metastasis

MTSS1 (Metastasis suppressor 1), also known as Missing in metastasis (MIM), is a tissue-specific regulator of plasma membrane dynamics. MTSS1 is well described for its function as a metastasis suppressor gene and is expressed in a variety of tissues. MTSS1 might be involved in shaping neuronal membranes in vivo. MTSS1 deforms phosphoinositide-rich membranes through its I-BAR domain and interacts with actin monomers through its WH2 domain. MTSS1/MIM was first identified as a metastasis suppressor missing in metastatic bladder carcinoma cell lines. MTSS1 is a prognostic indicator of disease-free survival in breast cancer patients and demonstrates the ability to play a role in governing the metastatic nature of breast cancer cells. MTSS1 may serve as a useful biomarker for the prediction of the outcome of gastric cancer. The down-regulation of MTSS1 that may be caused by DNA methylation was also observed in many other types of cancer. Recent work proposed that MIM also potentiates Sonic hedgehog (Shh)-induced gene expression. MTSS1 is a multiple functional molecular and has an important role in development, carcinogenesis, and metastasis.

CST7 is a secreted protein and primarily expressed in peripheral blood cells and spleen.It is belongs to the cystatin family. The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. There are three inhibitory families in the superfamily, including the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. The type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in a variety of human fluids and secretions. This gene encodes a glycosylated cysteine protease inhibitor with a putative role in immune regulation through inhibition of a unique target in the hematopoietic system.

Mouse Cystatin F belongs to cystatin superfamily, which encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. It has been shown that Cystatin F is selectively expressed by hematopoietic cells and may be a biomarker for both liver metastasis and inflammatory lung disorders. Mouse Cystatin F inhibits papain and cathepsin L but with affinities lower than other cystatins. It may play a role in immune regulation through inhibition of a unique target in the hematopoietic system.

Serpin A5 is a member of the human Serpin superfamily consists of at least 35 members. It is synthesized in the liver and has been detected in saliva, cerebral spinal fluid, amniotic fluid, tears and semen. As a potent inhibitor of the protein C anticoagulant pathway at the levels of both zymogen activation and enzyme inhibition, Serpin A5 additionally inhibits a variety of serine protease including thrombin, factor Xa, several kallekreins and acrosin. It plays a critical role in the processes of blood of blood coagulation and fertilization. Serpin A5 also inhibits urinary plasminogen activator (uPA), a mediator of tumor cell invasion, and regulates tumor growth and metastasis by inhibiting angiogenesis. Furthermore, recent studies have identified PCI as a potent and direct inhibitor of activated HGFA (hepatocyte growth factor activator), suggesting a novel function in the regulation of tissue repair and regeneration. Similar to Serpins C1 and D1, the thrombin inhibitory activity of serpinA5 is enhanced by heparin.

MMP3 is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family whose members are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, tissue remodeling, and disease processes including arthritis and metastasis. The MMP-3 enzyme degrades collagen types II, III, IV, IX, and X, proteoglycans, fibronectin, laminin, and elastin. In addition, MMP-3 can also activate other MMPs such as MMP-1, MMP-7, and MMP-9, rendering MMP-3 crucial in connective tissue remodeling.[3] The enzyme is thought to be involved in wound repair, progression of atherosclerosis, and tumor initiation.

Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) family, and its inhibitors can specifically break the kinase signaling nodes, allowing advanced patients to regain drug sensitivity with improved therapeutic efficacy. Overexpression and activation of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase have been widely accepted to promote cell proliferation, chemotherapy resistance, invasion, and metastasis in several human cancers, such as lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. AXL Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 48.7 kDa and the accession number is P30530-1.

Brain metastasis (BM) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a very poor prognosis. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of cell adhesion molecules in tumor metastasis.Elevated levels of ALCAM expression promote BM formation in NSCLC through increased tumor cell dissemination and interaction with the brain endothelial cells. Therefore, ALCAM could be targeted to reduce the occurrence of BM. ALCAM Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 58.9 kDa and the accession number is Q13740-1.

Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor, originally reported as the product of a retinoic acid-responsive gene during embryogenesis, but currently viewed as a multifaceted factor contributing to both normal tissue homeostasis and disease development. Midkine is abnormally expressed at high levels in various human malignancies and acts as a mediator for the acquisition of critical hallmarks of cancer, including cell growth, survival, metastasis, migration, and angiogenesis. Midkine Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.03 kDa and the accession number is P12025.

Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3, also known as PTP4A1, PTP4A2, and PTP4A3) control magnesium homeostasis through an association with the CNNM magnesium transport regulators. PTP4A3 (PRL-3) plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of multiple tumors.

Transmembrane-4-L-six-family-1(TM4SF1), a four-transmembrane L6 family member, is highly expressed in various pancreatic cancer cell lines and promotes cancer cells metastasis. It is upregulated in several epithelial cancers and is closely associated with poor prognosis.

Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3, also known as PTP4A1, PTP4A2, and PTP4A3) control magnesium homeostasis through an association with the CNNM magnesium transport regulators. PRL-1 (PTP4A1) is a key molecule that activates tyrosine phosphorylation, which is important for cancer progression and metastasis.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 75 kDa and the accession number is F6TPM5.

Fibronectin is a high-molecular weight glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that binds to membrane-spanning receptor proteins called integrins. Similar to integrins, fibronectin binds extracellular matrix components such as collagen, fibrin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Fibronectin plays a major role in cell adhesion, growth, migration, and differentiation, and it is important for processes such as wound healing and embryonic development. Altered fibronectin expression, degradation, and organization has been associated with a number of pathologies, including cancer and fibrosis. Anastellin binds fibronectin and induces fibril formation. This fibronectin polymer, named superfibronectin, exhibits enhanced adhesive properties. Both anastellin and superfibronectin inhibit tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Anastellin activates p38 MAPK and inhibits lysophospholipid signaling.

Galectin 1 (Gal-1), a β-galactoside binding mammalian lectin of 14KDa, is implicated in many signalling pathways, immune responses associated with cancer progression and immune disorders. Inhibition of human Gal-1 has been regarded as one of the potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer, as it plays a major role in tumour development and metastasis by modulating various biological functions viz. apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration, cell immune escape.

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates the polyubiquitination of lysine and cysteine residues on target proteins, such as CD3D, CYP3A4, CFTR, INSIG1, SOAT2/ACAT2 and APOB for proteasomal degradation. Component of a VCP/p97-AMFR/gp78 complex that participates in the final step of endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD). The VCP/p97-AMFR/gp78 complex is involved in the sterol-accelerated ERAD degradation of HMGCR through binding to the HMGCR-INSIG1 complex at the ER membrane. In addition, interaction of AMFR with AUP1 facilitates interaction of AMFR with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2G2 and ubiquitin ligase RNF139, leading to sterol-induced HMGCR ubiquitination. The ubiquitinated HMGCR is then released from the ER into the cytosol for subsequent destruction. In addition to ubiquitination on lysine residues, catalyzes ubiquitination on cysteine residues: together with INSIG1, mediates polyubiquitination of SOAT2/ACAT2 at 'Cys-277', leading to its degradation when the lipid levels are low. Catalyzes ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of INSIG1 when cells are depleted of sterols. Mediates polyubiquitination of INSIG2 at 'Cys-215' in some tissues, leading to its degradation. Also regulates ERAD through the ubiquitination of UBL4A a component of the BAG6/BAT3 complex. Also acts as a scaffold protein to assemble a complex that couples ubiquitination, retranslocation and deglycosylation. Mediates tumor invasion and metastasis as a receptor for the GPI/autocrine motility factor. In association with LMBR1L and UBAC2, negatively regulates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in the lymphocytes by promoting the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of CTNNB1 and Wnt receptors FZD6 and LRP6.

Integral membrane protein associated with integrins, which regulates different processes, such as sperm-egg fusion, platelet activation and aggregation, and cell adhesion. Present at the cell surface of oocytes and plays a key role in sperm-egg fusion, possibly by organizing multiprotein complexes and the morphology of the membrane required for the fusion. In myoblasts, associates with CD81 and PTGFRN and inhibits myotube fusion during muscle regeneration. In macrophages, associates with CD9 and beta-1 and beta-2 integrins, and prevents macrophage fusion into multinucleated giant cells specialized in ingesting complement-opsonized large particles. Also prevents the fusion between mononuclear cell progenitors into osteoclasts in charge of bone resorption. Acts as a receptor for PSG17. Involved in platelet activation and aggregation. Regulates paranodal junction formation. Involved in cell adhesion, cell motility and tumor metastasis. Also regulates integrin-dependent migration of macrophages, particularly relevant for inflammatory response in the lung.

The translational suppressor eIF4E binding protein-1, 4E-BP1 functions as a key regulator in cellular growth, differentiation, apoptosis and survival. The Eif4ebp1 gene, encoding 4E-BP1, is a direct target of a transcription factor activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4), a master regulator of gene expression in stress responses. 4E-BP1 is characterized by its capacity to bind specifically to eIF4E and inhibit its interaction with eIF4G. Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 regulates eIF4E availability, and therefore, cap-dependent translation, in cell stress. Binding of eIF4E to eIF4G is inhibited in a competitive manner by 4E-BP1. Phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 decreases the affinity of this protein for eIF4E, thus favouring the binding of eIF4G and enhancing translation. 4E-BP1 is important for beta-cell survival under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. 4E-BP1 mediates the regulation of protein translation by hormones, growth factors and other stimuli that signal through the MAP kinase and mTORC1 pathways. Recently, 4E-BP1 was found to be a key factor, which converges several oncogenic signals, phosphorylates the molecules, and drives the downstream proliferative signals. Recent studies showed that high expression of phosphorylated 4E-BP-1 (p-4E-BP1) is associated with poor prognosis, tumor progression, or nodal metastasis in different human cancers.

TPPP3, a member of the Tubulin polymerization-promoting protein family, is an intrinsically unstructured protein that induces tubulin polymerization. TPPP3 is a marker in the developing musculoskeletal system. In tendons, Tppp3 is expressed in cells at the circumference of the developing tendons, likely the progenitors of connective tissues that surround tendons: the tendon sheath, epitenon, and paratenon. Tppp3 is also expressed in forming synovial joints. The onset of Tppp3 expression in joints coincides with cavitation, representing a molecular marker that can be used to indicate this stage in joint transition in joint differentiation. In late embryonic stages, Tppp3 expression highlights other demarcation lines that surround differentiating tissues in the forelimb. Depletion of TPPP3 by microRNA-based RNA interference (RNAi) inhibits cell growth, arrests cell cycles, and causes mitotic abnormalities in HeLa cells. C57BL/6 mice that received subcutaneously injected LLC (Lewis lung carcinoma) cells in which TPPP3 was knocked down showed a pronounced reduction in tumor progression. The migration/invasion activity of TPPP3-knockdown LLC cells was significantly suppressed in a transwell chamber migration assay. When these cells were injected into the tail veins of C57BL/6 mice, they exhibited milder lung metastasis compared with control tumor cells. Taken together, these findings suggested that the TPPP3 gene played an important role in tumorigenesis and metastasis, and it could potentially become a novel target for cancer therapy.

Angiopoietin-like protein 1 (ANGPTL1) has been reported to suppress migration and invasion in lung and breast cancer, acting as a novel tumor suppressor candidate. Downregulation of tumor suppressor signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).The downregulation of the angiopoietin-like protein ANGPTL1 is associated with vascular invasion, tumor thrombus, metastasis, and poor prognosis in HCC. Ectopic expression of ANGPTL1 in HCC cells effectively decreased their in vitro and in vivotumorigenicity, cell motility, and angiogenesis. shRNA-mediated depletion of ANGPTL1 exerted opposing effects. ANGPTL1 promoted apoptosis via inhibition of the STAT3/Bcl-2-mediated antiapoptotic pathway and decreased cell migration and invasion via downregulation of transcription factors SNAIL and SLUG. Furthermore, ANGPTL1 inhibited angiogenesis by attenuating ERK and AKT signaling and interacted with integrin α1β1 receptor to suppress the downstream FAK/Src-JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway. Taken together, these results suggest ANGPTL1 as a prognostic biomarker and novel therapeutic agent in HCC. ANGPTL1 expression was down-regulated in CRC tissues and inversely correlated with poor survival. ANGPTL1 repressed migration and invasion of CRC cells, and microRNA-138 was involved in this process. Angiopoietin-like protein 1 (ANGPTL1) has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting angiogenesis, cancer invasion, and metastasis.

Casein kinase I isoform alpha, also known as CKI-alpha, CK1 and CSNK1A1, is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to theprotein kinase superfamily, CK1 Ser/Thr protein kinase family and casein kinase I subfamily. Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. High expression of CSNK2A1, or concomitantly high expression of CSNK2A1, are independent prognostic factors of poor survival in NSCLC patients. CSNK2A1 are useful prognosis markers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients after complete resection, independent of lymph node metastasis status. CSNK1A1 can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. It participates in Wnt signaling. It phosphorylates CTNNB1 at 'Ser-45'. CSNK1A1 may play a role in segregating chromosomes during mitosis.

Platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFA) is frequently upregulated in various cancers and thought to function as a key player in the development and progression of tumor growth by regulating aspects of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. The human platelet-derived growth factor A chain gene (PDGFA) on chromosome 7p22 encodes an important mitogen. Within PDGFA lies a complex minisatellite structure that results in partial duplications of exon 4 and the IVS4 splice donor site. PDGFA Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.5 kDa and the accession number is Q99L56.

Anterior Gradient Protein 2(AG-2) and Anterior Gradient Protein 3 (AG-3) are human homologues of genes involved in differentiation, are associated with oestrogen receptor-positive breast tumours and interact with metastasis gene C4.4a and dystroglycan (hAG-3 protein). AG-3 could serve as a prognostic marker for survival in patients with low grade and high grade serous ovarian carcinomas.

Cathepsin L is an enzyme. Cathepsin L, a lysosomal endopeptidase expressed in most eukaryotic cells, is a member of the papain-like family of cysteine proteinases. Cathepsin L plays a major role in antigen processing, tumor invasion and metastasis, bone resorption, and turnover of intracellular and secreted proteins involved in growth regulation. Unlike the precursor forms of other papain family members, the 43 kDa pro-cathepsin L itself is secreted from various cells. Pro-cathepsin L is the major excreted protein of malignantly transformed mouse fibroblasts and is also one of the major acidic cysteine proteases in mammalian cells.

Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) family, and its inhibitors can specifically break the kinase signaling nodes, allowing advanced patients to regain drug sensitivity with improved therapeutic efficacy. Overexpression and activation of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase have been widely accepted to promote cell proliferation, chemotherapy resistance, invasion, and metastasis in several human cancers, such as lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. AXL Protein (Primary Amine Labeling), Human, Recombinant (hFc), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 72.6 kDa and the accession number is P30530-1.

Amphiregulin (AREG) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and is expressed in a plethora of cancers. Tumour growth and metastasis were decreased by AREG silencing in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. AREG may play a critical role in cell migration, invasion, and EMT by activating the EGFR/ERK/NF‑κB signalling pathway in pancreatic cancer cells.

Galectin 1(Gal-1), a β-galactoside binding mammalian lectin of 14KDa, is implicated in many signalling pathways, immune responses associated with cancer progression and immune disorders. Inhibition of human Gal-1 has been regarded as one of the potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer, as it plays a major role in tumour development and metastasis by modulating various biological functions viz. apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration, cell immune escape.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 30-368, His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 39.03 kDa and the accession number is Q9H5V8-1.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 73.2 kDa and the accession number is F6TPM5.

The placental anticoagulant protein Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is a multifunctional protein that is highly expressed on the apical surfaces of syncytiotrophoblasts, and plays an important role in haemostatic regulations, maintaining blood fluidity of the placenta. Annexin A5 (ANXA5) is a protein abundantly expressed in normal placenta where it contributes to the healthy outcome of a pregnancy. Lower ANXA5 levels have been observed in M2/ANXA5 haplotype carrying chorion. The association found between the maternal carriage of the M2/ANXA5 haplotype and an elevated risk of IUGR and/or PE supports the hypothesis that carrier status of this haplotype and the consequently reduced placental ANXA5 expression might be responsible, at least partially, for the onset of these gestational vascular complications. ANXA5 could be used as a biomarker for the early detection of PE and for the prediction of its severity. ANXA5 as an embryonic anticoagulant that appears deficient in contiguous specter of thrombophilia-related pregnancy complications culminating more frequently in miscarriage in a maternal M2 carrier background. As a potential indicator for malignancy and lymphatic metastasis, ANXA5 overexpression increases in vitro migration and invasion of Hca-P cell, promotes in vivo malignancy, LNM rate and level of Hca-P-transplanted mice. Hereditary thrombophilias can impair vascular placental functions and predispose to the birth of small-for-gestational age (SGA) babies. The placental anticoagulant protein annexin A5 (ANXA5) may contribute to this process. A functional haplotype (M2) within the ANXA5 gene is associated with fetal loss and venous thrombosis.

ITGB1 (Integrin Subunit Beta 1) is a Protein Coding gene. This gene encodes a beta subunit, which is a type 1 transmembrane protein of the integrin beta chain family. ITGB1 is a heterodimeric cell-surface receptor involved in cell functions such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. ITGB1 has been recognized to play a major role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Using luciferase assays, the researcher identified ITGB1 as a direct target of miR-134. ITGB1 is a direct target of miR-493-5p suggesting that ITGB1 and miR-493-5p may have potential prognostic value and may be useful as tumor biomarkers for the diagnosis of NSCLC patients. Diseases associated with ITGB1 include Gallbladder Cancer and Breast Cancer.

MMP1, also known as MMP-1, contains 4 hemopexin-like domains and is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. Matrix metalloproteases, also called matrixins, are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are the major proteases involved in ECM degradation. MMPs are capable of degrading a wide range of extracellular molecules and some bioactive molecules. MMP activity is regulated by two major endogenous inhibitors: alpha2-macroglobulin and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs). MMPs play a central role in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and host defenses. Dysregulation of MMPs has been implicated in many diseases including arthritis, chronic ulcers, encephalomyelitis, and cancer. Tumour metastasis is a multistep process involving the dissemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor to secondary at a distant organ or tissue. One of the first steps in metastasis is the degradation of the basement membrane, a process in which MMPs have been implicated. MMPs are secreted by tumor cells themselves or by surrounding stromal cells stimulated by the nearby tumor. Numerous studies have linked altered MMP expression in different human cancers with poor disease prognosis. MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -13 and -14 all have elevated expression in primary tumors and/or metastases. MMP-1 cleaves collagens of types I, II, and III at one site in the helical domain. It also cleaves collagens of types VII and X. In case of HIV infection, MMP1 interacts and cleaves the secreted viral Tat protein, leading to a decrease in neuronal Tat's mediated neurotoxicity.

KMT5A (known as PR-Set7/9, SETD8 and SET8), a member of the SET domain containing methyltransferase family specifically targeting H4K20 for methylation, has been implicated in multiple biological processes. Inhibition of KMT5A attenuated proliferation and induced apoptosis. Elevated KMT5A expression was significantly correlated with extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis and advanced pathological stage of papillary thyroid cancer. KMT5A may be a novel oncogenic factor, specifically a regulator for lipid metabolism in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

MMP19, also known as RASI-1, is a member of the peptidase M1A family. It contains 4 hemopexin-like domains and is expressed in the mammary gland, placenta, lung, pancreas, ovary, small intestine, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis colon, heart, and blood vessel walls. It is a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). Proteins of the MMP family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. MMP19 may play a role in pathological processes participating in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated joint tissue destruction. Autoantigen anti-MMP19 is frequent in RA patients.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 (EIF5A2) has been demonstrated to be upregulated in numerous types of human cancer and is associated with cancer progression. Silencing of EIF5A2 in the NSCLC cells resulted in the downregulation of the tumorigenic proteins, apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 and myc proto-oncogene protein, and upregulation of E-cadherin, suggesting that EIF5A2 promotes proliferation and metastasis through these proteins. EIF5A2 may therefore serve as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of NSCLC. EIF5A2 might be a novel therapeutic target for the inhibition of NPC progress. EIF5A2 overexpression may contribute to cancer progression and poor prognosis, it could be a novel potential prognostic marker for FIGO stage I-II cervical cancer. EIF5A2 upregulation plays an important oncogenic role in gastric cancer. EIF5A2 may represent a new predictor for poor survival and is a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer. The eukaryotic initiation factor 5A2 (EIF5A2) over-expression enhances HCC cell metastasis. EIF5A2, as a target of PI3K/Akt, promotes melanoma cell invasion and may serve as a promising prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for melanoma.

AKT (AK mouse plus Transforming or Thymoma) is a frequent oncogene expressed in most tissues which includes three isoforms AKT1, AKT2, and AKT3. Hyperactivation of AKT signaling is a central key in many human cancer progressions, through modulating angiogenesis, tumor growth, and cell migration, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Among all three isoforms, AKT2 is most related to cancer cell invasion, metastasis, and survival. Amplification and overexpression of AKT2 have been shown in many cancers. Accumulating evidence shows the potential role of different miRNA involvements in cancer progression by activating or suppressing AKT2 expression. The AKT2/NAB1/SPK1 pathway is a novel regulating factor of macrophage migration and cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. The novel mechanism of the AKT2-PKM2-STAT3/NF-kappaB axis in the regulation of ovarian cancer progression, that both AKT2 and PKM2 may be potential targets for the treatment of ovarian cancer. AKT1 and AKT2, the AKT isoforms that are highly expressed in skeletal muscle, have distinct and overlapping functions, with AKT2 more important for insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism. In adipocytes, AKT2 versus AKT1 has greater susceptibility for insulin-mediated redistribution from cytosolic to membrane localization, and insulin also causes subcellular redistribution of AKT Substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), an AKT2 substrate and crucial mediator of insulin-stimulated glucose transport.

Platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFA) is frequently upregulated in various cancers and thought to function as a key player in the development and progression of tumor growth by regulating aspects of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. The human platelet-derived growth factor A chain gene (PDGFA) on chromosome 7p22 encodes an important mitogen. Within PDGFA lies a complex minisatellite structure that results in partial duplications of exon 4 and the IVS4 splice donor site. PDGFA Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.5 kDa and the accession number is A0A8C0M6T8.

Platelet-derived growth factor alpha (PDGFA) is frequently upregulated in various cancers and thought to function as a key player in the development and progression of tumor growth by regulating aspects of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. The human platelet-derived growth factor A chain gene (PDGFA) on chromosome 7p22 encodes an important mitogen. Within PDGFA lies a complex minisatellite structure that results in partial duplications of exon 4 and the IVS4 splice donor site. PDGFA Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.5 kDa and the accession number is AAB26134.2.

The Galectin family of proteins, with specificity for Nacetyllactosamine containing glycoproteins, consists of beta-galactoside binding lectins containing homologous carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs).They also possess hemagglutination activity, which is attributable to their bivalent carbohydrate binding properties. Galectins are active both intracellularly and extracellularly. Although they are localized primarily in the cytoplasm and lack a classical signal peptide; they can be secreted by one or more as yet unidentified non-classical secretory pathways. They have diverse effects on many cellular functions including adhesion, migration, polarity, chemotaxis, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Galectins may play a key role in many pathological states, including autoimmune diseases, allergic reactions, inflammation, tumor cell metastasis, atherosclerosis, and diabetic complications.

Ephrins-A3 belongs the Ephrins ligand family which involved in a variety of biological processes, especially in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. It is shown that Ephrin-A3 is expressed in brain, skeletal muscle, spleen, thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Ephrin-A3 has a GPI anchor following the extracellular sequence and a signal sequence of 22 amino acids. Ephrin-A3 can bind EphA2, EphA3, EphA4, EphA5, EphA6, EphA7, EphA8 and EphB1. Futhermore, it is associated with tumor growth and metastasis.

Basigin/CD147 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with homology to both the immunoglobulin V domain and MHC class II antigen beta-chain. This protein play important roles in variety of events including spermatogenesis, embryo implantation, neural network formation. CD147 induces the production and release of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in the surrounding mesenchymal cells and tumor cells, and thereby promotes invasion, metastasis, growth and survival of malignant cells. Furthermore, CD147 also serves as a receptor for extracellular cyclophilinthe and its association with integrins might be important in signal transduction. CD147 displays increased expression in many cancers, and it has been previously demonstrated to participate in cancer metastasis and progression.

Syndecan-2 is a member of the Syndecans family comprised of type I transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) that are involved in the regulation of many cellular processes. Four sub-types of mammalian Syndecans have been reported and among them. Syndecan-2 plays a role in the cancer development. It can affect the basal and chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma. It can also suppress MMP2 activation, suppressing metastasis.

The type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that is frequently overexpressed by tumours, and mediates proliferation and apoptosis protection. IGF signalling also influences hypoxia signalling, protease secretion, tumour cell motility and adhesion, and thus can affect the propensity for invasion and metastasis. Therefore, the IGF1R is now an attractive anti-cancer treatment target. IGF1R/CD221 Protein, Human, Recombinant (aa 31-932, His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 105.8 kDa (alpha subunit) and 23 kDa (beta subunit) and the accession number is P08069.

Brain metastasis (BM) in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a very poor prognosis. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of cell adhesion molecules in tumor metastasis.Elevated levels of ALCAM expression promote BM formation in NSCLC through increased tumor cell dissemination and interaction with the brain endothelial cells. Therefore, ALCAM could be targeted to reduce the occurrence of BM. ALCAM Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 58.9 kDa and the accession number is Q61490.

MRC2 (Mannose Receptor C Type 2) is a constitutively recycling endocytic receptor belonging to the mannose receptor family, which has been found to be closely involved with cancer metastasis. MRC2 expresses an extracellular fibronectin type II domain that binds to and internalizes collagen, suggesting that it may play a role in modulating renal fibrosis. MRC2 Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 57.76 kDa and the accession number is A0A8I3NWU4.

Ephrin type-A receptor 5 (EphA5) expression was detected in all non-tumor gastric epithelia but was differentially expressed among gastric cancer samples. EphA5 is differentially expressed in gastric cancer. EphA5 may therefore be a potential therapeutic target and may have clinical utility as a marker for lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. EPHA5 Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 61.73 kDa and the accession number is A0A2K5W6J6.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Rat, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 73.09 kDa and the accession number is D3ZVA1.

Osteopontin (OPN), bone sialoprotein (BSPII), and osteonectin (ON) belong to a family of glycoproteins, which have been linked to cancer metastasis and progression. Here, we report on the selection of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), which are effective in reducing their protein levels.

Tumor metastasis depends on the dynamic regulation of cell adhesion through β1-integrin. The Cub-Domain Containing Protein-1, CDCP1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein which regulates cell adhesion. Overexpression and loss of CDCP1 have been observed in the same cancer types to promote metastatic progression. CDCP1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Avi), Biotinylated is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His-Avi tag. The predicted molecular weight is 75.3 kDa and the accession number is Q5U462.

Interleukin (IL)-20 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines, which has been reported to participate in autoimmune inflammatory diseases. However, the potential role of IL-20 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression has not yet been investigated. In addition, IL-20 expression was significantly associated with tumor size, metastasis, TNM stage and poor prognosis in patients with HCC. IL-20 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (hFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with N-hFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 44.9 kDa and the accession number is Q9JKV9.

chondrolectin (CHODL) is commonly overexpressed in the majority of lung cancers, indicating a possible correlation between CHODL and metastasis of lung cancer cells. the expression of CHODL is significantly decreased in HCC clinical samples and in HCC cell lines. Overexpression of CHODL in SMMC7721 cells with a lentiviral vector increased SMMC7721 cell migration and invasion.