adp

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is an effective calcium mobilization second messenger, which is synthesized from NAD + by ADP-ribosyl cyclase. Cyclic ADP-ribose mainly increases cytosolic calcium through Ryanodine receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum release

Cyclic ADP-ribose ammonium (cADPR ammonium) is a powerful calcium mobilization second messenger synthesized from NAD+ by an ADP-ribosyl cyclase. It primarily raises cytosolic calcium levels through Ryanodine receptor-mediated release from the endoplasmic reticulum, while also facilitating extracellular influx through the opening of TRPM2 channels [1][2][3].

Adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) induces human platelet aggregation and non-competitively blocks the stimulated human platelet adenylate cyclase.

Adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose sodium (ADP ribose sodium) is a metabolite of nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+), which is widely present in organisms.Adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose sodium (ADP ribose sodium) is a potent intracellular Ca2+-permeable cation TRPM2 channel activator. Adenosine 5'-diphosphoribose sodium (ADP ribose sodium) is a potent intracellular Ca2+ permeable cation TRPM2 channel activator that also induces autophagy.)

Adenosine 5'-diphosphate sodium salt (ADP sodium salt) is an adenine nucleotide that is phosphorylated into ATP by ATPase. This phosphorylation is a key part of cellular homeostatis as it allows for energy storage and is involved in nucleic acid metabolism. ADP affects platelet activation through its interaction with ADP receptors P2Y1, P2Y12 and P2X1. Upon its conversion to adenosine by ecto-ADPases, platelet activation is inhibited via adenosine receptors.

7-Deazaadenosine-5'-O-diphosphate, a modified nucleotide and metabolite of tubercidin, is generated through phosphorylation of tubercidin and further undergoes phosphorylation to become the active metabolite 7-deazaadenosine-5'-O-triphosphate.

Vanillyl Alcohol (3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) possesses anti-angiogenic, anticonvulsive, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-nociceptive activities. Vanillyl alcohol can effectively inhibit the cytotoxicity and improved cell viability in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced MN9D dopaminergic cells, it also can attenuate the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decrease in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase proteolysis.

D-Ribose(mixture of isomers) (D-(-)-Ribose), commonly referred to as simply ribose, is a five-carbon sugar found in all living cells. Ribose is not an essential nutrient because it can be synthesized by almost every tissue in the body from other substances, such as glucose. It is vital for life as a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP, and AMP.

Phosphocreatine disodium hydrate ishigh-energy phosphate reservoir in vertebrate and some invertebrate muscle; provides phosphate for ADP-ATP conversion

NADP disodium salt (Disodium NADP) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. NADP disodium salt is a key redox cofactor for electron transfer in the metabolism, serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH).

dADP disodium (2'-Deoxyadenosine 5'-di-phos-phate disodium) is widely found in plants and animals, competitively inhibits bacterial poly(A) polymerase, and is involved in the body's energy cycle.

L-Chicoric Acid (trans-Caffeoyltartaric acid) has been shown to inhibit hyaluronidase and HIV-1 integrase, and to possess phagoeytosis stimulatory activity in vitro and in vivo and antiviral acitivy. L-Chicoric acid may reduce acute alcohol-induced steatosis in mice through interfering with the induction of iNOS and iNOS-dependent signaling cascades in the liver. 3. L-Chicoric acid inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes which was characterized by chromatin condensation and poly ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) cleavage.

Oenothein B is a specific inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Oenothein B shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anti-HCV, and antitumor properties.

4'-Methoxychalcone with a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activities.

Latrunculin A is a toxin isolated from the red sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica. Latrunculin A binds to actin monomers and it also inhibits polymerization of actin (Kds: 0.1, 0.4, 4.7 μM, and 0.19 μM for ATP-actin, ADP-Pi-actin, ADP-actin, and G-actin, re

Fuscin is a quinonoid fungal metabolite originally isolated from O. fuscum that has diverse biological activities. It inhibits binding of the ADP/ATP translocase inhibitor atractyloside to rat liver mitochondria in an ADP-dependent manner when used at a concentration of 50 μM in a radioligand binding assay. Fuscin (20 μM) reduces the glutathione content of rat liver mitochondria to 28% of controls and inhibits NADH oxidation in sonicated pigeon heart mitochondria preparations in a concentration-dependent manner. It competes with macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) for binding to CCR5 chemokine receptors in vitro with an IC50 value of 21 μM.

11-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl thamnosmonin is a coumarin glucoside extractable from the roots of Angelica apaensis that exhibits weak inhibitory effects on rabbit platelet aggregation induced by PAF, AA, and ADP [1].

Ajoene is a disulfide that has been found inA. sativumand has diverse biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antiplatelet, and antioxidant properties.1,2,3,4It is active against Gram-positive (MICs = 5-160 µg/ml) and Gram-negative bacteria (MICs = 136-200 µg/ml), as well as yeasts (MICs = 10-20 µg/ml).1Ajoene is cytotoxic to mouse melanoma cells (IC50= 18 µM), as well as human colon, lung, mammary, and pancreatic cancer cells (IC50s = 7-41 µM).2It reduces tumor growth in a B16/BL6 mouse model of melanoma when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg every other day and decreases the number of lung metastases when administered prior to tumor cell inoculation at doses ranging from 1-25 mg/kg. It inhibits ADP- or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in isolated baboon platelets when used at concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 µg/ml and in platelet-rich plasma isolated from baboons when administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg.3Ajoene (25 mg/kg) prevents thrombus formation on damaged arterial walls in heparinized pigs in anin situmodel of thrombogenesis.5It also reduces high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis, histopathological markers of liver damage, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, and protein oxidation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).4 1.Naganawa, R., Iwata, N., Ishikawa, K., et al.Inhibition of microbial growth by ajoene, a sulfur-containing compound derived from garlicAppl. Environ. Microbiol.62(11)4238-4242(1996) 2.Taylor, P., Noriega, R., Farah, C., et al.Ajoene inhibits both primary tumor growth and metastasis of B16/BL6 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 miceCancer Lett.239(2)298-304(2006) 3.Teranishi, K., Apitz-Castro, R., Robson, S.C., et al.Inhibition of baboon platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo by the garlic derivative, ajoeneXenotransplantation10(4)374-379(2003) 4.Han, C.Y., Ki, S.H., Kim, Y.W., et al.Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, inhibits high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and oxidative injury through LKB1-dependent AMPK activationAntioxid. Redox Signal.14(2)187-202(2011) 5.Apitz-Castro, R., Badimon, J.J., and Badimon, L.A garlic derivative, ajoene, inhibits platelet deposition on severely damaged vessel wall in an in vivo porcine experimental modelThromb. Res.75(3)243-249(1994)

Herquline A is an alkaloid fungal metabolite originally isolated from P. herquei. It inhibits cell death induced by influenza A strain A/PR/8/34 in MDCK cells with an IC50 value of 10 μg/ml and inhibits viral replication in a plaque assay in a concentration-dependent manner. Herquline A also inhibits platelet aggregation induced by ADP and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in vitro (IC50s = 180 and 240 μM, respectively).

Anhydrosafflor yellow B ((2S,3S)-6,7-dihydroxy-5-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-2-[(1S,2R,3R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl]-3-{2,3,4-trihydroxy-5-[(2E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-6-oxo-3-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1), isolated from Carthamus tinctorius, inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation, exhibits significant anti-oxidative effects in vitro, and possesses certain activity against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity.

ExcisaninA may be a potent inhibitor of AKT signaling pathway in tumor cells, it can inhibit invasion by suppressing MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, it may be a potential anti-metastatic chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of breast cancer. Excisanin A shows comparable inhibitory effects on the LPS-induced production of NO and PGE2, and activation of NF-kappaB without affecting cell viability.Excisanin A induces apoptosis in colon cancer cell line SW620 as determined by Annexin V staining, the cleavage of caspase-3 and the proteolytic degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).

6-Hydroxykaempferol 3,6,7-tri-O-glucoside and 6-hydroxykaempferol 3,6-di-O-glucoside can inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen, they also show weak inhibitory effects on the adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)- induced platelet aggregation.

YM-254890, a macrocyclohexapeptide isolated from Chromobacterium sp, is a selective and potent inhibitor of Gαq/11 protein, inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation and inhibits G protein signaling.

Creatine (Methylguanidoacetic acid) is an amino acid that occurs in vertebrate tissues and in urine. In muscle tissue, creatine generally occurs as phosphocreatine. Creatine is excreted as creatinine in the urine. Creatine functions as part of the cell's energy shuttle. The high energy phosphate group of ATP is transferred to creatine to form phosphocreatine in the following reaction: Cr + ATP <-> PCr + ADP. This reaction is reversibly catalyzed by creatine kinase. In the human body, creatine is synthesized mainly in the liver by the use of parts from three different amino acids: arginine, glycine, and methionine. 95% of it is later stored in the skeletal muscles and the rest is stored in the brain, heart, and testes.

Dehydrocorydaline chloride (13-Methylpalmatine chloride) is an alkaloid with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. Can improve the activation of p38 MAPK.

5,7,4'-Trimethoxyflavone (4',5,7-Trimethoxyflavone) is isolated from Kaempferia parviflora (KP) which is a medicinal plant from Thailand.

1. Atractyloside potassium salt (Atractyloside Dipotassium Salt) inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by blocking the transfer of adenosine nucleotides through the mitochondrial membrane.

Picolinamide (Picolinoylamide) is found to be a strong inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase of nuclei from rat pancreatic islet cells.

1. 5,7-Dihydroxychromone (5,7-Dihydroxy-4H-Chromen-4-One) isolated from DME is one of the active compounds that may contribute to regulate blood glucose levels. 2. 5,7-Dihydroxychromone exerts neuroprotective effect against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating Nrf2/ARE signal . 3. 5,7-Dihydroxychromone induces the translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus and increases Nrf2/ARE binding activity which results in the up-regulation of the expression of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant genes, including HO-1, NQO1, and GCLc.

1. Dehydrocorydaline(DHC) not only inhibits antibody-mediated allergic reactions but also influences cell-mediated allergic reactions, and the inhibitory effect of Corydalis Tuber on allergic reactions may be partially attributed to DHC. 2. Dehydrocorydal

Loureirin A has an inhibitory effect on platelet activation, perhaps through an impairment of PI3K/Akt signaling.Loureirin A negatively affects agonist-induced platelet aggregation such as collagen, collagen-related peptide (CRP), ADP and thrombin. Lourei

3',4'-Dimethoxyflavone is a reference standard for flavonoid compounds, which have a variety of medicinal activities.

Benzamide (Amid kyseliny benzoove), an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, is a derivative of benzoic acid.

5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine is an oxidized derivative of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-mdC) in DNA, causing DNA damage reactions, chromosomal aberrations, replication fork damage, and loss of cell viability.5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine is an oxidized derivative of 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine in DNA. Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxycytidine replication fork instability is associated with the presence of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) on chromatin.

Jujuboside B has potent inhibitory effects on collagen-, thrombin-, AA-, and ADP-induced aggregation, and also exhibits superior protection on the thromboembolic model.

Daphnetin (7,8-Dihydroxycoumarin), a natural coumarin derivative, is a protein kinase inhibitor with inhibitory for EGFR (IC50: 7.67 μM), PKA (IC50: 9.33 μM), and PKC (IC50: 25.01 μM), also exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

6-Hydroxykaempferol 3,6-di-O-glucoside and 6-hydroxykaempferol 3,6,7-tri-O-glucoside can inhibit platelet aggregation induced by collagen, they also show weak inhibitory effects on the adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)- induced platelet aggregation.

Eupatorin has antiproliferative and antiangiogenic effects. Eupatorin has antiproliferative and cytostatic effects on MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells due to CYP1-mediated metabolism. Eupatorin-induced cell death is mediated by both the extrinsic and

Carboxyatractyloside (Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium salt) is a natural product. It acts as an inhibitor of ADP/ATP carrier, inhibits mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport.

Fucosterol is isolated from E. stolonifera with anti-diabetic, anti-adipogenic and anti-cancer activities. It regulates adipogenesis via modulation of PPARα and C/EBPα expression.

Paris saponin VII (Dioscini) shows inhibitory effects on cell proliferation.

1. Dehydrocorydaline (13-Methylpalmatine) exerts anti-metastatic potential via suppression of MMPs and Bcl-2 signaling in NSC-LC cells. 2. Dehydrocorydaline stimulates p38 MAPK activation, which can enhance heterodimerization of MyoD and E proteins, thus resulting in MyoD activation and myoblast differentiation. 3. Dehydrocorydaline shows antiplatelet effects, it inhibits thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in a low dose ( IC50= 34.914 ug/mL). 4. Dehydrocorydaline has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. 5. Dehydrocorydaline inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis mediated by regulating Bax/Bcl-2, activating caspases as well as cleaving PARP.

Aviculin, a lignan glycoside, exhibits significant anticancer properties, particularly in inhibiting the metabolic activity of MCF-7 cells to below 50%, with an IC 50 value of 75.47 μM. It promotes apoptosis in breast cancer cells via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway, enhancing the expression of initiator caspase-9, executioner caspase-7, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Furthermore, Aviculin leads to an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, underlying its potential as an effective anticancer agent.

Phytic acid dipotassium salt is an endogenous metabolite that inhibits β-secretase 1 (BACE1).

CC 1014 is a polypeptide antibiotic isolated from Penicillium lilacinum that inhibits phosphorylation of ADP, Mg ATPase.

Norcepharadione B shows good inhibitory activity against the replication of HSV-1, it also shows antimalarial activity with EC50 values of 7.5mug/ml. Norcepharadione B exhibits significant cytotoxicity against five human tumor cell lines (A-549, SK-OV-3,

4 beta-Carboxy-19-nortotarol can inhibit microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(III)-ADP/NADPH and mitochondrial lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(III)-ADP/ NADH, it inhibits linoleic acid autoxidation but not generation of superoxide anion.

N-norarmepavine shows significant cytotoxic activities against HL-60 carcinoma cell line with inhibitory ratios of 51.43% at concentration of 1 x 10(-5) M. Norarmepavine shows inhibition against Trypanosoma cruzi. D-(+)- N-norarmepavine exhibits significa

3,6-Dihydroxyflavone suppresses the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the Notch signaling pathway.