yeast

α-Factor Mating Pheromone, yeast acetate (Mating Factor α acetate) is a peptide of 13 amino acids secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae α cells.

α-Factor Mating Pheromone (yeast TFA) is a tridecapeptide secreted by Saccharomyces cerevisiae α cells and interacts with the Ste2p receptor [1].

D-Xylose ((2S,3R,4S,5R)-oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol) is a monosaccharide widely found in yeast and involved in the metabolism of the organism.

ALPHA-PINENE ((-)-Alpha-Pinene) is a bicyclic monoterpene found in pine trees and other plants, including Cannabis with diverse biological activities [1]. It reduces the growth of a panel of seven Gram-positive bacteria, seven Gram-negative bacteria, and eight yeast strains with MIC values of 0.75-1.29, 1.05-1.59, and 0.7-1.17%, respectively [2]. It has insecticidal activity against C. molestus larvae with LC50 values ranging from 47 to 49 mg/L.3 ALPHA-PINENE (100 μg/ml) induces apoptosis, increases anion superoxide production and DNA fragmentation, and activates caspase-3 in B16/F10 melanoma cells [4]. In a B16/F10 mouse xenograft model, ALPHA-PINENE(100 ml of a 10 mg/ml solution) reduces the number of metastatic lung nodules by approximately 7-fold. ALPHA-PINENE(8.6 mg/L, aerosol) also increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze by approximately 2-fold in mice, indicating anxiolytic-like activity [5].

(Z)-Butylidenephthalide ((Z)-3-Butylidenephthalide) has antitumor and hypoglycemic effects, and can effectively inhibit the tumor growth of glioma and inhibit R-glucosidase activity.

L-Citronellol ((S)-(-)-beta-Citronellol) is a small molecule compound isolated from geranium with antifungal activity, affecting fungal membranes.L-Citronellol acts synergistically with amphotericin B against Candida yeast.

Vanillin (Zimco) is a single molecule extracted from vanilla beans and also a popular odor used widely in perfume, food and medicine.Vanillin can reversibly and non-competitively inhibit the cellulase activity at appropriate concentrations and the value of IC50 was estimated to be 30 g/L.Vanillin protects KSC from UVB irradiation and its effects may occur through the suppression of downstream step of MDM2 in UVB irradiation-induced p53 activation. Vanillin also inhibits yeast growth and fermentation.

Nystatin (Fungicidin) is a topical and oral antifungal agent with activity against many species of yeast and candida albicans, which is used largely to treat skin and oropharyngeal candidiasis.

Parishin (Parishin A) A is isolated from the rhizomes of Gastrodia elata. It has good neuroprotective effects against brain disorders.

Strictosidine has DNA damaging activity in yeast RS 188N mutant, assessed as drug level required to produce 12 mm zone of inhibition.

Effusanin B shows antibacterial activity. It exhibits DNA-damaging activity in assay which employes DNA-repair deficient (RAD 52Y) and repair proficient (RAD +) yeast strains.

Cristacarpin exhibits moderate but selective activity towards DNA repair-deficient yeast mutants. It promotes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, leading to sub-lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and which eventually terminates by triggering s

D-Asparagine (H-D-Asn-OH) is a source of nitrogen for yeast strains. D-Asparagine is a competitive inhibitor of L-Asparagine hydrolysis (Ki = 0.24 mM).

Iturin A is a chemical compound with potent antifungal properties against pathogenic yeast and fungi. It interacts with the cytoplasmic membrane of the target cell, leading to the formation of ion conducting pores.

Trimyristin (Tritetradecanoin) is primarily located in the membrane (predicted from logP) and adiposome. glyceryl trimyristate exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. In humans, glyceryl trimyristate is involved in the metabolic disorder called de novo triacylglycerol biosynthesis glyceryl trimyristate pathway.

Tuberosin shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.It demonstrated a significantly potent inhibition on yeast α-glucosidase in a dose dependent manner.

Effusanin A has antibacterial activity. It exhibits DNA-damaging activity in assay which employed DNA-repair deficient (RAD 52Y) and repair proficient (RAD +) yeast strains. Effusanin A shows inhibitory effects on DU145 cells with IC50 value of 3.16 micro

Mutanocyclin, a powerful antifungal agent, inhibits the filamentation of Candida albicans (C. albicans) and decreases the mRNA expression of HWP1, ECE1, FLO8, TEC1. Furthermore, it suppresses the yeast-form in ex vivo mouse [1].

Arabinose (DL-Arabinose), also known as (+/-)-arabinose or aloe sugar. Arabinose has been primarily detected in feces. Within the cell, Arabinose is primarily located in the cytoplasm. Arabinose exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Outside of the human body, Arabinose can be found in sweet basil and tamarind.

2-Hydroxyanthraquinone is an anthraquinone that has been found inSpermacoce latifoliaand has antibacterial and estrogenic activities.1,2It is active againstB. subtilisandB. cereus(MICs = 1.9 and 62.5 μg/ml, respectively).12-Hydroxyanthraquinone (19 μM) induces estrogen receptor α (ERα) activation in a yeast two-hybrid assay.2 1.Luo, Y., Shen, H.-Y., Shen, Q.-X., et al.A new anthraquinone and a new naphthoquinone from the whole plant of Spermacoce latifoliJ. Asian Nat. Prod. Res.19(9)869-876(2017) 2.Kurihara, R., Shiraishi, F., Tanaka, N., et al.Presence and estrogenicity of anthracene derivatives in coastal Japanese watersEnviron. Toxicol. Chem.24(8)1984-1993(2005)

Apigenin 5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside has inhibitory activity against the enzyme yeast a-glucosidase, withthe IC50 value of 287.12 muM.

Mannan is isolated from algae, mushrooms, yeast and higher plants and acts as an immunomodulator.Mannan inhibits the pro-inflammatory activity of hepatic macrophages (M1 lineage) with protective effects against many liver lesions such as necrosis or steatosis.

3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid is a tryptophan metabolite in the kynurenine pathway. It has been found in human epidermis and bladder tissue and has been detected in a variety of biological fluids such as urine and blood. Within cells, it is primarily located in the cytoplasm. It is present in all eukaryotes from yeast to humans. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid has antioxidant activity.

Juglone (Regianin) is a natural naphthoquinone found in the black walnut (J. nigra) and other plants in the Juglandaceae family. Juglone also irreversibly inhibits peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases of the parvulin family, including human Pin1, yeast Ess1/Ptf1, and E. coli parvulin (Ki = 55.9 nM). Juglone also blocks transcription by RNA polymerases I, II, and III (IC50s = 2-7 μM) and attenuates kidney fibrosis in rats treated with unilateral ureteral obstruction, both through Pin1-independent mechanisms.

5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furoic acid) (Sumiki's acid) is a naturally occurring human metabolite. Sumiki's acid was first identified in the urine of a leukemia patient who was excreting an abnormal amount of its glycine derivative. Sumiki's acid has been found to be a byproduct of the fungus Aspergillus and probably other species of fungi and yeast as well.

3-Oxo-hop-22(29)-ene, a compound acting as a yeast α-glucosidase inhibitor, demonstrates moderate efficacy against T. cruzi and L. mexicana viability, and exhibits marginal anti-inflammatory activity.

4-Acetamidobutanoic acid (4-ACETAMIDOBUTYRIC ACID) can be found in blood, feces, and urine, as well as in human prostate tissue. 4-Acetamidobutanoic acid exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. 4-Acetamidobutanoic acid is a GABA derivative, a product of the urea cycle and the metabolism of amino groups, and the product of NAD-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) (KEGG).

γ-Hexalactone (γ-caprolactone) belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma butyrolactones. Gamma butyrolactones are compounds containing a gamma butyrolactone moiety, which consists of an aliphatic five-member ring with four carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and bears a ketone group on the carbon adjacent to the oxygen atom. Thus, Gamma-caprolactone is considered to be a fatty ester lipid molecule. Gamma-Caprolactone is a very hydrophobic molecule, practically insoluble (in water), and relatively neutral. Gamma-Caprolactone exists in all eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to humans. Outside of the human body, Gamma-caprolactone has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as potato, cereals and cereal products, pomes, alcoholic beverages, and fruits. This could make Gamma-caprolactone a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods. 4-hydroxy-Hexanoic acid gamma-lactone is occasionally found as a volatile component of human urine. In some cases differences up to an order of magnitude are observed. 4-hydroxy-Hexanoic acid gamma-lactone has been found in the polar fraction of human blood. Biological fluids such as blood and urine have been shown to contain a large number of components, some of them volatiles (low boiling point) apparently present in all individuals, while others such are much more variable. Although some of these changes may have dietary origins, others seem to be characteristic of the individual.

3-Methylhistidine belongs to the class of organic compounds known as histidine and derivatives. Histidine and derivatives are compounds containing cysteine or a derivative thereof resulting from reaction of cysteine at the amino group or the carboxy group

Artanin displays promising inhibition against both MSSA and MRSA with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8-64 ug/ml, but very weak against Gram-negative pathogen and yeast with MICs of 256 to ≥1024 ug/ml.

L-Dihydroorotic acid, also known as (S)-4,5-dihydroorotate or dihydro-L-orotate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. Within the cell, L-dihydroorotic acid is primarily located in the cytoplasm and mitochon

Dihydrocoumarin (melilotin) is a compound found in Melilotus officinalis. Dihydrocoumarin is a yeast Sir2p inhibitor. Dihydrocoumarin also inhibits human SIRT1 and SIRT2 with IC50s of 208 μM and 295 μM, respectively.

D-(-)-Arabinose is a reducing sugar useful as a substrate in analysis of arabinose isomerases and synthesis of D-erythroascorbic acid in yeast. It shows strong growth inhibition against the Caenorhabditis elegans with an IC50 of 7.5 mM.

Deoxyfusapyrone is an α-pyrone fungal metabolite originally isolated from F. semitectum and has antifungal activity. It is active against C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, A. niger, and A. flavus human mycoses (MICs = 1.56-6.25 μg/ml). Deoxyfusapyrone is also active against a variety of filamentous fungi, but not yeast or the bacterium B. megaterium, in a disc assay.

Heronamide C, a polyketide macrolactam antifungal agent synthesized by marine Actinomycetes, exhibits selective toxicity by inhibiting growth and promoting abnormal cell wall material accumulation in wild-type fission yeast cells (MIC = 0.13-0.28 μM), without affecting Gram-positive bacteria or human cancer cell lines, HeLa and MDA-MB-231. At 20 μM, it triggers reversible morphological alterations, notably the development of large intracellular structures, in HeLa cells.

Phosphatidylethanolamines (bovine) are a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamines isolated from bovine brain with different fatty acyl groups at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions.Phosphatidylethanolamines (bovine) are the most abundant phospholipids in prokaryotes and the second most abundant in mammalian, plant and yeast cell membranes. Phosphatidylethanolamines (bovine) are the most abundant phospholipids in prokaryotes and the second most abundant phospholipids in the cell membranes of mammals, plants, and yeast, accounting for about 25% of the total mammalian phospholipids.

5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane (Bronidox) is an antimicrobial compound that works by inhibiting enzyme activity in bacteria.

Tioconazole (Vagistat) is a synthetic imidazole derivative, inhibits cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol or other sterols, damaging the fungal cell membrane, altering its permeability, and promoting loss of essential intracellular elements.

Bactenecin TFA (Bactenecin, bovine TFA), a potent 12-aa looped antimicrobial peptide derived from bovine neutrophils, effectively inhibits bacterial and yeast growth and eradicates Trichophyton rubrum fungus. It enhances membrane permeability and suppresses B. pseudomallei growth and biofilm formation [1] [2] [3].

4',5-Dihydroxyflavone is a soybean LOX-1(Ki: 102.6 μM) and yeast α-Glucosidase inhibitor (IC50: 66 μM).

Solidagonic acid, by inhibiting HSET motor activity, promotes the conversion of abnormal monopolar spindles to bipolar configurations, effectively suppressing fission yeast cell death and facilitating the mitotic spindles' reversion from monopolar to bipolar morphology. Additionally, this compound demonstrates growth inhibitory effects on the seedlings of Lactuca sativa L. and Lolium multiflorum Lam [1] [2].

1. 3-Butylidenephthalide (Butylidene phthalide) has antihyperglycemic effect is due to inhibition of α-glucosidase at the intestinal level, inhibited the activity of yeast-α-glucosidase (IC(5) 2.35 mM) in a noncompetitive fashion with a K(i) of 4.86 mM.

Aegeline is an alkaloidal-amide, isolated from the leaves of Aegle marmelos and have shown antihyperglycemic as well as antidyslipidemic activities in the validated animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Spermidine (N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane) inhibits NOS1 (nNOS). Spermidine binds and precipitates DNA and may be used for purification of DNA binding proteins. Spermidine activates PNK (polynucleotide kinase T4). Spermidine binds to and activates NMDA and has been shown to potentiate NMDA-induced currents in a concentration-dependent manner.

Spermidine trihydrochloride (4-Azaoctamethylenediamine trihydrochloride), a natural polyamine, is a novel autophagy inducer and negatively modulates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA).