SARS-CoV

Chloroquine is a Toll-like receptor inhibitor that inhibits autophagy. Chloroquine has anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory activity and is widely used in the treatment of malaria and rheumatoid arthritis. Chloroquine also has anti-SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) activity and anti-HIV-1 activity.

PF-07321332 is a potent and orally active inhibitor of SARS-CoV 3C-like protease (3CLPRO) .

Thapsigargin is a natural product, an inhibitor of sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer. Thapsigargin increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration by blocking the ability of cells to pump calcium into the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum.

Setrobuvir (ANA-598) is an orally active non-nucleoside HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor with inhibitory effects on de novo RNA synthesis and primer extension with IC50s between 4 and 5 nM. setrobuvir shows good binding affinity for SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and induces inhibition of RdRp.

Punicalagin is a major ellagitannin found in pomegranates that is reported to produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. It has been shown to prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity-associated accumulation of cardiac triglyceride and ch

Remdesivir (GS-5734) is a nucleoside analog, a broad-spectrum antiviral compound that exerts its activity by inhibiting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of viruses. Remdesivir is active against Ebola, SARS, and MERS viruses, and is potentially therapeutic against COVID-19.

Glecaprevir (ABT-493) is an HCV NS3 4A protease inhibitor, (IC50s: 3.5-11.3 nM).

Suramin Sodium Salt (BAY-205) is a sodium salt form of suramin, a polysulphonated naphthylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin blocks the binding of various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), to their receptors, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration. This agent also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis; retroviral reverse transcriptase; uncoupling of G-proteins from receptors; topoisomerases; cellular folate transport; and steroidogenesis.

Dexamethasone (Hexadecadrol) is a glucocorticoid receptor agonist and IL receptor modulator with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties that induces autophagy and inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages.

Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) is an isopropyl ester prodrug of the ribonucleoside analog EIDD-1931 with oral bioavailability. Molnupiravir can be used in the study of COVID-19, seasonal and pandemic influenza, and has broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple coronaviruses and influenza viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV.

Leritrelvir (RAY1216) is an orally active and highly potent protease inhibitor with antiviral activity that blocks cleavage of viral precursor proteins and inhibits viral replication in SARS-CoV-2.

Asunaprevir (BMS-650032) is an effective hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3 protease inhibitor.

Narsoplimab (OMS 721) is a selective whole-human immunoglobulin gamma-4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody and a mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) inhibitor that binds MASP-2 to prevent lectin pathway activation and inhibit the agglutinin pathway. It is used to study diseases associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adults.

Ritonavir (ABT 538) is a peptidomimetic agent that inhibits both HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. Ritonavir is highly inhibited by serum proteins but boosts the effect of other HIV proteases by blocking their degradation by cytochrome P450.

ONO-5334 is a selective, orally active and potent histone K inhibitor with anti-SAR-COV-2 and anti-bone resorption activity for the study of osteoporosis.

Aplidine possesses antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2(IC90 = 0.88 nM). Aplidine is a potent anti-cancer agent by targeting eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 Alpha 2(EEF1A2, Kd = 80 nM).

EIDD-1931 (Beta-d-N4-hydroxycytidine) is a ribonucleoside analog with antiviral activity that inhibits the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus [SARS-CoV] in Vero 76 cells, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus [MERS-CoV] in Calu-3 2B4 cells, and SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells (IC50s = 0.1, 0.15, and 0.3 μM, respectively).

Auranofin (SKF-39162) is an antirheumatic agent, is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, improves arthritis symptoms including painful or tender and swollen joints and morning stiffness.

Simeprevir (TMC435) is a potent HCV NS3 4A protease inhibitor, and inhibits HCV replication with EC50 of 8 nM.

Saquinavir (Ro 31-8959) is a potent HIV protease inhibitor, is an antiretroviral drug used together with other medications to treat or prevent HIV AIDS.

Bemnifosbuvir (AT-511), a novel phosphoramidate prodrug of 2'-fluoro-2'-C-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate, exhibits potent in vitro activity against HCV.

Grazoprevir (MK-5172) is a nitrogenous macrocyclic compound used as an inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus NS3 4A protease. Grazoprevir is commonly combined with elbasvir for treating chronic HCV genotype 1 or 4 infections in adults.

Camostat mesylate (FOY-S980) is a trypsin-like protease inhibitor and inhibits airway epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) function.

Aloxistatin (E64d) is an inhibitor of cysteine protease with blood platelet aggregation inhibiting activity. Aloxistatin is an irreversible, membrane-permeable inhibitor of lysosomal and cytosolic cysteine proteases with the ability to inhibit calpain activity in intact platelets.

Ledipasvir (GS-5885) is a Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of ledipasvir is as a P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor, and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Inhibitor.

1. Arteannuin B has potent antimalarial activity.

Imatinib (STI571) is a multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits the kinase activities of BCR ABL, v-Abl, PDGFR, and c-kit with oral activity. Imatinib has antitumor activity for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia.

Umifenovir hydrochloride (Arbidol HCl) , an broad-spectrum antiviral chemical agent, can inhibit cell invade of enveloped viruses by blocking viral fusion with host cell membrane.

Danoprevir (RG7227) is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of the NS3 4A protease(IC50=0.2-3.5 nM) of hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Aviptadil Acetate (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide acetate salt) induces pulmonary vasodilation and inhibits the proliferation of vascular SMCs and platelet aggregation. Avitadil acetate can be used for research on pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension (PAH), and respiratory failure caused by SARS-CoV-2.

EIDD-2749 (4'-FlU), a ribonucleoside analog, is an orally available RdRp inhibitor with spectroscopic antiviral activity that interrupts the replication of respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2.EIDD-2749 attenuates lethal infections of pandemic human and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.

Chebulagic acid, isolated from the Terminalia chebula Retz, is a COX-LOX dual inhibitor.

Favipiravir is a potent and selective RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor for the treatment of influenza virus infections.

Emodin (Frangula emodin) is a naturally occurring anthraquinone present in the roots and barks of numerous plants; exerts antiproliferative effects in Y cells that are regulated by different signaling pathways.

Bisoxatin (LA 271A) is an oral laxative that can be used to study contact laxatives for chronic constipation.

Scutellarein (6-Hydroxyapigenin) reduces inflammatory responses by inhibiting Src kinase activity.

Ivermectin (MK-933) is an activator of glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) with antiparasitic activity.

Acriflavine (Acriflavinium chloride 3,6-Acridinediamine mix) is a papain-like protease (PL(pro)) inhibitor, a fluorescent dye for labeling high molecular weight RNAs, has antimicrobial and anticancer activity, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and other β-coronaviruses, and can be used for research on leukemia. be used to study leukemia.

Pinokalant (LOE-908) is a novel non-selective cation channel inhibitor.Pinokalant significantly reduces cortical infarct volume in in vivo experiments, improves the metabolic and electrophysiological status of the ischemic penumbra region, and reduces the size of the lesion on magnetic resonance images in the acute phase after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.Pinokalant is a potential SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor for the study of stroke.

Silymarin (Silybin B) (Silybin B) is a polyphenolic flavonoid that extracts from the milk thistle or seeds of Silybum marianum. It is used in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases.

Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen phosphate) is an aminoquinoline antimalarial and also is widely used as an autophagy inhibitor. Chloroquine also is an inhibitor of toll-like receptors (TLRs).

Andrographolide (Andrographis)(Andrographis), an irreversible antagonist of NF-κB, has anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet aggregation activities and potential antineoplastic.

GC376 is an inhibitor of 3C-like proteases (3CLpro) with IC50 values range from 0.49~4.35 μM.

Mizoribine (NSC-289637) belongs to the family of 1-Ribosyl-imidazolecarboxamides. Mizoribine has been investigated for the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

GRL0617 is a selective and competitive noncovalent inhibitor of SARS-CoVPLpro and deubiquitinase (IC50: 0.6 μM, Ki: 0.49 μM).

GS-621763, a prodrug of GS-441524, exhibits antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (Acidum iopanoicum) inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. It is a chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa.

Tipranavir is a protease inhibitor that inhibits HIV-1 resistant to more than 1 protease inhibitor .Tipranavir effectively inhibits HIV-1 protease enzyme activity and dimerisation and has potent activity against multiple protease inhibitor (PI) HIV-1 isolates (IC50 of 66-410 nM). Tipranavir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro activity.