Antifungal

Rapamycin (AY 22989) is a natural product of macrolides, an mTOR inhibitor with specificity (HEK293 cells: IC50=0.1 nM). Rapamycin has immunosuppressive activity and induces autophagy.

Asebogenin is a compound fractionated from Salvia miltiorrhiza with antifungal activity, inhibition of GPVI-induced platelet reactions, and inhibition of NET formation induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli.

Tunicamycin is a mixture of antibiotics that inhibit N-linked glycosylation by blocking GlcNAc phosphotransferase (GPT). Tunicamycin has antitumor activity, as well as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activity.

Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) is a potent and selective inhibitor of iron death. Ferrostatin-1 potently inhibits Erastin-induced iron death in HT-1080 cells with an EC50 of 60 nM. Ferrostatin-1 also exhibits antioxidant and antifungal activities.

Staurosporine (AM-2282) is a protein kinase inhibitor with ATP-competitive and non-selective inhibitory activity (IC50=6/15/2/3/3000 nM) against PKC, PKA, c-Fgr, phosphorylase kinase and TAOK2. Staurosporine also induces apoptosis.

Triadimefon is an azole fungicide used to control powdery mildew.

Hygromycin B (Hygrovetine) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by interfering with translocation and causing mistranslation of the 70S ribosome. Hygromycin B can be used to screen prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells transfected with hph or hyg resistance genes.

Sodium Houttuyfonate (Houttuynin sodium bisulfite), the active compound of the Houttuynia plant, is mainly used for treating purulent skin infections, respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia in elderly patients, and chronic bronchitis.

Propoxur (Propoxure) is an insecticide used to control cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, and lawn and turf insects. Acute (short-term) exposure of humans to propoxur by ingestion leads to cholinesterase inhibition of red blood cells, with mild cholinergic symptoms including blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and tachycardia; however, the effects are transient. Chronic (long-term) inhalation exposure has resulted in depressed cholinesterase levels, headaches, vomiting, and nausea in humans. Chronic ingestion studies in animals have reported depressed cholinesterase levels, depressed body weight, effects to the liver and bladder, and a slight increase in neuropathy. No information is available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of propoxur in humans. Mixed results are available from cancer studies of propoxur in animals. EPA has not classified propoxur for carcinogenicity.

Squalene (AddaVax) is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanical sources as well, including rice bran, wheat germ, and olives. All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. Squalene is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitoxicant activity.

Vincetoxicoside B, isolated from Polygonum paleaceum Wall. Vincetoxicoside B , quercetin, kaempferol , and (-)-epicatechin show synergistic antifungal activities with the FICI values <0.5.

Natamycin (Pimaricin) is a Polyene Antimicrobial.

Tebuconazole is an agricultural azole fungicide. It can also inhibit CYP51 (IC50s: 0.9 and 1.3 μM for Candida albicans CYP51 and truncated Homo sapiens CYP51, respectively).

Triacetin (Glyceryl triacetate) is a triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.

1. Carvacrol (O-Thymol) presents anxiolytic effects. 2. 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol presents antinociceptive activity. 3. Carvacrol presents antidepressant effects, seems to be dependent on its interaction with the dopaminergic system, but not with the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems.

Ethylparaben (Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate) is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of ethylparaben is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity.

Dehydroacetic acid sodium (Sodium dehydroacetate) is the sodium salt of dehydroacetic acid, a bactericide and fungicide that is commonly used as a food preservative. Dehydroacetic acid sodium is a preservative that is used in the formulation of personal care products and cosmetics in order to extend the shelf-life by preventing microbial contamination.

Ammonium chloride acts as a small molecule autophagy inhibitor.Ammonium chloride is a pH-regulating, heteropolar compound that can cause intracellular alkalosis and metabolic acidosis, thereby affecting enzyme activity and influencing processes in biological systems.Ammonium chloride has potential antimicrobial activity. Ammonium Chloride has potential antimicrobial activity and prevents training-induced improvement in mitochondrial respiratory function in male rat flounder muscle.

α-Terpinene is a terpenoid,has acaricidal, antiprotozoal, and antioxidant properties

2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid is an o-methoxybenzoic acid and its derivatives that inhibit fungi and bacteria.

Bergenin (Bengenin) is a polyphenol, which is an effective antinarcotic agent with antioxidant action.

Camptothecin (CPT) belongs to the alkaloid group of natural products and is a specific DNA topoisomerase I (Topo I) inhibitor (IC50=679 nM) with specificity. Camptothecin has antitumor activity and induces apoptosis.

Patchouli alcohol (Patchoulol) is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in patchouli oil. It has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral actions. Patchouli alcohol also suppresses inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in vivo. Topical application of patchouli alcohol accelerates recovery from ultraviolet irradiation-induced skin damage through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Fenticonazole Nitrate (Lomexin) is an azole agent with antifungal activity.

geraniol provides a potent protective effect against cardiac dysfunction induced by diabetes. This ameliorative effect could be attributed to its suppression of oxidative stress.

1. Octyl Gallate is an antioxidant approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive. 2. Octyl Gallate has antimetastatic activity. 3. Octyl Gallate shows antimicrobial activity against H. pylori, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 125 ug/mL. 4. Combination therapy with octyl gallate and ferulic acid improves cognition and neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.5. Octyl Gallate is a potential anticancer agent, it exhibited decreased MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231 survival and induced apoptosis, with IC50 value of 40 uM. 6. Octyl gallate (Octyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) has antiviral activity, it shows an inhibitory effect on the growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in HEp-2 or Vero cells. 7. Octyl gallate shows antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC7754 and Zygosaccharomyces bailii ATCC 60483.

2-Butyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one is an orally available antimicrobial agent with antimicrobial activity commonly used in the pharmaceutical profession and food processing.

Amentoflavone (3',8''-Biapigenin), as a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, can interact with many other medications. CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 are proteins used for drug metabolism in the body. Amentoflavone also is an inhibitor of human cathepsin B. It has antimalarial activity in trials significant affinities towards the Delta-1, kappa opioid receptors (as an antagonist) and binds to benzodiazepine receptors. Amentoflavone may be a potential lead for a new type of anti-inflammatory agents having the dual inhibitory activity of group II phospholipase A2 and cyclooxygenase. Amentoflavone and quercetin differentially exerted suppression of PGE2 biosynthesis via downregulation of COX-2/iNOS expression.

Hexetidine (NSC-17764) is a bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene.

Nerolidol (Peruviol) shows sedative effects in animals, oxidative process plays a crucial role on neuronal pathological consequence. Nerolidol is mainly related to ROS and DNA single strand breaks generated by the presence of oxidative lesions.

Pramiconazole (R126638) is an orally available antifungal compound.Pramiconazole is a candidate for the treatment of dermatophytes and cutaneous yeast infections in seborrheic dermatitis.

Antibacterial agent 132 showed antimicrobial activity against C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) and C. krusei (ATCC 6258) with MIC90 values of <0.06 μg/mL and 62.50 μg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial agent 132 inhibited aromatase enzyme with IC50 of 0.047 μM.

WAY-324208 shows antifungal properties against S. dermatitidis (skin-infecting fungi), with activity against other fungi to be explored.

1H-Indole, 3,3'-(2-thienylmethylene)bis[2-methyl- can be used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with inhibitory activity against Aspergillus niger Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas albicans, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.1H-Indole, 3,3'-(2-thienylmethylene) bis[2-methyl- showed anti-inflammatory activity in in vitro experiments and can be used to treat bacterial infections.

Deacylketoconazole (Deacyl ketoconazole) is a Ketoconazole derivative and is also an antifungal agent. Deacylketoconazole was 15- to 50-fold more active against Plasmodium falciparum than was ketoconazole.

Rezafungin (SP-3025) is a broad-spectrum and long-lasting echinocandin with potent antifungal activity against Candida, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis.

Rilopirox (HOE 351) initiated a novel antifungal compound for the study of mucosal Candida infections, lichen planus and seborrheic dermatitis.

DL-Syringaresinol ( (±)-Syringaresinol) is a lignan from ginseng berries with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic and weak anti-mycobacterial activities.DL-Syringaresinol can delay oxidative stress-induced skin aging through autophagy, alleviate oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain and sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting inflammatory responses. neuropathic pain and sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting inflammatory responses.

MoTPS1-IN-1 is a potent MoTPS1 inhibitor with antifungal and potentially anti-inflammatory activity that acts through interaction with Glu396 and can be used to study ulcerative colitis.

Kanosamine (3-Amino-3-deoxyglucose) is an antifungal agent produced by a Streptomyces sp.

Imipenem (MK0787) is a thienomycin derivative that belongs to the class of antibiotics with antibacterial activity and partial inhibition against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Imipenem can be used to study carbapenem non-susceptible infections and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections.

5-Aminouridine (4-Chloro-2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol(chlorothymol)) modifies nucleobases and is incorporated into the target DNA. 5-Aminouridine inhibits the growth of tumors, viruses, and fungi.

Stilbamidine (Ba 2652) has antifungal and anticancer activity and can be used to study multiple myeloma and bladder migratory cell carcinoma.

Oxaquin TEA (MCB-3837 TEA), a precursor compound to MCB3681, is a DNA topoisomerase inhibitor that can be used to study Clostridium difficile infections and cross-infections.

Leu-Val (L-leucyl-L-valine) is a novel potent dipeptide with antibacterial and antimalarial activity.

Xyloidone (NSC-106453) exhibits antifungal activity and completely inhibits the mycelial growth of B. cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Simmonds, M. grisea, and Pythium ultimum Trow over a range of 0.4-33.3 mg/L.

Magainin 1 acetate is an antimicrobial peptide. Magainin 1 acetate exhibits antibiotic activity against numerous Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Antifungal agent 6 shows antifungal activity.

PNU288034 is a potent oxazolidinone antibiotic with antimicrobial activity for the prevention and treatment of Gramnegative infections.

Bupirimate (Nimrod), an active ingredient in plant protection products, is commonly used as a systemic fungicide and finds applications in controlling powdery mildew in roses, apple plantations. It belongs to the family of pyrimidines.