Cholesterol (cholesteryl alcohol) is a natural product that is the major sterol in mammals and an agonist of estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα). Cholesterol is widely found in the cell membranes of animals and is also used in the synthesis of several important hormones and bile acids.

Cholesterol Myristate (Cholesteryl Myristate) is a natural steroid found in traditional Chinese medicine that interacts with various ion channels, including the GABAA receptor, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, and the inward-rectifier potassium ion channel.

Cholesterol glucuronide is an endogenous metabolite of lipid generated by UDP glucuonyltransferase in the liver.

Cholesteryl Acetate is a cholesterol ester obtained from the esterification of the hydroxyl group of cholesterol with acetic acid. It functions as a metabolite in the human body and is both a cholesterol ester and an acetate ester.

27-Hydroxycholesterol (25(R)-27-hydroxy Cholesterol) is a selective modulator of estrogen receptor and an agonist of the liver X receptor.

20(S)-Hydroxycholesterol (20α-Hydroxycholesterol) is an allosteric activator of the oncoprotein smoothened (Smo).

Cholesteryl oleate (Cholesteryl cis-9-octadecenoate) is a cholesteryl ester. Cholesteryl oleate can be used to synthesize solid lipid nanoparticles which is a nanoparticle-based gene therapy approach.

Cholesteryl behenate is a standard in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of cholesteryl esters and cholesterol.

Cholesteryl linoleate is the major cholesteryl ester in LDL and atherosclerotic lesions. It is present in LDL as a cholesteryl ester that is oxidized to form cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxides using LDL receptor-associated proteins that are transferred to the plasma membranes of macrophages and CHO cells expressing 15-lipoxygenase.

Cholesteryl sulfate sodium (Sodium Cholesteryl Sulfate) is a sterol sulfate in human plasma. Cholesteryl sulfate sodium is a component of cell membrane and has a regulatory function. Cholesteryl sulfate sodium also activates multiple protein kinase C (PKC) iso-enzymes, especially the ε, η and ζ isoforms.

25-Hydroxycholesterol is a steroid derivative that suppresses the cleavage of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). It inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and so it also plays a significant role in the in vivo regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis

Digitonin is a natural product of the glycoside family and is a detergent. Digitonin has antitumor activity, binds to cholesterol molecules to increase the permeability of cell membranes, and is active in the cleavage of cell membranes in a wide range of cells.

1. Lutein and Zeaxanthin (All-Trans-Zeaxanthin) in neural tissue may have biological effects that include antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and structural actions. 2. Lutein and Zeaxanthin may be protective against eye disease because they absorb damaging blue light that enters the eye.

Cholic Acid (Cholate) is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Cholic acid facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

Diallyl disulfide has antitumor effect, the effect can be enhanced by miR-200b and miR-22.

Allicin exerts antioxidant, bactericidal, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activities, it exerts an inhibitory immunomodulatory effect on intestinal epithelial cells. Allicin could significantly inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells' proliferation and migration induced by insulin, which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of ERK signal path. Allicin is beneficial in reducing blood cholesterol, triglycerides levels and systolic blood pressure in hypercholesterolemic rats, it may beneficially affect two risk factors for atherosclerosis-hyperlipidemia and hypertension.

1. Pseudoprotodioscin has moderate cytotoxicity.

Squalene (AddaVax) is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanical sources as well, including rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity.

D-Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a water-soluble vitamin ubiquitously found in plants and animal tissues with an antioxidant property. D-Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A (CoA) and a part of the vitamin B2 complex. D-Pantothenic acid is a growth factor and is essential for various metabolic functions, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids. This vitamin is also involved in the synthesis of cholesterol, lipids, neurotransmitters, steroid hormones, and hemoglobin.

2-Furoic acid (Furan-2-carboxylic acid) 2-Furoic acid can reduce serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and has anti-lipidemic effects.

Cholic acid sodium (SodiumCholate) exhibits a strong spermicidal and antiviral [anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1] activity.

Stigmasterol (Stigmasterin) is found in the fats and oils of soybean, calabar bean and rape seed, as well as several other vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and unpasteurized milk. Stigmasterol has been focused on the cholesterol-lowering activity and is valued as an anti-stiffness factor in the therapy of rheumatic diseases.

(E/Z)-Squalene ((E/Z)-AddaVax) regulates intracellular reactive oxidant species (ROS) production and induces apoptosis and necrosis in a concentration and time-dependent manner. (E/Z)-Squalene accumulates in the liver and lowers hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides.

1-Methyluric acid (1-Methylurate) acts on the bladder mucosa and increases the levels of insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, and blood glucose.

Lathosterol, a molecule akin to cholesterol, serves as a biomarker for the body's total cholesterol synthesis, as indicated by its serum concentration.

7-Ketocholesterol is a metabolite of Cholesterol

7α-Hydroxycholesterol is a cholesterol oxide formed by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation. It can be used as a biomarker for lipid peroxidation.

24-Methylenecholesterol (24 Methylenecholesterol) is a natural marine sterol, which stimulates cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) in human macrophages.

7-Dehydrocholesterol (Provitamin D3) down-regulates cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured Smith-Lemi-Opitz syndrome skin fibroblasts.

8-Dehydrocholesterol is a compound whose elevated concentration is a diagnostic biochemical hallmark of classical Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.

7beta-Hydroxycholesterol, a major cytotoxin in oxidized LDL, induces Ca(2+) oscillations, MAP kinase activation and apoptosis in human aortic smooth muscle cells.

24-Methylcholesterol, a trans-ferulate ester extracted from rice bran, significantly inhibits TPA-induced inflammation [1].

7α, 25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC) is a potent and selective agonist and endogenous ligand of the orphan GPCR receptor EBI2 (GPR183). 7α, 25-dihydroxycholesterol can serve as a chemokine directing migration of B cells, T cells and dendritic cells[1][

24-Hydroxycholesterol (Cholest-5-ene-3beta,24-diol) is an oxysterol compound that is an activator of the n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA) and the transcription factor LXR, which has been used in the study of cardiogenesis and pancreatic cancer.

Punicalagin is a major ellagitannin found in pomegranates that is reported to produce antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. It has been shown to prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity-associated accumulation of cardiac triglyceride and ch

Cytosporone B (Dothiorelone G) is a naturally occurring agonist for the nuclear receptor Nur77 (IC50 = 0.278 nM). Activation of Nur77 with cytosporone B induces the expression of Nur77-dependent genes, including the gene for Nur77 itself. Signaling through Nur77 induces apoptosis in cancer cells and retards xenograft tumor growth. It also induces genes related to gluconeogenesis and decreases atherosclerosis progression in mice fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet. Cytosporone B is brain penetrant and aggravates early brain injury in rats when given (13 mg/kg intraperitoneally) after experimentally-induced subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cytosporone B also has antibacterial properties.

Raloxifene hydrochloride (LY156758 hydrochloride) is a second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) can be used to dissolve gallstones and reduce cholesterol absorption.

Lovastatin (MK-803) is an HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor, used for lowering cholesterol.

Simvastatin (MK 733) is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (Ki=0.2 nM) with oral activity. Simvastatin has hypolipidemic activity, inhibits hepatic production of cholesterol, and is also used for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Moronic acid shows oral therapeutic efficacy in HSV-infected mice and possessed novel anti-HSV activity. It also shows significant anti-HIV activity (EC(50) 186) and was modified to develop more potent anti-AIDS agents. Moronic acid is a new structural lead for anti-EBV drug development, can substantially reduce the numbers of EBV particles produced by the cells after lytic induction. Morolic and moronic acids have shown sustained antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic action possibly mediated by an insulin sensitization with consequent changes of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides, in part mediated by inhibition of 11β-HSD 1 as indicated by in vitro.

Caulilexin C shows inhibitory activity on human Acyl CoA: cholesterol transferase I (hACATI) and on human Acyl CoA: cholesterol transferase 2 (hACAT2) at 100 mug/ml.

(2S,3R,4S)-4-Hydroxyisoleucine (Hydroxyisoleucine) from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds is a potential insulinotropic (anti-diabetic) and anti-obesity amino acid. HIL stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic cells. HIL activates insulin receptor substrate-associated phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase activity. HIL reduces plasma levels of triglycerides, free fatty acids and cholesterol.

Enniatin A, a Fusarium mycotoxin, inhibits acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) with an IC50 of 22 μM in rat liver microsome enzyme assays.

Grifolin has anti-cancer effects, it induces apoptosis and promotes cell cycle arrest in the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line via inactivation of the ERK1/2 and Akt pathways; it enhances the differentiation and proliferation of oligodendrocyte precurs

Agistatin B, a mycotoxin isolated from fungus, inhibits cholesterol synthesis [1].

Beauveriolide I is a cyclodepsipeptide that has been found inBeauveriaand an inhibitor of lipid droplet formation.1It inhibits lipid droplet formation when used at concentrations of 3 and 10 μM, as well as inhibits cholesterol synthesis (IC50= 0.78 μM), in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages.1,2Beauveriolide I also inhibits acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity in mouse macrophage membranes (IC50= 6 μM).2 1.Namatame, I., Tomoda, H., Si, S., et al.Beauveriolides, specific inhibitors of lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages, produced by Beauveria sp. FO-6979J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)52(1)1-6(1999) 2.Namatame, I., Tomoda, H., Ishibashi, S., et al.Antiatherogenic activity of fungal beauveriolides, inhibitors of lipid droplet accumulation in macrophagesProc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA101(3)737-742(2004)

Beauveriolide III is a cyclodepsipeptide that has been found inBeauveriaand an inhibitor of lipid droplet formation.1It inhibits lipid droplet formation when used at concentrations of 3 and 10 μM, as well as inhibits cholesterol synthesis (IC50= 0.41 μM), in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages.1,2Beauveriolide III also inhibits acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity in mouse macrophage membranes (IC50= 5.5 μM).2Beauveriolide III (25 and 50 mg/kg) reduces the size of aortic atherosclerotic lesions inLdlr-/-andApoE-/-mouse models of atherosclerosis. 1.Namatame, I., Tomoda, H., Si, S., et al.Beauveriolides, specific inhibitors of lipid droplet formation in mouse macrophages, produced by Beauveria sp. FO-6979J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)52(1)1-6(1999) 2.Namatame, I., Tomoda, H., Ishibashi, S., et al.Antiatherogenic activity of fungal beauveriolides, inhibitors of lipid droplet accumulation in macrophagesProc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA101(3)737-742(2004)

Zymosterol, a metabolite in cholesterol biosynthesis and precursor to cholesterol, predominantly resides in the plasma membrane and circulates within the cell [1] [2].