et-a

Receptor for endothelin-1. Mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of binding affinities for ET-A is: ET1 > ET2 >> ET3.

TMEM106B is a well-recognised risk factor for FTD caused by GRN mutation. Elegant experiments have suggested that increased risk for FTD is due to elevated levels of TMEM106B (Nicholson et al, 2013; Gallagher et al, 2017). Therefore, recent work has explored the therapeutic potential of reducing TMEM106B levels, with initial results looking encouraging, as crossing a Grn-deficient mouse to a Tmem106b knockout showed a rescue in FTD-related behavioural defects and specific aspects of lysosome dysfunction (Klein et al, 2017).

Tumor protein p63 is a protein also known as transformation-related protein 63, TP63, and p63. Tumor protein p63 / p63 is a member of the p53 family of transcription factors whose members P53, p63, and p73 have similar features in their gene structures and functions. An animal model, p63-/- mice has been useful in difining the role p63 plays in the development and maintenance of stratified epithelial tissues. This p63 encoding protein p63 has a dramatic impact on replenishment of cutaneous epithelial stem cells and on ovarian germ cell survival. Although these two fundamental roles of p63 attest to its powerful place in development, its other functions, specifically the apparent capacity of p63, is to supervise the emergence of new cell populations in the breast, prostate, cervix, and upper reproductive tract. P63-/- mice have several development defects which include the lack of limbs and other tissues, such as teeth and mammary glands, which develop as a result of interactions between mesenchyme and epithelium. Mutations in this protein are associated with ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft lip / palate syndrome 3, ADULT syndrome (acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth), limb-mammary syndrome, et al.

PTMA (prothymosin, alpha, N-GST chimera) is a small, 12.4 kDa protein. It is a 109-111 amino acid long polypeptide as the precursor of thymosin a1. Thymosins are named becaues they were originally isolated from the thymus. But now in many other tissues, thymosins also can be detected. Thymosins have diverse biological activities, and two in particular, thymosins a1 and _4, have potentially important uses in medicine, some of which have already progressed from the laboratory to the clinic. In general, PTMA is associated with cellular proliferation and carcinogenesis (Eschenfeldt et al., 1986), cellular and viral transcription (Cotter et al., 2000), protection against apoptosis and chromatin remodelling (Karetsou et al., 1998). PTMA may have a dual role both intracellulary and extracellulary. In relation to diseases, thymosins have been categorized as biological response modifiers. Thymosin a1 is derived from PTMA. For animals that lack thymus glands, thymosin a1 is responsible for the activity of that preparation in restoring immune function.