peripheral

Bovine Peripheral Myelin Protein P2 (53-78) is a derivative composed of amino acid residues 53 to 78 from the peripheral myelin P2 protein of bovine origin. It acts as a T cell epitope and is used to induce experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in Lewis rats.

Peripheral Myelin P0 Protein (180-199) [mouse] is a purified component of myelin found in peripheral nerves, serving as a neuritogenic peptide that initiates neuronal process growth.

Influenza HA 126-138 acetate is a influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) peptide acetate comprising amino acids 126-138. Influenza HA 126-138 acetate induces thymic and peripheral T-cell apoptosis.

Lys-[Des-Arg9]Bradykinin acetate is an endogenous potent and highly selective bradykinin B1 receptor agonist (Ki values are 0.12 and > 30000 nM at human B1 and B2 receptors respectively). Hypotensive agent that reduces peripheral vascular resistance in vivo. 16-fold more potent than [Des-Arg9]-Bradykinin.

Dermorphin TFA is a new class of opioids-like peptides

Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) Acetate (Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) Acetate (118506-26-6 Free base)) is an encephalitogenic peptide that induces basic protein-specific T cell proliferation. Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) Acetate causes a Th1 polarization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which is implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS).

M40 acetate is a potent, non-selective galanin receptor antagonist (Ki values are 1.82 and 5.1 nM at GAL1 and GAL2 respectively) that inhibits galanin (1-29) binding in rat brain in vitro (IC50 = 3 - 15 nM). Attenuates the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine and blocks galanin-induced food intake in vivo. Also exhibits weak partial agonist activity at peripheral GAL2 receptors at doses > 100 nM.

Lys-[Des-Arg9]Bradykinin,TFA is Endogenous potent and highly selective bradykinin B1 receptor agonist (Ki values are 0.12 and > 30000 nM at human B1 and B2 receptors respectively). Hypotensive agent that reduces peripheral vascular resistance in vivo. 16-fold more potent than [Des-Arg9]-Bradykinin.

BMSpep-57, a potent macrocyclic peptide inhibitor, competitively disrupts the PD-1 PD-L1 interaction, demonstrating a significant inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.68 nM. It exhibits binding affinity towards PD-L1 with dissociation constants (Kd) of 19 nM and 19.88 nM in MicroScale Thermophoresis (MST) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays, respectively. This compound enhances T cell functionality by promoting Interleukin-2 (IL-2) production within Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs).

Neuropeptide Y (22-36), a 15-amino-acid peptide, is a fragment of Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino-acid neuropeptide involved in various physiological and homeostatic processes in the central and peripheral nervous systems. NPY, the most abundant peptide in the mammalian central nervous system, is secreted alongside neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate.

Kurtoxin is a selective Cav3 (T-type) voltage-gated Ca2+ channel gating inhibitor with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 15 nM for the Cav3.1 (α1G T-type) Ca2+ channel. It exhibits high-affinity interactions with native neuronal high-threshold L-type, N-type, and P-type Ca2+ channels in both central and peripheral neurons and displays cross-reactivity with the voltage-gated Na+ channel [1].

Endogenous potent and highly selective bradykinin B1 receptor agonist (Ki values are 0.12 and > 30000 nM at human B1 and B2 receptors respectively). Hypotensive agent that reduces peripheral vascular resistance in vivo. 16-fold more potent than [Des-Arg9]

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) (58-78) serves as a T cell proliferation activator by promoting the dose-dependent in vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and is used in research on inflammation, immunity, and cancer [1].

HOXB7 (8-25), a peptide fragment derived from homeobox B7 (HOXB7)—a key controller of cell growth and oncogene activator—facilitates antigen presentation when pulsed onto dendritic cells obtained from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This process promotes the activation and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by CD4+ helper T cells, triggering targeted and broad-spectrum antitumor responses.

β-Defensin-4 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It induces migration of monocytes in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 nM but does not affect migration of neutrophils and eosinophils. β-Defensin-4 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-4 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose. It also inhibits growth of E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus with lethal concentration (LC) values of 5, 12, and 15 μM, respectively, of S. carnosus (MIC = 4.5 μg/ml), and of C. albicans with a minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 7.5 μM.

Pegylated synthetic human C-peptide exhibits similar bioactivity to natural C-peptides (non-polyethylene glycolated) and demonstrates an extended plasma half-life, making it suitable for research in diabetic peripheral neuropathy [1].

Osteocalcin (1-49) is a non-collagenous peptide that is secreted by osteoblasts and odontoblasts and comprises 1-2% of the total protein in bone. Secretion of osteocalcin (1-49) is stimulated by 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and plasma levels increase in diseases that induce dysregulated bone turnover such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Osteocalcin (1-49) is positively correlated with insulin sensitivity and negatively correlated with high blood glucose levels in women. In vitro, osteocalcin induces chemotaxis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, human peripheral blood monocytes, and rat osteosarcoma cells with osteoblast-like characteristics. It is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) displaying an osteoblast-like phenotype and has been positively associated with calcification of aortic tissue and heart valves in humans.

β-Endorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide and opioid receptor agonist that preferentially binds to μ-opioid receptors. Produced by specific neurons within the central and peripheral nervous system, it is one of three endorphins synthesized in humans. It functions to alleviate stress, maintain homeostasis, and regulate neurological pain perception [1].

WRW4-OH is a bioactive peptide that impedes the interaction of the FPRL1 agonist WKYMVm with its designated receptor. As a classical chemoattractant receptor prevalent in phagocytic cells of peripheral blood and brain, FPRL1's activation is integral to inflammatory responses within host defense mechanisms and is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders.

γ-Bag cell peptide, a peptide situated near the N-terminus of the egg-laying prohormone, is released from vesicles upon insulin stimulation. It is utilized in research pertaining to both the central and peripheral nervous systems [1].

Fibronectin Type III Connecting Segment Fragment 1-25 is a peptide involved in melanoma cell adhesion and essential for the development of the chicken peripheral nervous system [1] [2].

Alloferon 1, a peptide derived from the blood of the blow fly Calliphora vicina (Diptera) [1] [2] [3], exhibits antiviral and antitumoral properties. It activates natural cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, induces IFN synthesis, and enhances resistance against viral and tumor challenges in mice. Additionally, Alloferon 1 demonstrates anti-inflammatory effects in λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema models.

[DAla2, DArg6] Dynorphin A, (1-13) (porcine) (DADAD), a derivative of dynorphin1-13 (DYN) extracted from porcine pituitary, exhibits high potency at peripheral opioid receptors GPI and MVD. Despite the rapid in vivo degradation of DYN, this compound shows increased resistance to enzymatic cleavage, enhancing its stability against peptide-degrading enzymes [1].

Helianorphin-19 is a high affinity, potent and selective κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist (Ki = 25 nM; EC50= 45 nM). Helianorphin-19 exhibits approximately 200-fold selectivity for KOR over μ and δ-opioid receptors.In vivoHelianorphin-19 shows potent peripheral analgesic efficacy in a mouse model of visceral pain without affecting motor coordination/sedation.

Substance P (1-9) is a nonapeptide that reduces the inactivation of substance P in the guinea-pig ileum and urinary bladder, and is responsible for various excitatory effects on central and peripheral neurons.

Influenza HA (126-138) is a peptide derived from the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza virus, consisting of amino acids 126-138, and has the ability to induce apoptosis in both thymic and peripheral T-cells.

α-CGRP (human) TFA is a 37-amino acid regulatory neuropeptide extensively located within the central and peripheral nervous systems, functioning as a potent vasodilator [1].

Gluten Exorphin A5, a wheat gluten-derived peptide, exhibits neuroprotective properties and influences both the central and peripheral nervous systems [1].

Cathelicidin-2 (CATH-2) (128-153) is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide derived from amino acids 128-153 of chicken CATH-2, demonstrating activity against pathogens such as E. coli, S. aureus, S. enteritidis, and B. globigii in a dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 40 µM, it induces hemolysis in chicken erythrocytes without exhibiting cytotoxicity towards human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, it stimulates the production of the chemokine CCL2 and suppresses LPS-induced secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 in human PBMCs.

EGFRvIII peptide, a synthetic peptide mirroring the EGFRvIII fusion junction—a tumor-specific, perpetually active EGFR variant missing amino acids 6-273 of the wild-type—binds to HLA-A*0201-positive T2 cells under MHC class I at 25 µg/ml. It enables antigen presentation in dendritic cells from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), thus activating CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and prompting IFN-γ production. Administered at 15 µg/animal with the TLR5 agonist flagellin B, EGFRvIII peptide elevates CD8+ T cell numbers, lowers regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the brain, diminishes tumor volume, and extends survival in a GL261 glioblastoma mouse model.

β-Defensin-2 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts.1It inhibits the growth of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria, includingP. gingivalisandS. salivarius.2β-Defensin-2 (30 μg/ml) stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes.3It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 10, and 40 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-2 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cellsin vitrowhen used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cellsin vivofollowing a 500 ng intradermal dose.4Expression of β-defensin-2 is increased in psoriatic skin and chronic wounds.5,6 1.Lehrer, R.I.Primate defensinsNat. Rev. Microbiol.2(9)727-738(2004) 2.Ouhara, K., Komatsuzawa, H., Yamada, S., et al.Susceptibilities of periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria to antibacterial peptides, β-defensins and LL37, produced by human epithelial cellsJ. Antimicrob. Chemother.55(6)888-896(2005) 3.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Nakano, N., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins stimulate epidermal keratinocyte migration, proliferation and production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokinesJ. Invest. Dermatol.127(3)594-604(2007) 4.Niyonsaba, F., Ushio, H., Hara, M., et al.Antimicrobial peptides human β-defensins and cathelicidin LL-37 induce the secretion of a pruritogenic cytokine IL-31 by human mast cellsJ. Immunol.184(7)3526-3534(2010) 5.Huh, W.-K., Oono, T., Shirafuji, Y., et al.Dynamic alteration of human β-defensin 2 localization from cytoplasm to intercellular space in psoriatic skinJ. Mol. Med. (Berl.)80(10)678-684(2002) 6.Butmarc, J., Yufit, T., Carson, P., et al.Human β-defensin-2 expression is increased in chronic woundsWound Repair Regen.12(4)439-443(2004)

β-Defensin-3 is a peptide with antimicrobial properties that protects the skin and mucosal membranes of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts. It inhibits the growth of the periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria F. nucleatum, S. mutans, S. sobrinus, S. salivarius, and L. casei (MICs = 12.5-100 mg/l). It also inhibits the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. β-Defensin-3 stimulates gene expression and production of IL-6, IL-10, CXCL10, CCL2, MIP-3α, and RANTES by keratinocytes when used at a concentration of 30 μg/ml. It also stimulates calcium mobilization, migration, and proliferation of keratinocytes when used at concentrations of 30, 5, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. β-Defensin-3 induces IL-31 production by human peripheral blood-derived mast cells in vitro when used at a concentration of 10 μg/ml and by rat mast cells in vivo following a 500 ng intradermal dose.

CR 665 (JNJ 38488502) is a peripherally selective κ-opioid agonist with an EC50 of 10.9 nM for kappa opioid receptor activation, used in peripheral pain research.

Apelin-13 is a 13-amino acid peptide sequence found in the central and peripheral nervous system that is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor angiotensin II protein J (APJ), with an EC50 value of 0.37 nM for APJ.Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activity and can be used to study type 2 diabetic syndrome. Apelin-13 has vasodilatory and antihypertensive activities and can be used to study type 2 diabetes syndrome.

Huwentoxin-IV TFA is a potent, selective blocker of sodium channels, specifically inhibiting neuronal Nav1.7, Nav1.2, Nav1.3, and Nav1.4 with IC50 values of 26, 150, 338, and 400 nM, respectively. It preferentially targets the peripheral nerve subtype Nav1.7 by interacting with neurotoxin receptor site 4, demonstrating analgesic effects in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain [1] [2].

Emfilermin, a recombinant human leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is utilized in the research of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy [1].

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

Myelin Basic Protein (87-99) TFA, an encephalitogenic peptide, promotes basic protein-specific T cell proliferation and induces Th1 polarization in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) [1] [2].

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that exerts its activity via G-protein-coupled receptors. NPY is widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous systems. It modulates a variety of physiological processes, e.g. the central reg

Dermorphin is agonist of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist.

Orexin A human, rat, mouse, a 33 amino acid excitatory neuropeptide, orchestrates diverse central and peripheral processes. Orexin A human, rat, mouse has been used to study its effect on the functioning of porcine pancreatic islets. It has also been used as an orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) agonist to study the effect of orexin systems in the effect of etonogestrel on respiratory response to prolonged metabolic acidosis.

[Nle11]-Substance P is a Substance P analog designed to prevent methionine oxidation, found in both the gut and brain, and is responsible for various excitatory effects on central and peripheral neurons.

Potent, non-selective galanin receptor antagonist (Ki values are 1.82 and 5.1 nM at GAL1 and GAL2 respectively) that inhibits galanin (1-29) binding in rat brain in vitro (IC50 = 3 - 15 nM). Attenuates the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine and blocks galanin-induced food intake in vivo. Also exhibits weak partial agonist activity at peripheral GAL2 receptors at doses > 100 nM.

α-CGRP (mouse, rat) TFA, a neuropeptide belonging to the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family, is predominantly located at neuromuscular junctions and functions as a potent vasodilator. Peripheral administration of α-CGRP (mouse, rat) TFA may result in decreased blood pressure and elevated heart rate, in addition to the relaxation of colonic smooth muscle. This compound shows promising utility in the investigation of cardiovascular, pro-inflammatory, migraine, and metabolic conditions [1] [2] [3].

Amylin, a 37-amino acid polypeptide that is structurally related to calcitonin, is secreted from the B cells of the pancreas. Amylin has anoretic effects in rats. Amylin may be responsible for the etiology of insulin resistance of type II diabetes mellitu

Small cardioactive peptide A, as a neuropeptide that modulates neuromuscular synapsis in Aplysia, can also function as a neural cotransmitter in molluscs and exert a role in both the central and peripheral modulation of the control of feeding behavior.

Galactosylcerebrosides (SGal-CB) are expressed by Schwann cells (SCs) in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) during the early stages of myelination, and their persistence in the sheath is critical for long-term maintenance of their structural integrity.