signal

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 fragments is a peptide with the sequence H2N-Ser-Tyr-Trp-Ser-Asp-Arg-Leu-Ile-Ile-OH, MW= 1152.3.

Tat-NTS peptide, a cell-penetrating compound, comprises the HIV-1 Tat protein transduction domain fused with a 10-amino acid sequence (residues 228-237) from the repeat III domain of annexin A1, serving as a nuclear translocation signal (NTS). This peptide hinders the interaction between annexin A1 and importin β, obstructing annexin A1's nuclear entry in primary mouse hippocampal neurons. Tat-NTS effectively prevents apoptosis triggered by glucose-oxygen deprivation and reperfusion in these neurons. When administered in vivo at a dosage of 10 mg/kg, it significantly reduces infarct size, minimizes neuronal apoptosis, and improves navigation performance in the Morris water maze test for mice subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

Integrin Signaling Inhibitor mP13 is a compound that impedes both inside-out and outside-in integrin-mediated signaling processes, such as fibrinogen binding, platelet adhesion, and clot retraction [1].

SV40 T-Ag-derived NLS peptide acetate (SV40 T-Ag-derived NLS peptide acetate) is a nuclear localization signal peptide. The DNA labeled with this peptide can be effectively transferred to the nucleus.

M1145 acetate, a chimeric peptide, is a selective galanin receptor type 2 (GAL2) agonist, with a Ki of 6.55 nM. M1145 acetate shows more than 90-fold higher affinity for GAL2 over GAL1 (Ki=587 nM) and a 76-fold higher affinity over GalR3 (Ki=497 nM). M1145 acetate has an additive effect on the signal transduction of galanin[1].

Insulin Detemir, an artificial insulin, effectively controls blood sugar levels by stimulating GLP-1 secretion through enhanced Gcg expression via the activation of Akt- and/or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent-cat and CREB signaling pathways. It is applicable for type 2 diabetes research [1] [2].

Globomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic and an inhibitor of signal peptidase II (LspA). It inhibits the processing of the prolipoprotein by binding irreversibly to the peptidase.

Competence-Stimulating Peptide-2 (CSP-2) is a quorum sensing signal peptide synthesized by Streptococcus pneumoniae. ComD2, a compatible receptor of CSP-2, exhibits an EC 50 value of 50.7 nM.

Alarin (human) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide from the galanin peptide family. It contains the signal sequence of the GALP precursor and the initial five amino acids (aa) of the mature GALP [1].

Arylomycin A2, a lipopeptide antibiotic, functions as a type I signal peptidase (SPase I) inhibitor. It exhibits antibacterial properties [1].

Protein Kinase C substrate, a specific substrate of Protein Kinase C, plays a pivotal role in signal transduction by facilitating the detection of protein through its enzyme's catalytic action on specific substrate phosphorylation [1].

CAM741 is a novel selective inhibitor of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) synthesis in endothelial cells, blocking the process of cotranslational translocation, which is dependent on the signal peptide of VCAM1.

Proadrenomedullin (N-20) (ProADM N20) (bovine, porcine) is a peptide known for its strong hypotensive effects and inhibition of catecholamine release from chromaffin cells without competing with other substances. It effectively suppresses catecholamine secretion in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells with an IC50 of 350 nM and prevents the desensitization of nicotinic cholinergic agonist-induced catecholamine release and nicotinic signal transduction, with an EC50 of approximately 270 nM for desensitization blockade, as evidenced by inhibited 22 Na+ uptake [1].

Nitric Oxide Synthase (599-613) Blocking Peptide, Bovine Endothelial Cell (Ac-Pro-Tyr-Asn-Ser-Ser-Pro-Arg-Pro-Glu-Gln-His-Lys-Ser-Tyr-Lys-Cys) is a peptide that inhibits the function of NOSs as a result it blocks the production of NO. Because of the invol

Peptide YY (PYY) is a 36-amino acid peptide and anorectic gut hormone agonist for the neuropeptide Y receptors Y1, Y2, Y5, and Y6 with EC50 values of 0.7, 0.58, 1, and 0.8 nM, respectively, for supression of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. PYY is cleaved in vivo to PYY (3-36) . Release of PYY occurs postprandially in proportion to calorie intake from intestinal enteroendocrine L cells, indicating it may be a satiety signal. In humans, PYY inhibits food intake and gastrointestinal transit in both lean and obese subjects.

Melanocortin (MC) 3-MSH (Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone) is believed to signal through the MC 3 receptor. It induces a sustained increase in intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) in a subpopulation of pituitary cells. Most of the cells responding to

M1145 TFA, a chimeric peptide, acts as a selective agonist for the galanin receptor type 2 (GAL2), demonstrating a binding affinity (K i ) of 6.55 nM. It exhibits significantly greater selectivity for GAL2, with over 90-fold and 76-fold higher affinity compared to GAL1 (K i = 587 nM) and GalR3 (K i = 497 nM), respectively. Additionally, M1145 TFA enhances galanin signal transduction mechanisms [1].

SFNGGP-NH2 is a biologically active peptide that interacts with Protease-Activated Receptor 3 (PAR-3), a high-affinity thrombin receptor. Human cutaneous mast cells express PAR-3 mRNA, implicating a role in itch mechanotransduction, with both histamine-dependent and independent pathways reported. While PAR-3 alone does not induce itch, it may potentiate itch when co-expressed with PAR-4, enhancing thrombin's action. This suggests that PAR-3's primary function is not as a signal transmitter across the membrane, but rather as a cofactor necessary for PAR-4 activation.

Potent and selective galanin receptor 2 (GAL2) agonist (EC50 = 38 nM, Ki values are 6.55, 497 and 587 nM at GAL2, GAL3 and GAL1 respectively). Has an additive effect on the signal transduction of galanin.

This peptide, a nuclear localization signal DNA tagged to this peptide efficiently translocates into the cell nucleus.

H-Leu-Ser-Lys-Leu-OH (LSYL), a latency-associated peptide located at the amino terminus of LAP, exhibits an inhibitory effect on TGF-β1 activation. By binding with KRFK, it obstructs TGF-β1 signal transduction, thereby inhibiting the advancement of hepatic damage and fibrosis [1].