Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (6-30) amide (human) is an incretin hormone utilized in the research of diabetes [1].

[Tyr0] Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (23-42), human, functions as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and exhibits dual activity: it modestly inhibits gastric acid secretion while simultaneously enhancing insulin secretion. This characteristic makes it applicable in research related to diabetes and obesity [1] [2].

Gastric inhibitory peptide 1 (GIP-1) (3-42), a fragment of the incretin hormone GIP and antagonist to the GIP receptor, is generated through the action of serum dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4). When administered at 25 nmol/kg to an ob/ob mouse diabetes model, GIP-1 (3-42) elevates plasma glucose levels and lowers plasma insulin levels, demonstrating its effect on reducing insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 pancreatic cells at a concentration of 100 nM.

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (22-51), a pro-atherogenic peptide comprised of 30 amino acids from the residues 22-51 of its precursor protein proGIP, is present in human plasma. It activates the degradation of IκB-α and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in both macrophage-differentiated THP-1 cells and human aortic endothelial cells at a concentration of 1 µM. Additionally, in ApoE-/- mice, GIP (22-51) escalates the area of atherosclerotic lesions and plaque development in vivo.

Acetyl Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (human), a fatty acid-derivatized analog of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, exhibits enhanced antihyperglycemic and insulinotropic characteristics. This compound is utilized in diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity research [1] [2] [3].

Gastric mucin is a large glycoprotein which is thought to play a major role in the protection of the gastrointestinal tract from acid, proteases, pathogenic microorganisms, and mechanical trauma.

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) (1-42), an endogenous incretin hormone comprising 42 amino acids, promotes insulin secretion. Expressed in the intestinal neuroendocrine K cells and submandibular gland, it enters circulation after meals. GIP (1-42) blocks histamine, pentagastrin, and insulin-induced gastric acid and pepsin secretion, enhances glucose-stimulated insulin release, and accelerates gastric emptying in rats.

Acetyl Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (human) TFA, a fatty acid-derivatized analog of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, exhibits enhanced antihyperglycemic and insulinotropic properties. It is utilized in the research of diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity [1] [2] [3].

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (porcine), also known as a glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42-amino acid intestinal hormone that influences fat and glucose metabolism [1].

Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (1-30), porcine, deficient in the 12 C-terminal amino acids of the natural gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), demonstrates biological activity through the enhancement of insulin and somatostatin release [1].

GIP (3-42), human (Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (3-42) (human)) is a peptide that acts as a glucose-dependent proinsulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor antagonist and regulates insulin secretion and the metabolic effects of GIP in vivo, which can be used to study type 2 diabetes.

This GIP fragment has potent insulinotropic activity in the isolated, perfused rat pancreas but greatly reduced somatostatinotropic activity in the isolated perfused rat stomach. The site responsible for insulinotropic activity apparently lies between residues 19 and 30 of GIP.

Relamorelin (RM-131), a selective and potent growth hormone-releasing peptide/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) agonist, is a potent growth hormone-releasing peptide mimetic with a high affinity for the GHS-1a receptor Relamorelin is a centrally permeable pentapeptide that increases growth hormone levels and accelerates gastric emptying and has potential for studying malignant disease.

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide, human(TFA) is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function. The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.

Gastrin I (human) acetate (Gastrin-17 acetate) is the endogenous peptide produced in the stomach, and increases gastric acid secretion via cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) receptor.

Gastrin I (1-14), human, represents the 1-14 peptide fragment of human gastrin I, an endogenous gastrointestinal peptide hormone. This compound is the principal hormonal regulator of gastric acid secretion.

GIP (1-30) amide, porcine acetate is an agonist of fully glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor. GIP (1-30) amide, porcine acetate can weakly inhibit gastric acid secretion and strongly stimulate insulin.

BPC 157 acetate(137525-51-0 free base) is a 15-amino acid fragment of a gastric peptide (BPC) which has hepatoprotective effects.

GIP (human) acetate is a stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin secretion and a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. GIP (human) acetate plays a vital role in lipid metabolism and the development of obesity.

GIP (1-39) acetate is a gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) purified from porcine intestine and stimulates insulin secretion.

Litorin acetate, an amphibian bombesin peptide derivative, is an bombesin receptor agonist. It stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle, stimulates gastrin, gastric acid, and pancreatic secretion, and suppresses the nutriment in vivo.

Xenopsin TFA is a neurotensin-like octapeptide derived from the skin of Xenopus laevis [1] and serves as an inhibitor of Tetragastrin-induced gastric acid secretion [2].

Xenopsin (Xenopsin(2TFA))(2TFA) is a neurotensin-like octapeptide previously isolated from amphibian skin.

Gastrin I, rat is a peptide hormone that effectively stimulates gastric acid secretion.

GIP (rat) (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide), also known as Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, is a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide secreted by the K cells of the duodenum and jejunum following food consumption. It belongs to the incretin hormone peptide family, which includes GLP (Gastric-like Peptide), and it not only stimulates insulin release from pancreatic islet β-cells but also may encourage β-cell proliferation and survival. Additionally, recent research indicates GIP may have a role in lipid regulation and could contribute to the development of obesity.

GLP-1 receptor agonist. Endogenous preproglucagon-derived neuropeptide that modulates feeding and metabolism. Also secreted by intestinal L-cells. Increases cAMP production and inhibits gastric acid secretion in rat stomach. Also weak glucagon receptor ag

GIP, rat TFA (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide), a 42-amino acid peptide secreted by K cells in the duodenum and jejunum, promotes insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, supports beta cell proliferation, and enhances their survival. This rat-origin bioactive peptide, along with GLP (gastric-like peptide), belongs to the intestinal insulinotropic hormone family and is implicated in lipid homeostasis and potentially in the pathogenesis of obesity. Recent research suggests GIP's multifaceted role in these metabolic processes.

Potent and selective corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 (CRF2) antagonist (IC50 values are 1.3 and > 500 nM for CRF2 and CRF1 respectively). Antagonizes CRF2-mediated inhibition of gastric emptying.

RC-3095 acetate is an antagonist of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR). It exerts protective effects by reducing gastric oxidative injury in the arthritic mice.

Potent insulinotropic hormone synthesized by duodenal K-cells. High affinity GIP receptor agonist (EC50 = 0.81 nM) that inhibits gastric acid secretion and stimulates pancreatic insulin release in response to glucose. Also affects lipid metabolism and dis

Relamorelin (RM-131) acetate is a pentapeptide ghrelin analog that acts as a selective agonist for the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). It exhibits a high affinity for the GHS-1a receptor, with a Ki value of 0.42 nM. Notably, Relamorelin acetate can cross the blood-brain barrier and target the central nervous system. This compound effectively increases growth hormone levels and promotes faster gastric emptying. Due to these properties, Relamorelin acetate holds promise for its potential applications in research related to cachexia, gastroparesis, and gastric/intestinal dysmobility disorders [4] [5].

Gastrin-Releasing Peptide, human is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function. The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.

Amylin, amide, human TFA, a 37-amino acid polypeptide, functions as a pancreatic hormone that is cosecreted with insulin, playing distinct roles in metabolism and glucose homeostasis. It regulates blood sugar by inhibiting glucagon secretion, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting satiety [1].

[Leu15]-Gastrin I human (Amino Acid Sequence Glp-Gly-Pro-Trp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Leu-Asp-Phe-NH2) encodes for the protein [Leu15]-Gastrin I in human. In human chromosome, the gene GAST is localized on 17q21.2. G cells in the stomach antrum produces the precursor of [Leu15]-Gastrin I, progastrin.Progastrin undergoes cleavage and processing to yield gastrin, which is trophic for the entire gastrointestinal epithelium. Gastrin is essential for the growth of the digestive system and stimulates the production of gastric acid by parietal cells. Gastrin exerts its function through G-protein-coupled receptor called the cholecystokinin (CCK) or CCK-B receptor (CCK-BR). Gastrin release is stimulated by food, especially protein diet and is inhibited by very low pH. Atrophic gastritis, a Helicobacter pylori infection and long-term administration of proton pump inhibitors infection may cause overexpression of gastrin. Gastric adenocarcinoma show high levels of gastrin.

Obestatin is a 23 amino acid peptide hormone with a conserved C-terminal glycine residue and amidation site that is formed by cleavage of the ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide.1It binds to the orphan receptor GPR39 (Kd= 1 nM) and stimulates cAMP production in CHO and HEK293 cells overexpressing human GPR39. Obestatin inhibits contraction of isolated mouse jejunum muscle strips induced by ghrelin .In vivo, obestatin (12.5-1,000 nmol/kg) suppresses food intake in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reduces body weight gain and gastric emptying in mice. Obestatin (0.22 g per animal) also reduces food intake and glucose response without affecting plasma insulin responses in fasted high-fat diet fed mice.2 1.Zhang, J.V., Ren, P.C., Avsian-Kretchmer, O., et al.Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intakeScience310(5750)996-999(2005) 2.Subasinghage, A.P., Green, B.D., Flatt, P.R., et al.Metabolic and structural properties of human obestatin {1-23} and two fragment peptidesPeptides31(9)1697-1705(2010)

Urocortin III (mouse) (free acid), a selective agonist with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor, significantly inhibits gastric emptying while not affecting colonic transit [1] [2].

Xenopsin TFA is a neurotensin-like octapeptide derived from the skin of xenopus xenopus.Xenopsin TFA is an inhibitor of tetrachloroside to stimulate gastric acid secretion.

Secretin is an endocrine hormone that stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluids. Canine secretin can regulates gastric chief cell function and paracellular permeability in canine gastric monolayers by a Src kinase-dependent pathway.

BPC 157 is a 15-amino acid fragment of a gastric peptide (BPC) which has hepatoprotective effects.

Xenin is a 25 amino acid peptide that has been identified in human gastric mucosa in the search for a counterpart to the amphibian octapeptide xenopsin.

KLTWQELYQLKYKGI (QK) is a VEGF-mimicking peptide that competes with VEGF by binding to its receptors. It facilitates the healing of gastric ulcers in rodents through both oral and systemic administration and has demonstrated the capacity to induce capillary formation and organization in vitro. [1]

Relamorelin (RM-131) TFA, a pentapeptide ghrelin analog, acts as a potent and selective agonist for the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), with a K_i of 0.42 nM for the GHS-1a receptor. This compound is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and effectively increases growth hormone levels while promoting faster gastric emptying. It holds significant research potential for conditions such as cachexia, gastroparesis, and disorders related to gastric/intestinal motility [1] [2] [3] [4] [5].

ACTH (1-13) is a 13-aa peptide, with cytoprotective effects in the model of ethanol induced gastric lesions in rats.Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. ACTH is an impor

Urocortin II is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin III , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Mouse urocortin II shares 34 and 42% sequence homology with rat CRF and urocortin . It is expressed in mouse paraventricular, supraoptic, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus, and in motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal ventral horn. Urocortin II selectively binds to CRF1 over CRF2 receptors (Kis = 0.66 and >100 nM, respectively) and induces cAMP production in CHO cells expressing CRF2 (EC50 = 0.14 nM). In vivo, urocortin II suppresses nighttime food intake by 35% in rats when administered intracerebroventricularly at a dose of 1 μg. Urocortin II (0.1 and 0.5 μg, i.c.v) stimulates fecal pellet output, increases distal colonic transit, and inhibits gastric emptying in mice.2References1. Reyes, T.M., Lewis, K., Perrin, M.H., et al. Urocortin II: A member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(5), 2843-2848 (2001).2. Martinez, V., Wang, L., Million, M., et al. Urocortins and the regulation of gastrointestinal motor function and visceral pain. Peptides 25(10), 1733-1744 (2004). Urocortin II is a neuropeptide hormone and member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family which includes mammalian CRF , urocortin , urocortin III , frog sauvagine, and piscine urotensin I.1 Mouse urocortin II shares 34 and 42% sequence homology with rat CRF and urocortin . It is expressed in mouse paraventricular, supraoptic, and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the locus coeruleus, and in motor nuclei of the brainstem and spinal ventral horn. Urocortin II selectively binds to CRF1 over CRF2 receptors (Kis = 0.66 and >100 nM, respectively) and induces cAMP production in CHO cells expressing CRF2 (EC50 = 0.14 nM). In vivo, urocortin II suppresses nighttime food intake by 35% in rats when administered intracerebroventricularly at a dose of 1 μg. Urocortin II (0.1 and 0.5 μg, i.c.v) stimulates fecal pellet output, increases distal colonic transit, and inhibits gastric emptying in mice.2 References1. Reyes, T.M., Lewis, K., Perrin, M.H., et al. Urocortin II: A member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98(5), 2843-2848 (2001).2. Martinez, V., Wang, L., Million, M., et al. Urocortins and the regulation of gastrointestinal motor function and visceral pain. Peptides 25(10), 1733-1744 (2004).

GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr-/-) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003). GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr-/-) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2 References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003).

GIP (1-30) amide, porcine TFA is a high-affinity full agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor, having a similar potency as the native GIP(1-42) [1]. Furthermore, GIP (1-30) amide, porcine displays weak inhibitory effects on gastric acid secretion while exhibiting potent insulin-stimulating properties.

(Pro3) GIP, human ((Pro3) Gastric Inhibitory Peptide, human) is a stable and specific full agonist for the human GIP receptor (hGIPR) with a high binding affinity, represented by K i / K d values of 0.90 nM. It shows efficacy in targeting hGIPR, making it suitable for obesity-related diabetes research [1] [2].

Super-TDU (1-31) TFA, a peptide fragment of Super-TDU, acts as an inhibitor of the YAP-TEAD complex. Demonstrating potent anti-tumor activity, it effectively suppresses tumor growth in a gastric cancer mouse model [1] [2].

Secretin, porcine TFA (Porcine secretin TFA) is a 27-amino acid peptide, acting on pancreatic acinar cells and ductal epithelial cells stimulating the production of bicarbonate rich fluid.Secretin porcine stimulates pancreatic and gastric secretions to ai

Secretin, porcine (Porcine secretin acetate) is a 27-amino acid peptide, acting on pancreatic acinar cells and ductal epithelial cells stimulating the production of bicarbonate rich fluid. Secretin porcine stimulates pancreatic and gastric secretions to a