the nuclear pore complex. NP comprises at least 2 nuclear localization signals that are responsible for the active RNP import into the nucleus through cellular importin alpha/beta pathway. Later in the infection, nclear export of RNPs are mediated through viral proteins NEP interacting with M1 which binds nucleoproteins. It is possible that nucleoprotein binds directly host exportin-1/XPO1 and plays an active role in RNPs nuclear export. M1 interaction with RNP seems to hide nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals. Soon after a virion infects a new cell, M1 dissociates from the RNP under acidification of the virion driven by M2 protein. Dissociation of M1 from RNP unmasks nucleoprotein's nuclear localization signals, targeting the RNP to the nucleus.

Binds and inhibits the conjugation of the ubiquitin-like G1P2/ISG15 protein to its target proteins. Since G1P2/ISG15 is an early antiviral protein, NS1 may inhibit the host antiviral response. Prevents EIF2AK2/PKR activation, either by binding double strand RNA or by interacting directly with EIF2AK2/PKR. Also binds poly(A) and U6 snRNA.

Plays an essential role virus particle assembly and budding. Promotes virus assembly and budding by interacting with host proteins of the multivesicular body pathway. The interaction with host E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF2 facilitates virus budding. The interaction with the nucleocapsid and the plasma membrane may also facilitate virus budding. Specific interactions with membrane-associated GP and VP24 during the budding process may also occur. May play a role in genome replication.

Plasma membrane-anchored serine protease that participates in proteolytic cascades of relevance for the normal physiologic function of the prostate. Androgen-induced TMPRSS2 activates several substrates that include pro-hepatocyte growth factor/HGF, the protease activated receptor-2/F2RL1 or matriptase/ST14 leading to extracellular matrix disruption and metastasis of prostate cancer cells. In addition, activates trigeminal neurons and contribute to both spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia.; (Microbial infection) Facilitates human coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections via two independent mechanisms, proteolytic cleavage of ACE2 receptor which promotes viral uptake, and cleavage of coronavirus spike glycoproteins which activates the glycoprotein for host cell entry. Upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, increases syncytia formation by accelerating the fusion process. Proteolytically cleaves and activates the spike glycoproteins of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and human coronavirus EMC (HCoV-EMC) and the fusion glycoproteins F0 of Sendai virus (SeV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4a and 4b viruses (HPIV). Essential for spread and pathogenesis of influenza A virus (strains H1N1, H3N2 and H7N9); involved in proteolytic cleavage and activation of hemagglutinin (HA) protein which is essential for viral infectivity.

Plasma membrane-anchored serine protease that participates in proteolytic cascades of relevance for the normal physiologic function of the prostate. Androgen-induced TMPRSS2 activates several substrates that include pro-hepatocyte growth factor/HGF, the protease activated receptor-2/F2RL1 or matriptase/ST14 leading to extracellular matrix disruption and metastasis of prostate cancer cells. In addition, activates trigeminal neurons and contribute to both spontaneous pain and mechanical allodynia.; (Microbial infection) Facilitates human coronaviruses SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 infections via two independent mechanisms, proteolytic cleavage of ACE2 receptor which promotes viral uptake, and cleavage of coronavirus spike glycoproteins which activates the glycoprotein for host cell entry. Upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, increases syncytia formation by accelerating the fusion process. Proteolytically cleaves and activates the spike glycoproteins of human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and human coronavirus EMC (HCoV-EMC) and the fusion glycoproteins F0 of Sendai virus (SeV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4a and 4b viruses (HPIV). Essential for spread and pathogenesis of influenza A virus (strains H1N1, H3N2 and H7N9); involved in proteolytic cleavage and activation of hemagglutinin (HA) protein which is essential for viral infectivity.

Endosomal receptor that plays a key role in innate and adaptive immunity. Controls host immune response against pathogens through recognition of uridine-containing single strand RNAs (ssRNAs) of viral origin or guanosine analogs. Upon binding to agonists, undergoes dimerization that brings TIR domains from the two molecules into direct contact, leading to the recruitment of TIR-containing downstream adapter MYD88 through homotypic interaction. In turn, the Myddosome signaling complex is formed involving IRAK4, IRAK1, TRAF6, TRAF3 leading to activation of downstream transcription factors NF-kappa-B and IRF7 to induce proinflammatory cytokines and interferons, respectively.

A secreted protein. Acts as a strong host T-cell antigen. Plays a number of roles in modulating the host's immune response to infection as well as being responsible for bacterial escape into the host cytoplasm. ESAT-6 Protein, Mycobacterium bovis, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 17.2 kDa and the accession number is P0A565.

Neisseria acquires iron by extracting it from serum transferrin (TF) in its human host. Acts as a TF receptor and is required for TF utilization. Binds both apo- and holo-TF, via the TF C-terminus.

Mediates the viral entry into the host cell together with fusion/F protein. Attaches the virus to sialic acid-containing cell receptors and thereby initiates infection. Binding of HN protein to the receptor induces a conformational change that allows the F protein to trigger virion/cell membranes fusion.; Neuraminidase activity ensures the efficient spread of the virus by dissociating the mature virions from the neuraminic acid containing glycoproteins. Newcastle disease virus (NDV) (strain Her/33) Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase Protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.1 kDa and the accession number is P35741.

Responsible for the antigenic diversity for host adaptation. Expression in E.coli of a construct containing vlpD, vlpE, and vlpF yields antigenically distinguishable products corresponding to each gene.

During the asexual blood stage, participates in initial cleavage of native host hemoglobin (Hb) resulting in Hb denaturation. May cleave preferentially denatured hemoglobin that has been cleaved by PMI. Digestion of host Hb is an essential step which provides the parasite with amino acids for protein synthesis, and regulates osmolarity (Probable). Plasmepsin-2 Protein, Plasmodium falciparum, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 40.8 kDa and the accession number is P46925.