ATPγS tetralithium salt is a substrate for nucleotide hydrolysis and RNA unraveling activity of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4A, associated with p97 mutants and prions.

AU-15330 is a protein hydrolysis-targeted chimeric (PROTAC) degrader of the SWI/SNF ATPase subunits SMARCA2 and SMARCA4.AU-15330 potently inhibits tumor growth in a prostate cancer xenograft model and acts synergistically with the AR antagonist enzalutamide.AU-15330 shows partial therapeutic efficacy and non-toxicity with the AR antagonist enzalutamide in a desmoplasia-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) model. AU-15330 showed partial therapeutic efficacy in a denervation-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) model and AU-15330 was characterized by non-toxicity.

Dimethylamine hydrochloride (N,N-Dimethylamine) is abundantly present in human urine. Main sources of urinary dimethylamine have been reported to include trimethylamine N-oxide, a common food component, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. ADMA is excreted in the urine in part unmetabolized and in part after hydrolysis to dimethylamine by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH).

Vildagliptin (LAF237) is a cyanopyrrolidine-based, orally bioavailable inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. Vildagliptin's cyano moiety undergoes hydrolysis and this inactive metabolite is excreted mainly via the urine.

Sodium Tartrate is a pH regulator with antioxidant activity that is effective in delaying hydrolysis during high temperature heating and increasing the acidity of vegetable oils.

Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) is the hydrochloride salt form of thiamine, a vitamin essential for aerobic metabolism, cell growth, transmission of nerve impulses and acetylcholine synthesis. Upon hydrolysis, Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) is phosphorylated by thiamine diphosphokinase to form active thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), also known as cocarboxylase. TPP is a coenzyme for many enzymatic activities involving fatty acid, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.

Methacholine Chloride (Acetyl-β-methylcholine chloride) is a quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma.

Gly-Phe β-naphthylamide acetate is the substrate of Cathepsin C and can be used for research on the function of cathepsin C, intralysosomal hydrolysis and lysosomal membrane permeability.

Fallaxsaponin A is isolated from the alkaline hydrolysis products of total saponins in Radix Palygalae.

Torbafylline, a xanthine derivative, is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor that attenuates burn-induced protein hydrolysis in rat skeletal muscle through activation of the PDE4/cAMP/EPAC/PI3K/Akt pathway, and inhibits the enhanced ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent protein hydrolysis in skeletal muscle of cancer- and sepsis-prone rats.

Boc-Gln-Ala-Arg-AMC hydrochloride is a fluorescent compound that serves as a substrate for trypsin and is also used to determine the protein hydrolysis activity of TMPRSS2.

G-Protein antagonist peptide acetate is a truncated substance P-related peptide, competes with receptor for G protein binding. G-Protein antagonist peptide acetate inhibits the activation of Gi or Go by M2 muscarinic cholinergic receptor (M2 mAChR) or of Gs by beta-adrenergic receptor in the reconstituted phospholipid vesicles, assayed by receptor-promoted GTP hydrolysis

Proguanil hydrochloride (Chloroquanil) is a biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.Upon hydrolysis, Proguanil hydrochloride is converted to its active cyclic triazine metabolite, cycloguanil, by a cytochrome P450 dependent reaction. Cycloguanil selectively inhibits the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase of plasmodium parasite, thereby disrupting deoxythymidylate synthesis and ultimately blocking DNA and protein synthesis in the parasite.

BCX 1470 hydrochloride is a potent serine protease inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity that inhibits the ester hydrolysis and haemolytic activity of factor D and C1s, and can be used to study oedema.

T-0156 is a novel, potent and selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor that inhibits the hydrolysis of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) with low affinity for PDE6, PDE1, PDE2, PDE3 and PDE4.

H-Ser-His-OH acetate is an endogenous metabolite hydrolysis cleavage activity.

ROC-0929 (compound 13a) is a potent and selective inhibitor of secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s), effectively targeting hGX with an IC50 of 80 nM. It efficiently inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p-38. sPLA2s, belonging to the disulfide-rich, Ca2+-dependent enzyme family, catalyze the hydrolysis of glycero-phospholipids at the sn-2 position, resulting in the release of a fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. ROC-0929 holds promise in researching inflammation-related diseases.

MS6105 is a chimeric LDH protein hydrolysis-targeted PROTAC that degrades LDHA and LDHB efficiently, with its activity contingent on both time and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, exhibiting anticancer properties [1]. Additionally, as a click chemistry reagent possessing an Alkyne group, MS6105 can partake in copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) reactions with Azide-bearing molecules.

ZK53 is a selective and potent activator of mitochondrial casein hydrolase protease P (HsClpP).ZK53 induces apoptosis and inhibits the hydrolysis of alpha-casein by HsClpP.ZK53 inhibits tumour growth in xenografts and native mouse models.

D-(+)-Cellotetraose, also known as Cellotetraose, is a primary hydrolysis product of cellulose [1].

4-Nitrophenyl β-D-cellotrioside is a chromogenic substrate for endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases. Hydrolysis of this substrate by these enzymes liberates 4-nitrophenol, which generates a yellow color that is measured by monitoring absorbance at 405 nm.

Phosphodiesterase (PDE), an enzyme capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of the 3' ring phosphate bond in cyclic nucleotides, plays a crucial role in biochemical research and acts as a vital regulator in signal transduction processes involving the second messenger molecules cAMP and cGMP. Distinguished by their specificity to cyclic nucleotides, PDEs are categorized into different types ranging from PDE1 to PDE11, presenting potential significance in the study and treatment of various diseases [1].

Faropenem, a highly efficacious and orally bioavailable beta-lactam antibiotic, exhibits an extensive range of in vitro antimicrobial activity against diverse gram-positive and -negative aerobes and anaerobes. Notably, Faropenem possesses inherent resistance to hydrolysis by virtually all beta-lactamases, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC beta-lactamases. Moreover, Faropenem has been developed as an oral prodrug, namely faropenem medoxomil, for the investigation of respiratory tract infections.

(±)4(5)-EpDPA methyl ester is a derivative of (±)4(5)-EpDPA which is stable enough to ship and handle routinely. The active free acid can be regenerated from the methyl ester by careful base hydrolysis. (±)4(5)EpDPA is a CYP450 metabolite of DHA which can be further metabolized to the diol metabolite. There are no published reports on the biological activity of (±)4(5)-EpDPA methyl ester at this time.

Dihydroxy melphalan is an inactive degradation product of melphalan . It is formed by the hydrolysis of melphalan via the intermediate monohydroxy melphalan in aqueous solutions, including cell culture medium and human plasma.

AR-13324 M1 metabolite is a hydrolysis metabolite of AR-13324 mesylate.

Peptone from casein, obtained through the hydrolysis of casein by pancreatic enzymes, is refined to produce a peptone suitable for various applications.

Dactylorhin C is one of the important active components in mature tubers of the orchid family, along with five new compounds, called Dactylorhin A-E, and two natural compounds called dactyloses a-b. Dactylorhin A and Dactylorhin E produce Dactylorhin C in

Doramectin aglycone is an acid degradation product of doramectin , a disaccharide-containing anthelmintic that potentiates glutamate- and GABA-gated chloride channel opening in nematodes, and its acid-catalyzed hydrolysis product doramectin monosaccharide . Doramectin undergoes one round of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to form doramectin monosaccharide which is then hydrolyzed again to remove the remaining saccharide unit and form doramectin aglycone.

Thiocystine can be produced in the hydrolysis of proteins.

Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 is the backbone and the main hydrolysis product of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1), can weakly inhibit ceramide synthase.

N-Desethyl Bimatoprost (17-phenyl trinor PGF2α amide) is an F-series PG analog in which the C-1 carboxyl group has been modified to an unsubstituted amide. PG esters have been shown to have ocular hypotensive activity. PG N-ethyl amides were recently introduced as alternative PG hypotensive prodrugs. Although it has been claimed that PG amides are not converted to the free acids in vivo, studies have shown that bovine and human corneal tissue converts the amides of various PGs to the free acids with a conversion efficiency of about 10-20% relative to the hydrolysis of isopropyl esters. 17-phenyl trinor PGF2α amide would be expected to show the typical intraocular effects of latanoprost, but with the much slower hydrolysis pharmacokinetics of the PG N-amides.

ERAP1-IN-1 is an endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) inhibitor. ERAP1-IN-1 allosterically activates ERAP1’s hydrolysis of fluorogenic and chromogenic amino acid substrates but competitively inhibits its activity toward a nonamer peptide representative of physiological substrates.

Bimatoprost is an F-series prostaglandin (PG) analog which has been approved for use as an ocular hypotensive drug. Oxidation of the C-15 hydroxyl group and amide hydrolysis of Bimatoprost produces 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α. 15-keto-17-phenyl trinor PGF2α is a potential metabolite of bimatoprost when administered to animals. 15-keto PG analogs are potential minor impurities in commercial preparations of their corresponding bulk drug compounds. Although much less potent that the parent compound, 15-keto PGs still retain the ability to produce a small but measurable decrease (1 mm Hg) in the intraocular pressure of normal cynomolgus monkeys when administered at a dose of 1 μg/eye. 15-keto Latanoprost (15-keto-17-phenyl-13,14-dihydro trinor PGF2α isopropyl ester) is a miotic in the normal cat eye, causing an 8 mm reduction in pupillary diameter at 5 μg/eye. Again, this is not as potent as many other F-type PGs; for example, PGF2α will produce this degree of miosis at a dose of less than 1 μg/eye.

(±)11,12-DiHETE is a dihydroxy metabolite of EPA produced by cytochrome P450-mediated epoxide formation and subsequent hydrolysis by epoxide hydrolase. Plasma levels of (±)11,12-DiHETE are increased over baseline after an oral dose of 1008 mg EPA.

D-myo-Inositol-1,3-phosphate (Ins(1,3)P) is a member of the inositol phosphate (InsP) molecular family that play critical roles as small, soluble second messengers in the transmission of cellular signals. The most studied InsP, Ins(1,4,5)P3 is a second messenger produced in cells by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate. Binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum results in opening of the calcium channels and an increase in intracellular calcium. Ins(1,3)P2 can be dephosphorylated to Ins(1)P by inositol polyphosphate 3-phosphatase and further dephosphorylated to inositol by inositol monophosphatase.

D-myo-Inositol-4-phosphate (Ins(4)P1) is a member of the inositol phosphate (InsP) molecular family that play critical roles as small, soluble second messengers in the transmission of cellular signals. The most studied InsP, Ins(1,4,5)P3, is a second messenger produced in cells by phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate. Binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to its receptor on the endoplasmic reticulum results in opening of the calcium channels and an increase in intracellular calcium. Ins(4)P1 can be formed by dephosphorylation of Ins(1,4)P2 by inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase or dephosphorylated to inositol by inositol monophosphatase.

Sphingomyelins (SMs) are bioactive sphingolipids found in mammalian cell membranes.1SMs make up 2-15% of the total organ phospholipid population but are found at higher concentrations in the brain and myelin sheaths surrounding peripheral nerves. They interact with cholesterol to control its distribution within cellular membranes and maintain cholesterol homeostasis in cells. SMs undergo hydrolysis by sphingomyelinase to form ceramides, which are sphingolipid mediators of intracellular signaling.2This product is a mixture of SMs, with variable fatty acyl chain lengths, isolated from buttermilk. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1329] 1.Slotte, J.P., and Ramstedt, B.The functional role of sphingomyelin in cell membranesEur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.109(10)977-981(2007) 2.Shayman, J.A.SphingolipidsKidney Int.58(1)11-26(2000)

2-Hydroxyoctanoic acid is a medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase inhibitor (Ki:500 μM). 3-Hydroxymandelic acid is a protein hydrolysis product of larger proteins.

N-Desmethyltamoxifen, the principal metabolite of tamoxifen in humans, serves as an efficacious modulator of ceramide metabolism within human AML cells by inhibiting ceramide glycosylation, hydrolysis, and sphingosine phosphorylation. Although it demonstrates weak antiestrogenic properties, it acts as a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor with a potency ten times greater than that of tamoxifen.

Fluorescein diphosphate is a colorless and nonfluorescent substrate for alkaline phosphatases. The sequential alkaline phosphatase mediated hydrolysis of its two phosphate substituents yielding weakly fluorescent fluorescein monophosphate followed by stro

3,4,6-Tri-O-benzyl-β-D-mannopyranose 1,2-(methyl orthoacetate) is a synthetic intermediate used in glycosylation reactions. Typically, the methyl orthoester protecting group is first removed by mild acid hydrolysis, producing a glycosyl donor. Removal of the O-benzyl protecting groups is performed late in the synthesis.

Invertase is a major enzyme present in plants and microorganisms , is often used in biochemical studies. Invertase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the disaccharide sucrose into glucose and fructose [1] .

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) compounds are produced by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes. The products of enzymatic origin, via Leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase, are stereospecifically 12(R). Non-enzymatic hydrolysis products are 50:50 mixtures at C-12, but are almost exclusively trans at C-6. Thus, the non-enzymatic hydrolysis product of LTA4 is 6-trans-12-epi LTB4. 12-epi LTB4 is an isomer which would not be expected to occur in either non-enzymatic hydrolysis products, or in the enzymatic products of LTA4 hydrolase. Compared to LTB4, 12-epi LTB4 has significantly reduced activity for the LTB4 receptor on human neutrophils (IC50 of 7.5 mM), and on guinea pig lung membranes with a (Ki of 4.7 mM). 12-epi LTB4 is an weak agonist at both the recombinant human BLT1 and BLT2 receptors, requiring approximately 10 mM for full activation of the receptor.

β-Apooxytetracycline is a potential impurity found in commercial preparations of oxytetracycline. β-Apooxytetracycline is a degradation product formed from oxytetracycline via acid hydrolysis. It has a relative potency of 0.1 compared with oxytetracycline for inhibiting the growth of aerobic sludge bacteria, an MIC50 value of 32 mg/L for tetracycline-sensitive strains of Pseudomonas, and MIC50 values of greater than 32 mg/L for tetracycline-sensitive strains of Agrobacterium, Moraxella, and Bacillus, as well as tetracycline-resistant strains of E. coli. β-Apooxytetracycline (10 mg/kg) is toxic to rats, decreasing body weight, disrupting blood cell counts, and inducing hepatocyte necrosis.

(±)5(6)-EpETE methyl ester is a derivative of 5(6)-EpETE which is stable enough to ship and handle routinely.(±) 5(6)-EpETE methyl ester is a chemically less reactive derivative of 5(6)-EpETE. The active free acid can be generated from the methyl ester by careful base hydrolysis. Epoxy eicosatetraenoic acids (EpETEs) are the epoxygenase metabolites of EPA. A number of vicinal diol metabolites of EpETEs have been detected in the plasma of patients on marine oil dietary supplementation, while in subjects on a typical western diet these compounds are generally not detected. The specific biologic activity of 5(6)-EpETE and its methyl ester have not been documented.

AC-264613 is an agonist of the GPCR protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). AC-264613(AC264613) suppresses interferon regulatory factor 5 and decreases interleukin-12p40 production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. AC-264613(AC264613) activated PAR2 signaling in cellular proliferation assays, phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis assays, and Ca(2+) mobilization assays, with potencies ranging from 30 to 100 nM.

Ficain, an enzyme extract comprising multiple proteases, is derived from Ficus hispida L. and the latex of fig (Ficus carica). Its specificities vary in proportion with the ripening of the fruit. The compound finds extensive application in protein hydrolysis, food industries, and the production of bioactive peptides and antibody fragments [1] [2].

Pectinase, a complex of enzymes, catalyzes the hydrolysis of pectic substances and is predominantly found in microorganisms and higher plants. This enzyme plays a crucial role in cell wall metabolism, cell growth, senescence, fruit ripening, pathogenesis, and the abscission process [1].

Amidases, belonging to the nitrilase superfamily, catalyze amide hydrolysis to yield carboxylic acid and ammonia. These enzymes feature a conserved AS sequence of about 130 amino acids and are pivotal in essential metabolic processes [1].