protein synthesis

Involved in the synthesis of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) which is secreted by bacteria and is used to communicate both the cell density and the metabolic potential of the environment. The regulation of gene expression in response to changes in cell density is called quorum sensing. Catalyzes the transformation of S-ribosylhomocysteine (RHC) to homocysteine (HC) and 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentadione (DPD). LuxS Protein, E. coli, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.3 kDa and the accession number is P45578.

Involved in the synthesis of autoinducer 2 (AI-2) which is secreted by bacteria and is used to communicate both the cell density and the metabolic potential of the environment. The regulation of gene expression in response to changes in cell density is called quorum sensing. Catalyzes the transformation of S-ribosylhomocysteine (RHC) to homocysteine (HC) and 4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentadione (DPD).

The physiological role of BioH is to remove the methyl group introduced by BioC when the pimeloyl moiety is complete. It allows to synthesize pimeloyl-ACP via the fatty acid synthetic pathway through the hydrolysis of the ester bonds of pimeloyl-ACP esters. E.coli employs a methylation and demethylation strategy to allow elongation of a temporarily disguised malonate moiety to a pimelate moiety by the fatty acid synthetic enzymes. BioH shows a preference for short chain fatty acid esters (acyl chain length of up to 6 carbons) and short chain p-nitrophenyl esters. Also displays a weak thioesterase activity. Can form a complex with CoA, and may be involved in the condensation of CoA and pimelic acid into pimeloyl-CoA, a precursor in biotin biosynthesis.; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the methyl ester bond of dimethylbutyryl-S-methyl mercaptopropionate (DMB-S-MMP) to yield dimethylbutyryl mercaptopropionic acid (DMBS-MPA) during the biocatalytic conversion of simvastin acid from monacolin J acid. Can also use acyl carriers such as dimethylbutyryl-S-ethyl mercaptopropionate (DMB-S-EMP) and dimethylbutyryl-S-methyl thioglycolate (DMB-S-MTG) as the thioester substrates.

Catalytic subunit in the complex catalyzing the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to phosphatidylinositol, the first step of GPI biosynthesis. GPI3 Protein, S. cerevisiae, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 49.8 kDa and the accession number is P32363.

Natural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3 (NCR3) along with NKp44 and NKp46 constitute a group of receptors termed “Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors”. They play a major role in triggering NK-mediated killing of most tumor cells lines. NKp30 is a type I transmembrane protein having a single extracellular V-like immunoglobulin domain. NKp30 is selectively expressed both in resting and activated human NK cells. In addition, NKp30 is also involved in NK-mediated induction of dendritic cell (DC) maturation. It has been demonstrated that NK cell activation signaling specifically induces lytic activity against several tumor cell types and synthesis of new NF-κB dependent proteins during the initiation of cytotoxicity.

Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase Cytosolic (SHMT1) is a member of the SHMT family. SHMT1 is a cytoplasmic protein and exists as a homotetramer. SHMT1 catalyzes the reversible conversion of serine and tetrahydrofolate to glycine and 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate. This reaction provides one carbon unit for the synthesis of methionine, thymidylate, and purines in the cytoplasm. A reduction in SHMT1 levels would result in less glycine that could affect the nervous system by acting as an agonist to the NMDA receptor and this could be a mechanism behind Smith-Magenis syndrome.

Mouse HLA class II histocompatibility antigen gamma chain (CD74), is a single-pass type II membrane protein that in humans is encoded by the CD74 gene. It contains 1 thyroglobulin type-1 domain. CD74 Plays a critical role in MHC class II antigen processing by stabilizing peptide-free class II alpha/beta heterodimers in a complex soon after their synthesis and directing transport of the complex from the endoplasmic reticulum to compartments where peptide loading of class II takes place.

Low Molecular Weight Phosphotyrosine Protein Phosphatase (LMW-PTP) is a member of the low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase family. LMW-PTP serves as an acid phosphatase and a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) by hydrolyzing protein tyrosine phosphate to protein tyrosine and orthophosphate. LMW-PTP can be detected in all human tissues, including adipocytes. LMW-PTP is a cytosolic enzyme that regulate cell proliferation and growth of leiomyomas during dephosphorylation of the PDGF receptor. In addition, LMW-PTP plays an important role in the regulation of physiological functions, such as stress resistance and synthesis of the polysaccharide capsule.

Somatotropin(GH) is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. Its major role in stimulating body growth is to stimulate the liver and other tissues to secrete IGF-1. GH stimulates both the differentiation and proliferation of myoblasts. It also stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in muscle and other tissues.

Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT) is a tetrameric cytosolic protein. GNMT catalyzes the synthesis of N-methylglycine from glycine using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) as the methyl donor. It can affects DNA methylation by regulating the ratio of S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocystine, playing an important role in maintaining normal AdoMet levels. GNMT is highly expressed in liver. As a major folate-binding protein, GNMT takes part in the detoxification pathway. Defects in GNMT are the cause of hypermethioninemia. the patients with this deficiency are mild hepatomegaly and chronic elevation of serum transaminases.

Heat-Responsive Protein 12 (HRSP12) is an endoribonuclease that belongs to the Rut family. HRSP12 is found mainly in the human adult kidney and liver and is responsible for inhibiting protein translation by cleaving mRNA. HRSP12 only cleaves phosphodiester bonds in single-stranded RNA and inhibits cell-free protein synthesis. The levels of both mRNA and protein are markedly reduced in heptatocellular tumors and in human hepatoma cell lines compared with normal liver tissues. Moreover the levels of HRSP12 are different depending on the grade of the tumor. This had led to the suggestion that HRSP12 may be an important biomarker for heptatic carcinoma.

The insulin family consists of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2), their receptors (IR, IGF-1R and IGF-2R), and their binding proteins. All three ligands are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, protein synthesis and metabolism due to their homologous sequences and structural similarities. Insulin-like growth factor 2, a member of the insulin family, plays an important role in embryonic development, metabolic disorders, and tumorigenesis by combining with three receptors with different degrees of affinity.

Fertility is dependent on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a product of gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and intra-pituitary activins are regarded as the primary drivers of FSH synthesis and secretion. Both stimulate expression of the FSH beta subunit gene (Fshb), although the underlying mechanisms of GnRH action are poorly described relative to those of the activins. FSHB Protein, Cynomolgus, Recombinant (His) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with C-His tag. The predicted molecular weight is 13.58 kDa and the accession number is G7PQH7.

The A chain is responsible for inhibiting protein synthesis through the catalytic inactivation of 60S ribosomal subunits by removing adenine from position 4,324 of 28S rRNA. Abrin-a is more toxic than ricin.; The B chain is a galactose-specific lectin that facilitates the binding of abrin to the cell membrane that precedes endocytosis. Abrin-a Protein, Abrus precatorius, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 33.6 kDa and the accession number is P11140.

Phosphorylation of dTMP to form dTDP in both de novo and salvage pathways of dTTP synthesis. Thymidylate kinase Protein, Bacillus anthracis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.8 kDa and the accession number is C3LJ02.

Plays a role in masking infected cells for immune recognition by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Down-regulates the expression of the host TAP1 gene (transporter associated with antigen processing), thereby affecting the transport of peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent peptide loading by MHC class I molecules. Inhibits IFN-gamma synthesis. Epstein-Barr virus (strain B95-8) BCRF1 Protein (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 24.8 kDa and the accession number is P03180.

Single-stranded DNA-binding protein that participates in viral DNA replication, formation of concatemers, recombination and repair of double-stranded breaks. Coats the lagging-strand ssDNA as the replication fork advances and stimulates the activities of viral DNA polymerase and primase/helicase. Coordinates simultaneous synthesis of leading- and lagging-strands. Together with DNA primase/helicase, promotes pairing of two homologous DNA molecules containing complementary single-stranded regions and mediates homologous DNA strand exchange. Promotes also the formation of joint molecules. Disrupts loops, hairpins and other secondary structures present on ssDNA to reduce and eliminate pausing of viral DNA polymerase at specific sites during elongation.

Major connective tissue mitoattractant secreted by vascular endothelial cells. Promotes proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. Mediates heparin- and divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion in many cell types including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells. Enhances fibroblast growth factor-induced DNA synthesis. CTGF/CCN2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 15.1 kDa and the accession number is P29279.

Catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetylcholine (ACh) from acetyl CoA and choline at cholinergic synapses. CHAT Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 72.7 kDa and the accession number is P28329.

GTP-specific succinyl-CoA synthetase functions in the citric acid cycle (TCA), coupling the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA to the synthesis of GTP and thus represents the only step of substrate-level phosphorylation in the TCA. The beta subunit provides nucleotide specificity of the enzyme and binds the substrate succinate, while the binding sites for coenzyme A and phosphate are found in the alpha subunit. SUCLG2 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 56.3 kDa and the accession number is Q96I99.

Prevents the establishment of the cellular antiviral state by inhibiting TRIM25-mediated DDX58 ubiquitination, which normally triggers the antiviral transduction signal that leads to the activation of type I IFN genes by transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7. Prevents human EIF2AK2/PKR activation, either by binding double-strand RNA, or by interacting directly with EIF2AK2/PKR. This function may be important at the very beginning of the infection, when NS1 is mainly present in the cytoplasm. Also binds poly(A) and U6 snRNA.; Inhibits post-transcriptional processing of cellular pre-mRNA, by binding and inhibiting two cellular proteins that are required for the 3'-end processing of cellular pre-mRNAs: the 30 kDa cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor/CPSF4 and the poly(A)-binding protein 2/PABPN1. In turn, unprocessed 3' end pre-mRNAs accumulate in the host nucleus and are no longer exported to the cytoplasm. Cellular protein synthesis is thereby shut off very early after virus infection. Viral protein synthesis is not affected by the inhibition of the cellular 3' end processing machinery because the poly(A) tails of viral mRNAs are produced by the viral polymerase through a stuttering mechanism.

Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate but can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity. ACSS2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 82.9 kDa and the accession number is Q9QXG4.

Catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is converted by HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) into mevalonate, a precursor for cholesterol synthesis. HMGCS1 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 73.6 kDa and the accession number is Q8JZK9.

May act as a carrier of hyaluronan in serum or as a binding protein between hyaluronan and other matrix protein, including those on cell surfaces in tissues to regulate the localization, synthesis and degradation of hyaluronan which are essential to cells undergoing biological processes. ITIH2 Protein, Mouse, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 79.6 kDa and the accession number is Q61703.

Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis. Dihydrofolate reductase Protein, S. epidermidis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 22.0 kDa and the accession number is P0C0P1.

Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Ribosome-independent, sequence-specific endoribonuclease that cleaves mRNA, thus inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing bacterial stasis. It cuts between the first and nucleotides of 5'-UACAU-3' in single-stranded RNA. Neutralized by coexpression with cognate antitoxin MazE. MazF Protein, S. epidermidis, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.0 kDa and the accession number is Q9F7V5.

Carries out three functions: biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase. Involved in the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acid synthesis which is required to maintain a functional nuclear envelope. Required for acylation and vacuolar membrane association of VAC8 which is necessary to maintain a normal morphology of the vacuole. ACC1 Protein, S. cerevisiae, Recombinant (aa 2-581, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 69.9 kDa and the accession number is Q00955.

Virulence factor that is important for the establishment of infection in the host. EsxA is required for EsxB synthesis as well as secretion. Modulates host cell apoptotic pathways and mediates together with EsxB the release of S.aureus from the host cell. By acting on apoptosis, plays a role in the modulation of dendritic cell-mediated immunity. EsxA Protein, S. aureus, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 27.0 kDa and the accession number is Q6GCJ0.

Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Required for repair of UV radiation- and etoposide-induced DNA damage. NDPK Protein, S. cerevisiae, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 21.2 kDa and the accession number is P36010.

Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Required for repair of UV radiation- and etoposide-induced DNA damage. NDPK Protein, S. cerevisiae, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 19.2 kDa and the accession number is P36010.

Viral mimic of eIF-2-alpha that acts as a pseudosubstrate for EIF2AK2/PKR kinase. Inhibits therefore eIF-2-alpha phosphorylation by host EIF2AK2/PKR kinase and prevents protein synthesis shutoff. Vaccinia virus (strain Western Reserve) K3 Protein (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 12.6 kDa and the accession number is P18378.

Integrin-linked kinase-associated serine/threonine phosphatase 2C, also known as ILKAP, is a cytoplasm protein that belongs to the PP2C family. ILKAP contains one PP2C-like domain. ILKAP is widely expressed. Highest levels expressed in striated muscle. Much lower levels are evident in various smooth muscle tissues. ILKAP may play a role in the regulation of cell cycle progression via dephosphorylation of its substrates whose appropriate phosphorylation states might be crucial for cell proliferation. ILKAP selectively associates with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), to modulate cell adhesion and growth factor signaling. ILKAP inhibits the ILK-GSK3B signaling axis and may play an important role in inhibiting oncogenic transformation. Integrin-linked kinase ( ILK ) plays key roles in a variety of cell functions, including cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Within the cell, ILK localizes to multiple sites, including the cytoplasm, focal adhesion complexes that mediate cell adhesion to extracellular substrates, as well as cell-cell junctions in epidermal keratinocytes. Nuclear ILK can be rapidly exported into the cytoplasm through a CRM1-dependent pathway, and its export is enhanced by the type 2C protein phosphatase ILKAP. Nuclear localization of ILK in epidermal keratinocytes is associated with increased DNA synthesis, which is sensitive to inhibition by ILKAP.

ADAM9 (A disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 9, MDC9, meltrin gamma), is a type 1 transmembrane protein that has been associated with cancer development and metastases. ADAM9 is consistently overexpressed in various human cancers, and plays a role in tumorigenesis in mouse models. ADAM9 cleaves and releases a number of molecules with important roles in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, such as EGF, FGFR2iiib, Tie-2, Flk-1, EphB4, CD40, VCAM-1, and VE-cadherin, and could represent a potential therapeutic target in tumors where it is highly expressed. ADAM9 belongs to a family of transmembrane, disintegrin-containing metalloproteinases involved in protein ectodomain shedding and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. ADAM-9 adhesive domain plays a role in regulating the motility of cells by interaction with beta1 integrins and modulates MMP synthesis.

Ribonucleoside reductase subunit M2B, also known as RRM2B or p53R2, is an enzyme belonging to the iron-dependent ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme family which is essential for DNA synthesis. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides and plays a critical role in regulating the total rate of DNA synthesis so that DNA to cell mass is maintained at a constant ratio during cell division and DNA repair. RRM2B is a phosphorylated protein. It is hypothesized that RRM2B activity can be regulated at the posttranslational level in response to DNA damage. RRM2B has previously been shown to be essential for the maintenance of mtDNA copy number and its candidacy for tumor suppression has been evaluated in several mutational analyses of different cancer types. However, the contribution of RRM2B to the DNA damage response has been questioned because its transcriptional induction upon DNA damage is not rapid enough for prompt DNA repair. Instead, ATM-mediated phosphorylation has been suggested to regulate the DNA repair activity of RRM2B posttranslationally. Besides, a defect in RRM2B can induce a mild muscle disease of adult onset through disturbance of mitochondrial homeostasis but that this defect does not appear to be oncogenic.

MKI67 contains 1 FHA domain and plays a key role in cell proliferation. During interphase, the MKI67 antigen can be exclusively detected within the cell nucleus, whereas in mitosis most of the protein is relocated to the surface of the chromosomes. MKI67 protein is present during all active phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and mitosis), but is absent from resting cells. MKI67 is an excellent marker to determine the growth fraction of a given cell population. The fraction of MKI67-positive tumor cells is often correlated with the clinical course of cancer. It is also associated with ribosomal RNA transcription. Inactivation of antigen MKI67 leads to inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis. The MKI67 protein is a nuclear and nucleolar protein, which is tightly associated with somatic cell proliferation. Antibodies raised against the human MKI67 protein paved the way for the immunohistological assessment of cell proliferation, particularly useful in numerous studies on the prognostic value of cell growth in clinical samples of human neoplasms. MKI67 protein expression is an absolute requirement for progression through the cell-division cycle. Recently, MKI67 is proved to be an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (HR 1.5-1.72) in multivariate analyses studies using samples from randomized clinical trials with secondary central analysis of the biomarker. MKI67 was not found to be predictive for long-term follow-up after chemotherapy. Nevertheless, high KI-67 was found to be associated with immediate pathological complete response in the neoadjuvant setting, with an LOE of II-B. MKI67 could be considered as a prognostic biomarker for therapeutic decision.

Serine/Threonine-Protein Phosphatase PP1-Υ Catalytic Subunit (PPP1CC) is a member of the PPP phosphatase family. It is essential for cell division, participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. PPP1CC colocalizes with SPZ1 in the nucleus, with URI1 at mitochondrion, Rapidly exchanges between the nucleolar, nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic compartments. As a cofactor, PPP1CC binds one iron ion and one manganese ion per subunit.. In addition, PPP1CC may play an important role in dephosphorylating substrates such as the postsynaptic density-associated Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II.

CD27 antigen is also known as CD27L receptor, T-cell activation antigen CD27, Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7, T14 and TNFRSF7. In humans, it is encoded by the CD27 gene. CD27 is a single-pass type I membrane protein with 3 TNFR-Cys repeats. It is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily and is required for generation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity. It binds to ligand CD70, and plays a key role in regulating B-cell activation and immunoglobulin synthesis. It plays a role in survival of activated T-cells and apoptosis through association with SIVA1.

β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 4 (B4GALT4) is a single-pass type II membrane protein that belongs to the Glycosyltransferase 7 family. B4GALT4 consist of the following 2 domains: N-Acetyllactosamine Synthase and β-N-Acetylglucosaminyl-Glycolipid β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase. B4GALT4 is highly expressed in the heart, placenta, kidney, and pancreas; it is lowly expressed in the brain, colon, lung, muscle, ovary, testis, and uterus. B4GALT4 function is responsible for the synthesis of complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in many glycoproteins as well as the carbohydrate moieties of glycolipids.

Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme Variant 1a (UBE2V1) is a member of the Ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzyme family. The E2 catalytic core domain of UBE2V1 lacks an active site cysteine residue, rendering it catalytically inactive on its own. However, in the cytoplasm UBE2V1 is able to form a catalytically active complex with UBE2N/Ubc13, which mediates the synthesis Lys63-linked Ubiquitin chains and is required for NF-kappa B activation. UBE2V1 is required for UBE2N (Ubc13)/UBE2V1 Complex-dependent Lys63-linked Ubiquitin chain formation. More specifically, UBE2V1 orients the Ubiquitin molecule to favor linkage at Lys63 via a non-covalent interaction with the Ubiquitin molecule. The UBE2V1-UBE2N heterodimer catalyzes the synthesis of non-canonical poly-ubiquitin chains that are linked through Lys63. This type of poly-ubiquitination activates IKK and does not seem to involve protein degradation by the proteasome. UBE2V1 plays a role in the activation of NF-kappa-B mediated by IL1B, TNF, TRAF6, and TRAF2. It mediates transcriptional activation of target genes. UBE2V1 also controls the progress through the cell cycle and differentiation, the error-free DNA repair pathway and contributes to the survival of cells after DNA damage.

MKI67 also also known as Ki67, is a 350-400 kDa nuclear protein that belongs to a molecular group comprised of mitotic chromosome-associated proteins. MKI67 contains 1 FHA domain and plays a key role in cell proliferation. MKI67 is contextually expressed, being potentially found in all cells that are not in the Go phase of the cell cycle. Thus, MKI67 qualifies as a cell proliferation marker. It is also associated with ribosomal RNA transcription. Inactivation of antigen MKI67 leads to inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis.

The A chain is responsible for inhibiting protein synthesis through the catalytic inactivation of 60S ribosomal subunits by removing adenine from position 4,324 of 28S rRNA. Abrin-a is more toxic than ricin.; The B chain is a galactose-specific lectin that facilitates the binding of abrin to the cell membrane that precedes endocytosis. Abrin-a Protein, Abrus precatorius, Recombinant (Yeast, His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 30.1 kDa and the accession number is P11140.

The A chain is responsible for inhibiting protein synthesis through the catalytic inactivation of 60S ribosomal subunits by removing adenine from position 4,324 of 28S rRNA.; The B chain is a galactose-specific lectin that facilitates the binding of abrin to the cell membrane that precedes endocytosis.

Probably involved in peptidoglycan modification during cortex synthesis. PBP 4A Protein, Bacillus subtilis, Recombinant (His & SUMO) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis-SUMO tag. The predicted molecular weight is 67.4 kDa and the accession number is P32959.

Involved in the regulation of melanogenesis. The binding of ASP to MC1R precludes alpha-MSH initiated signaling and thus blocks production of cAMP, leading to a down-regulation of eumelanogenesis (brown/black pigment) and thus increasing synthesis of pheomelanin (yellow/red pigment). Agouti-signaling Protein, Bovine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 14.9 kDa and the accession number is Q29414.

The A subunit is responsible for inhibiting protein synthesis through the catalytic inactivation of 60S ribosomal subunits. After endocytosis, the A subunit is cleaved by furin in two fragments, A1 and A2: A1 is the catalytically active fragment, and A2 is essential for holotoxin assembly with the B subunits.

Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as A-to-I RNA editing. This may affect gene expression and function in a number of ways that include mRNA translation by changing codons and hence the amino acid sequence of proteins; pre-mRNA splicing by altering splice site recognition sequences; RNA stability by changing sequences involved in nuclease recognition; genetic stability in the case of RNA virus genomes by changing sequences during viral RNA replication; and RNA structure-dependent activities such as microRNA production or targeting or protein-RNA interactions. Can edit both viral and cellular RNAs and can edit RNAs at multiple sites (hyper-editing) or at specific sites (site-specific editing). Its cellular RNA substrates include: bladder cancer-associated protein (BLCAP), neurotransmitter receptors for glutamate (GRIA2) and serotonin (HTR2C) and GABA receptor (GABRA3). Site-specific RNA editing of transcripts encoding these proteins results in amino acid substitutions which consequently alters their functional activities. Exhibits low-level editing at the GRIA2 Q/R site, but edits efficiently at the R/G site and HOTSPOT1. Its viral RNA substrates include: hepatitis C virus (HCV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus (MV), hepatitis delta virus (HDV), and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Exhibits either a proviral (HDV, MV, VSV and HIV-1) or an antiviral effect (HCV) and this can be editing-dependent (HDV and HCV), editing-independent (VSV and MV) or both (HIV-1). Impairs HCV replication via RNA editing at multiple sites. Enhances the replication of MV, VSV and HIV-1 through an editing-independent mechanism via suppression of EIF2AK2/PKR activation and function. Stimulates both the release and infectivity of HIV-1 viral particles by an editing-dependent mechanism where it associates with viral RNAs and edits adenosines in the 5'UTR and the Rev and Tat coding sequence. Can enhance viral replication of HDV via A-to-I editing at a site designated as amber/W, thereby changing an UAG amber stop codon to an UIG tryptophan (W) codon that permits synthesis of the large delta antigen (L-HDAg) which has a key role in the assembly of viral particles. However, high levels of ADAR1 inhibit HDV replication.

Can convert androstan-3-alpha,17-beta-diol (3-alpha-diol) to androsterone in vitro, suggesting that it may participate in androgen metabolism during steroidogenesis. May act by metabolizing compounds that stimulate steroid synthesis and/or by generating metabolites that inhibit it. Has no activity toward DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone), or A-dione (4-androste-3,17-dione), and only a slight activity toward testosterone to A-dione. Tumor-associated antigen in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. HSD17B11 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.8 kDa and the accession number is Q8NBQ5.

Encapsidates the genome in a ratio of 1 N per 6 ribonucleotides, protecting it from nucleases. The nucleocapsid (NC) has a helical structure. The encapsidated genomic RNA is termed the NC and serves as template for transcription and replication. During replication, encapsidation by N is coupled to RNA synthesis and all replicative products are resistant to nucleases. Human parainfluenza 1 virus (HPIV-1) Nucleoprotein/NP Protein (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 63.6 kDa and the accession number is P24304.

Capsid protein self-assembles to form an icosahedral capsid with a T=3 symmetry, about 26 nm in diameter, and consisting of 89 capsid proteins dimers (178 capsid proteins). Involved in viral genome encapsidation through the interaction between a capsid protein dimer and the multiple packaging signals present in the RNA genome. The capsid contains also 1 copy of the A2 maturation protein.; Acts as a translational repressor of viral replicase synthesis late in infection. This latter function is the result of capsid protein interaction with an RNA hairpin which contains the replicase ribosome-binding site.

Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate. Can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity. Provides acetyl-CoA that is utilized mainly for oxidation under ketogenic conditions. Involved in thermogenesis under ketogenic conditions, using acetate as a vital fuel when carbohydrate availability is insufficient. ACSS1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-10xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 73.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9NUB1.