ethyl 2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate is a synthetic compound belonging to the curcumin family. It is involved in the regulation of immune response and inflammation through inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway, in the regulation of antioxidant response through activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation through inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway.

1. Lutein and Zeaxanthin (All-Trans-Zeaxanthin) in neural tissue may have biological effects that include antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and structural actions. 2. Lutein and Zeaxanthin may be protective against eye disease because they absorb damaging blue light that enters the eye.

Bilobalide ((-)-Bilobalide), a bioactive from Gingko Biloba, is active on hypoxia-induced alterations.

geraniol provides a potent protective effect against cardiac dysfunction induced by diabetes. This ameliorative effect could be attributed to its suppression of oxidative stress.

Prolyl-4-hydroxylase Inhibitor 11, a novel proline 4-hydroxylase inhibitor, shows protective effects against oxidative stress and Cu(II) toxicity in Chlorella vulgaris.

Isethionic acid sodium salt (Sodium isethionate) is an organosulfur compound containing a short chain alkane sulfonate linked to a hydroxyl group. Mammals are able to endogenously synthesize Isethionic acid sodium salt via taurine through a possible enzymatic deamination process. Isethionic acid sodium salt can be found in both human plasma and urine. Higher plasma levels of Isethionic acid sodium salt have been shown to be protective against type 2 diabetes.

Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), an active component isolated from Astragalus membranaceus, suppresses the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and downregulates matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-2, (MMP)-9 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Astragaloside IV is a bioactive saponin first isolated from the dried plant roots of the genus Astragalus, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.1 It dose-dependently inhibits human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) in A549 cells (IC50 = 23 μM; LC50 = 865 μM).It inhibits replication of HAdV-3 and decreases HAdV-3-induced apoptosis. It has diverse protective effects for the cardiovascular, immune, digestive, and nervous systems. In particular, it reduces myocardial infarct size in dogs when administered prior to coronary ligation and reduces reperfusion arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts.

3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a rutin metabolite and an antioxidant. It has a protective biological activity in human. It is a substrate of enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-monooxygenase [EC 1.14.13.3] in the pathway tyrosine metabolism. 3-Hydroxyphenylace

Aligeron is a non-selective prostaglandin (PG) antagonist that inhibits PGF2α- and PGE2-induced decreases in blood pressure in cats, and can be used to inhibit PGF2α-induced diarrhea in mice and PGE2-induced paw edema in rats.Aligeron is known to have an antioxidant-protective effect against vascular complications.

[6]-Gingerol ((S)-(+)-[6]Gingerol), an antioxidant, protects HL-60 cells from oxidative stress. It has protective effects for Yous tumors in the pancreas, ovaries, breast tissue, the bowel, among other tissues.

MEG hemisulfate (Mercaptoethylguanidine hemisulfate) acts as a highly potent and selective suppressor of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), demonstrating EC50 values of 11.5 μM for iNOS, 110 μM for ecNOS, and 60 μM for bNOS in tissue homogenates. It is notably effective as a peroxynitrite scavenger and blocks peroxynitrite-triggered oxidative mechanisms. Furthermore, this compound offers protective benefits across various experimental inflammation prototypes, such as ischemia/reperfusion injury, hemorrhagic shock, periodontitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and both endotoxic and septic shock.

1. Farrerol has antioxidative activity.2. Farrerol modulates TAP and BNBD5 gene expression in mammary gland, enhances bMEC defense against S. aureus infection and could be useful in protection against bovine mastitis. 3. Farrerol inactivates KEAP-1 or act

Compound 11, labeled as a weak Hepatoprotective agent-1, is a naturally occurring substance extracted from the fruits of Arctium lappa L. It demonstrates modest hepatoprotective effects when applied at a concentration of 10 μM [1].

5-(2-furyl)-N-propylisoxazole-3-carboxamide is a compound used as a molecular structural unit and is thought to be a modulator of NMDA receptors, and has been shown to be protective against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in neuronal cells. It has also been found to have anti-inflammatory activity, making it a potential therapeutic agent for diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Questiomycin A derivatives 18 TFA is A Questiomycin A derivative with antibacterial and anticancer activity and inhibition of the expression of the cell-protective ER chaperone protein GRP78.

Esaprazole (C/63) has a dose - dependent cellular protective effect on the human gastric mucosa.

Magnoloside B, a phenylethanol glycoside from the fruit of Magnolia officinalis, is an α-glucosidase inhibitor with protective effects against free radical-induced oxidative damage and can be used in cancer research.

Nerolidol acetate is a natural sesquiterpene with anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-insect activities. Nerolidol acetate can inhibit parasite activity and inhibit schistosomiasis, nematodes, malaria, etc. Nerolidol acetate protects cells from oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA, and has a protective effect on mouse hippocampal nerve cells.

Sculponeatin O may have protective effects on the lipid peroxidation-damaged live cells.

Isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one), a monoterpene, and the structurally related 1,8-cineole and camphor, have demonstrated a protective effect against cancer, biological activity against a variety of microorganisms, and anti-oxidant propertie

Ono-3307 mesylate is a protease inhibitor with inhibitory effects on a variety of proteases.Ono-3307 mesylate has significant protective effects against liver injury in rats and inhibits the deposition of radiofibrillar proteins in the kidneys and lungs.PF-184298 is a protease inhibitor with potential antioxidant effects in plasma and adipose tissue.PF-184298 can be used in the study of pancreatitis.

Sabeluzole (R-58735) has antiepileptic and cognitive enhancing effects, inhibits neurotoxin-induced tau expression and cell death.Sabeluzole is protective against chlordiazepoxide-induced habituation disorders and may be useful in the study of Alzheimer's disease.

Spizofurone (Espizofurona) has antiulcer activity, protective effect on the gastric mucosa of rats, and can increase alkaline secretion in isolated bullfrog duodenal mucosa.

Sculponeatin N may have protective effects on the lipid peroxidation-damaged live cells.

Davunetide acetate is derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein existing in the mammalian CNS. Davunetide acetate is a microtubule-stabilizing peptide and inhibits Aβ aggregation and Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Davunetide acetate possesses neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and cognitive protective properties.

S1R agonist 2 is a selective S1R agonist with a Ki of 88 nM for S2R and 1.1 nM for S1R and is protective against ROS and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity.

3-Hydroxykynurenamine, also known as 3-Hydroxy-L-kynurenamine or 3-HKA, is a biogenic amine produced via an alternative pathway of tryptophan metabolism. In vitro, 3-HKA has an anti-inflammatory profile by inhibiting the IFN-γ mediated STAT1/NF-κΒ pathway in both mouse and human dendritic cells (DCs) with a consequent decrease in the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, most notably TNF, IL-6, and IL12p70. 3-HKA has protective effects in an experimental mouse model of psoriasis by decreasing skin thickness, erythema, scaling and fissuring, reducing TNF, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-17 production, and inhibiting generation of effector CD8+ T cells. Similarly, in a mouse model of nephrotoxic nephritis, besides reducing inflammatory cytokines, 3-HKA improves proteinuria and serum urea nitrogen, overall ameliorating immune-mediated glomerulonephritis and renal dysfunction.This compound is unstable in powder form and other related salt forms are recommended.

LUF6096 (CF-602) is a potent allosteric enhancer of the adenosine A3 receptor, exhibiting the capability to enhance agonist binding allosterically while demonstrating low orthosteric affinity across adenosine receptors. It displays protective effects in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Daltroban (SKF 96148) is a specific thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor antagonist. Daltroban shows protective effect in reperfusion injury. Daltroban increase intracellular calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells.

alphaSYN-IN-NAB2, a neuron-protective agent, is a protein encoded by the NAB2 gene. NAB2 effectively and selectively protects a variety of cells from alpha-SYN toxicity. NAB2 promotes endosomal transport dependent on E3 ubiquitin ligase Rsp5/Nedd4. NAB2 identifies a viable molecular node in alpha-SYN biology that corrects multiple aspects of its underlying pathology, including dysfunctional endosomes and endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicles transport. NAB2 is involved in cellular processes such as cell differentiation, apoptosis and stress response, and can be used to study cancer, neurodevelopment and neuronal activity.

4-Methylumbelliferone (Hymecromone) is a coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.

Protocatechuic acid (3, 4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid) (3, 4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) is a natural phenolic compound found in many edible and medicinal plants. Recent studies indicate that it could be used as a protective agent against cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. The mechanism of its action is mostly associated with antioxidant activity, including inhibition of generation as well as scavenging of free radicals and up-regulating enzymes which participate in their neutralization.

1. β-Anhydroicaritin exhibits immunosuppressive effect on the mouse macrophages stimulated by LPS. 2. β-Anhydroicaritin phytosomes can inhibit enhanced bone turnover induced by ovariectomy, improve BMD the biomechanical properties of vertebrae, without any stimulation on uterus. 3. β-Anhydroicaritin possesses significant protective effects on the zymosan-induced peritonitis mice, which might be associated with the regulation of Ca(2+); influx in macrophages and iNOS expression.

Cimicifugoside H1 shows the protective function to cerebral neuron during cerebral ischemia.

Ginkgolide K induces protective autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signalling pathway. It possesses neuroprotective activity.

Talabostat (PT100, Val-boroPro) is a potent, nonselective and orally available dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor with a Ki of 0.18 nM. Talabostat is a nonselective DPP-IV inhibitor, inhibiting DPP8/9, FAP, DPP2 and some other DASH family enzymes essentially as potently as it inhibits DPP-IV[1]. Talabostat stimulates the immune system by triggering a proinflammatory form of cell death in monocytes and macrophages known as pyroptosis. The inhibition of two serine proteases, DPP8 and DPP9, activates the proprotein form of caspase-1 independent of the inflammasome adaptor ASC[2]. Talabostat competitively inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) activity of FAP and CD26/DPP-IV, and there is a high-affinity interaction with the catalytic site due to the formation of a complex between Ser630/624 and the boron of talabostat[3]. Talabostat can stimulate immune responses against tumors involving both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system. In WEHI 164 fibrosarcoma and EL4 and A20/2J lymphoma models, PT-100 causes regression and rejection of tumors. The antitumor effect appears to involve tumor-specific CTL and protective immunological memory. Talabostat treatment of WEHI 164-inoculated mice increases mRNA expression of cytokines and chemokines known to promote T-cell priming and chemoattraction of T cells and innate effector cells[3]. Talabostat treated mice show significant less fibrosis and FAP expression is reduced. Upon PT100 treatment, significant differences in the MMP-12, MIP-1α, and MCP-3 mRNA expression levels in the lungs are also observed. Treatment with PT100 in this murine model of pulmonary fibrosis has an anti-fibro-proliferative effect and increases macrophage activation[4]. [1]. Connolly BA, et al. Dipeptide boronic acid inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV: determinants of potencyand in vivo efficacy and safety. J Med Chem. 2008 Oct 9;51(19):6005-13. [2]. Okondo MC, et al. DPP8 and DPP9 inhibition induces pro-caspase-1-dependent monocyte and macrophage pyroptosis. Nat Chem Biol. 2017 Jan;13(1):46-53. [3]. Adams S, et al. PT-100, a small molecule dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor, has potent antitumor effects and augments antibody-mediated cytotoxicity via a novel immune mechanism. Cancer Res. 2004 Aug 1;64(15):5471-80. [4]. Egger C, et al. Effects of the fibroblast activation protein inhibitor, PT100, in a murine model of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017 Aug 15;809:64-72.

(+)-Magnoflorine (Thalictrin) has sedative and anxiolytic effects, probably mediated by Magnoflorine through a GABAergic mechanism of action. Magnoflorine and Sinomenine have protective effects, are mediated by some mechanism other than prevention of micelle formation or protection of the erythrocyte membrane against osmotic imbalance.

OAT1/3-IN-2 (compound 8) is a dual inhibitor of OAT1 and OAT3 that demonstrates potential protective effects against Cys-Hg toxicity in HEK-OAT1 cells (10 μM) and may safeguard renal function. This compound is useful for investigating mercury-induced nephrotoxicity [1].

Cyanidin, an antioxidant, exhibits protective effects against DNA cleavage, demonstrates free radical scavenging activity, and significantly inhibits xanthine oxidase (XO) activity [1].

Ebelactone A is a β-lactone enzyme inhibitor that was first isolated from a cultured strain of soil actinomycetes. It can inhibit esterases, lipases, and N-formylmethionine aminopeptidases (IC50s = 0.056, 0.003, and 0.08 μg/ml, respectively) found on cell surfaces, which has been shown to stimulate host defense in immune cells. Ebelactone A is also reported to inhibit cutinases produced by fungal pathogens, thus demonstrating a plant-protective function.

Peimisine 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Compound 1), a steroid alkaloid, is isolated and purified from Fritillaria unibracteata and demonstrates a moderate protective effect against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in the PC12 cell line [1].

(+)-Leucocyanidin, an isoform of leucocyanidin and potent anti-ulcerogenic agent, has been extracted from Litchi chinensis. This compound exhibits considerable protective properties in rat models against aspirin-induced gastric erosions [1].

Esculentic acid has anti-inflammatory effect, it has protective effects against LPS-induced endotoxic shock may be mediated, at least in part, by regulation the release of inflammatory cytokines and mediators, and protein expression of COX-2 in mice.

5’-O-TBDMS-Bz-dA is a nucleoside with protective and modification effects.

Mannan is isolated from algae, mushrooms, yeast and higher plants and acts as an immunomodulator.Mannan inhibits the pro-inflammatory activity of hepatic macrophages (M1 lineage) with protective effects against many liver lesions such as necrosis or steatosis.

Protectin D1 (also known as neuroprotectin D1 when produced in neuronal tissues) is a DHA-derived dihydroxy fatty acid that exhibits potent protective and anti-inflammatory activities. 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA is a DHA metabolite, also referred to as protectin DX (PDX). It is produced by an apparent double lipoxygenase (LO)-mediated reaction in murine peritonitis exudates, in suspensions of human leukocytes, or by soybean 15-LO incubated with DHA. It differs from protectin D1 with respect to the stereochemistry of the C-10 hydroxyl and the double bond configuration at the 13 and 15 positions. 10(S),17(S)-DiHDHA blocks neutrophil infiltration in murine peritonitis by 20-25% at a dose of 1 ng/mouse. It also inhibits platelet activation by both impairing thromboxane (TX) synthesis and TX receptor activation.

Aralosides possess protective effect against experimental myocardial ischemia and infarction, the mechanism of myocardial protection may be attributed to the amelioration of FFA metabolic deterioration and membrane peroxidation induced by oxygen free radi

Estramustine (LEO-275) is a nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate. Estramustine has been used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties. Estramustine is selectively taken up by prostate cells and exerts antineoplastic effects by interfering with microtubule of dynamics and by reducing plasma levels of testosterone.

Monomelittoside (Danmelittoside), a compound extracted from the venom of the Chinese honeybee, is a flavonoid glycoside that has been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-diabetic properties. It has also been shown to have protective effects on the liver and kidneys.

1. Ilexsaponin A (Ilexsaponin A1) shows protective effects on ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial injury through anti-apoptotic pathway.

(3S,5S)-Pitavastatin calcium is the 3-epimer of Pitavastatin which is a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.

Pitavastatin (NK-104) sodium is a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and a potent inducer of the hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) receptor. pitavastatin sodium inhibits acetate synthesis of cholesterol in HepG2 cells ( Pitavastatin sodium exhibits anti-atherogenic, anti-osteoarthritic, anti-asthmatic, anti-tumour, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects.

Pitavastatin calcium (NK-104) is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (Ki: 1.7 nM). It lowers both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in animals and humans. Metabolism of pitavastatin by the cytochrome P450 system is minimal, reducing the risk of drug-drug interactions.

(Z)-Pitavastatin calcium is the Z-Isomer of Pitavastatin hemicacium. Pitavastatin calcium is a potent of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase.

Pitavastatin (NK-104) is a potent inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, effectively inhibiting cholesterol synthesis from acetic acid in HepG2 cells with an IC 50 of 5.8 nM. It also acts as an efficient inducer of hepatocyte low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) receptors. Furthermore, Pitavastatin exhibits a range of therapeutic activities, including anti-atherosclerotic, anti-asthmatic, anti-osteoarthritis, antineoplastic, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and reno-protective effects.

(3S,5R)-Pitavastatin calcium is the enantiomer of Pitavastatin which is a potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.

Pitavastatin D4 is deuterium labeled Pitavastatin. Pitavastatin is a potent inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase.