pancreatic

Pancreatic Polypeptide (human) acetate is a C-terminally amidated 36 amino acid peptide, which acts as a neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y4 Y5 receptor agonist.

Pancreatic Polypeptide, rat acetate is an agonist of NPY receptor, with high affinity at NPYR4.

Pancreatic polypeptide, a peptide produced by the pancreas's endocrine PP cells, modulates pancreatic secretory functions and influences hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretion [1].

Endogenous high affinity agonist for human NPY Y4 receptor (Ki = 0.056 nM). Believed to play an important role in the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

Agonist at Y4 neuropeptide Y receptors.

Pancreatic Polypeptide, rat, is an agonist of the NPY receptor with high affinity at NPYR4. Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP) is a 36-amino acid, C-terminally amidated peptide and a member of the PP-fold peptide family. It is produced and secreted by the PP cells of the islets of Langerhans.

Aprotinin (Traskolan) a broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor, inhibiting the activity of a number of different esterases and proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, kallikrein, plasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, and tissue and leukocytic proteinases.

GLP-1(7-36) amide (MKC 253) is a peptide hormone released from intestinal L-cells upon nutrient intake. It binds to the GLP-1 receptor in the pancreas, enhancing insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and increasing insulin expression, thereby exhibiting antidiabetic effects.

Galantide acetate, a non-specific galanin receptor antagonist, is a peptide consisting of fragments of galanin and substance P. Galantide acetate recognizes two classes of galanin binding sites (KD<0.1 nM and ~6 nM) in the rat hypothalamus. Galantide acetate dose dependently (IC50=1.0 nM) antagonizes the galanin-mediated inhibition of the glucose-induced insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic islets. Galantide acetate appears to bind to a single population of SP receptors (KD~40 nM).

HAEGTFTSDVS acetate is the first N-terminal 1-11 residues of GLP-1 which stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells.

Acetyltrialanine is a dipeptide compound that binds at two sites on the Tb+3-pancreatic elastase complex and can be used as a nitrogen source.

Litorin acetate, an amphibian bombesin peptide derivative, is an bombesin receptor agonist. It stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle, stimulates gastrin, gastric acid, and pancreatic secretion, and suppresses the nutriment in vivo.

Enterostatin, human, mouse, rat acetate is a pentapeptide mainly formed in the intestine by the cleavage of secreted pancreatic procolipase.

Mazdutide acetate is a potent co-agonist of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1R) and glucagon receptor (GCGR), a gastrin-regulating hormone analog.Mazdutide acetate stimulates insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic islets, and can be used in studies of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Potent, selective peptide agonist for the neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor (IC50 values for inhibition of NPY binding to human Y5, Y1, Y2 and Y4 receptors are 0.24, 530, > 500, and 51 nM respectively, Ki at Y5 = 0.1 - 0.15 nM). Stimulates food intake in vivo.

[cPP1-7,NPY19-23,Ala31,Aib32,Gln34]-hPancreatic Polypeptide is a potent and selective neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor agonist, exhibiting a binding affinity with an IC50 of 0.24 nM for the hY5 receptor, and significantly stimulates food intake [1].

Ceruletide Ammonium acetate (FI-6934 Ammonium acetate) is a cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor agonist. Ceruletide Ammonium acetate is a safe and effective cholecystokinetic agent and small bowel and exocrine pancreatic stimulant.

LQVTDSGLYRCVIYHPP (LP17) TFA is a TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells) inhibitory peptide that significantly reduces ischemic infarction and neuronal damage, with the ability to penetrate the brain to inhibit TREM-1 [1].

BDC2.5 Mimotope 1040-63 is a biologically active peptide used in the investigation of type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease where T cells induce destruction of pancreatic islet β cells. This mimotope, originating from the TCR transgenic model (BDC2.5), facilitates the examination of antigen presentation mechanisms to islet autoantigen-specific T cells, contributing to the understanding of T cell-mediated beta-cell damage due to autoreactive T cell responses.

WT-1 A1 is an attractive target for immunotherapy in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

V-9-M Cholecystokinin nonapeptide (Prepro CCK Fragment V-9-M) is a precursor compound of cholecystokinin (CCK). Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a brain-intestinal peptide that stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic exocrine. It can be extracted from the small intestine of dogs and cats and can cause gallbladder contraction.

[Des-His1,Glu9] Glucagon, a powerful antagonist of the glucagon receptor system, plays a crucial role in enhancing the glucose-stimulated insulin release from pancreatic islet cells. This compound is utilized in diabetes research [1].

(Ser8)-GLP-1 (7-36) amide, human, is a glucagon-like peptide-1 amide derived from glucagonogen, a cleavage product of the GLP-1 (1-36) amide peptide. This entero-insulinotropic hormone promotes glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and affects gastrointestinal motility and secretion [1].

[Nle8] Somatostatin (1-28), a derivative of somatostatin (1-28) with norleucine (Nle) substituting for methionine at position 8, enhances amylase release and elevates cyclic AMP levels in pancreatic acini [1].

Potent insulinotropic hormone synthesized by duodenal K-cells. High affinity GIP receptor agonist (EC50 = 0.81 nM) that inhibits gastric acid secretion and stimulates pancreatic insulin release in response to glucose. Also affects lipid metabolism and dis

Endogenous truncated form of the incretin hormone GIP. More potent at stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion from rat pancreatic β-cells than GIP.

Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kis = 1.81 and 1.45 nM for rat and human receptors, respectively).1 It is a 54 amino acid peptide encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1. Kisspeptin-54 induces calcium mobilization in CHO-K1 cells expressing rat and human receptors (EC50s = 1.39 and 5.47 nM, respectively). It also induces arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing rat and human GPR54 in a concentration-dependent manner. Kisspeptin-54 (10-1,000 nM) inhibits insulin secretion from isolated mouse pancreatic β-cells in the presence of 2.8 mM, but not 11.1 mM, glucose.2 Kisspeptin-54 (1-5 nmol, i.c.v.) increases serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice, an effect which is reversed by the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) antagonist acycline.3References1. Kotani, M., Detheux, M., Vandenbogaerde, A.L., et al. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J. Biol. Chem. 276(37), 34631-34636 (2001).2. Vikman, J., and Ahrén, B. Inhibitory effect of kisspeptins on insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11(Suppl 4), 197-201 (2009).3. Gottsch, M.L., Cunningham, M.J., Smith, J.T., et al. A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 145(9), 4073-4077 (2004). Kisspeptin-54 is a peptide ligand of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54 (Kis = 1.81 and 1.45 nM for rat and human receptors, respectively).1 It is a 54 amino acid peptide encoded by the metastasis suppressor gene KISS-1. Kisspeptin-54 induces calcium mobilization in CHO-K1 cells expressing rat and human receptors (EC50s = 1.39 and 5.47 nM, respectively). It also induces arachidonic acid release in CHO cells expressing rat and human GPR54 in a concentration-dependent manner. Kisspeptin-54 (10-1,000 nM) inhibits insulin secretion from isolated mouse pancreatic β-cells in the presence of 2.8 mM, but not 11.1 mM, glucose.2 Kisspeptin-54 (1-5 nmol, i.c.v.) increases serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) in mice, an effect which is reversed by the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) antagonist acycline.3 References1. Kotani, M., Detheux, M., Vandenbogaerde, A.L., et al. The metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1 encodes kisspeptins, the natural ligands of the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR54. J. Biol. Chem. 276(37), 34631-34636 (2001).2. Vikman, J., and Ahrén, B. Inhibitory effect of kisspeptins on insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11(Suppl 4), 197-201 (2009).3. Gottsch, M.L., Cunningham, M.J., Smith, J.T., et al. A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse. Endocrinology 145(9), 4073-4077 (2004).

Neuropeptide Y (porcine), a peptide found in the porcine brain, effectively inhibits secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion [1].

Sulfatides are endogenous sulfoglycolipids with various biological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems, pancreas, and immune system. They are produced from the combination of ceramide and UDP-galactose in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by sulfation in the Golgi apparatus. The ceramide portion contains variable fatty acid chain lengths, which are tissue- and pathology-dependent. Sulfatides are primarily found in the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, with smaller chain lengths predominant during development and longer chain lengths predominant in mature cells. They accumulate in the lysosome of patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy, a disorder characterized by arylsulfatase A deficiency. Sulfatides are also located in pancreatic β-cells and inhibit insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islet cells, suggesting a potential role in diabetes. Sulfatides can induce inflammation in glia in vitro and certain sulfatides, such as C24:1 3'-sulfo-galactosylceramide, can induce an immune response in vitro in mouse splenocytes. Sulfatides (bovine) (sodium salt) is a mixture of isolated bovine sulfatides.

Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide II is a potent, long-lasting vasodilator; activation of CGRP receptors on pancreatic β-cells increases plasma levels of pancreatic enzymes.

DOTA-LM3 is a somatostatin receptor (SSTR) antagonist, with LM3 denoting the peptide sequence p-Cl-Phe-cyclo(D-Cys-Tyr-D-4-amino-Phe(carbamoyl)-Lys-Thr-Cys)D-Tyr-NH2. It is utilized in the isotopic labeling of tumors for in vivo tracing, notably with 177Lu-DOTA-LM3 and 68Ga-DOTA-LM3. The derivative 68Ga-DOTA-LM3 exhibits promising biodistribution, high tumor uptake, efficient tumor retention, and minimal safety concerns, while 177Lu-DOTA-LM3 is applied in research on DOTATOC-negative liver metastases including pancreatic NET and extensive tumor thrombosis [1] [2].

Selective VPAC2 receptor agonist (EC50 values are 0.4, 100 and >1000 nM for VPAC2, VPAC1 and PAC1, respectively in a cAMP accumulation assay; IC50 values are 60, 8700 and >10000 nM for VPAC2, VPAC1 and PAC1, respectively in a competition binding assay). S

Gastric inhibitory peptide 1 (GIP-1) (3-42), a fragment of the incretin hormone GIP and antagonist to the GIP receptor, is generated through the action of serum dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4). When administered at 25 nmol/kg to an ob/ob mouse diabetes model, GIP-1 (3-42) elevates plasma glucose levels and lowers plasma insulin levels, demonstrating its effect on reducing insulin secretion from BRIN-BD11 pancreatic cells at a concentration of 100 nM.

A-71915 (TFA) is a selective inhibitor of ANP receptor (atrial natriuretic peptide-receptor), induces apoptosis and decreases insulin secretion in RINm5F pancreatic β-cells.

Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a neuropeptide that stimulates gastrin release. It binds to (Ki = 300 nM) and stimulates amylase secretion in rat pancreatic AR42J cells (EC50 = 0.3 nM). GRP increases proliferation of human liver carcinoma HepG2 and MHCC97H cells but does not affect the proliferation of normal HL-7702 liver cells at a concentration of 1 nM. In vivo, GRP (0.35 nmol/kg/h) increases both pancreatic exocrine secretion and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release in rats. It dose-dependently stimulates gastrin, pancreatic amylase, lipase, bilirubin, and acid output and induces gallbladder contraction in humans when administered at doses ranging from 1 to 27 pmol/kg per hour.

Secretin (swine), a neuroendocrine hormone first identified as secreted by S cells in the duodenal mucosa, is a 27-amino acid peptide targeting secretin receptors. Present in all mature enteroendocrine cell subsets, it is stimulated by fatty acids and promotes pancreatic secretion of water and bicarbonate. Secretin has diverse effects on organ systems and is utilized in research on the digestive system, central nervous system, and energy metabolism [1][2].

PNC-28, a peptide derived from the mdm-2-binding domain of p53 protein (residues 17–26), incorporates a membrane-crossing penetratin sequence. This compound is utilized in pancreatic cancer research [1] [2].

Amylin (8-37), human, derived from human Amylin, possesses direct vasodilator effects in isolated mesenteric resistance arteries of rats. Human Amylin is a small pancreatic β-cell hormone that forms aggregates in the absence of insulin and is a key pathological feature of type II diabetes mellitus.

Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by pancreatic α-cells. Glucagon reduces the activity of HNF-4. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis. Glucagon enhances HNF4α phosphorylation.

Tutuilamide A, a potent inhibitor of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) with an IC50 of 1.2 nM, also effectively inhibits human neutrophil elastase (HNE; IC50=0.73 nM) and kallikrein 7 (KLK7; IC50=5.0 nM) [1].

Porcine pancreatic elastase is a serine protease composed of a single polypeptide chain with 240 amino acid residues. It has the ability to hydrolyze polypeptides and proteins, and can induce emphysema in hamsters.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37), human (TFA), is a highly potent agonist of the GLP-1 receptor and is a pancreatic hormone synthesized through post-translational processing of proglucagon.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37), human, is a highly potent agonist of the GLP-1 receptor and a pancreatic hormone synthesized by post-translational processing of proglucagon. Unlike truncated forms of GLP-1, it neither affects food intake in rats nor enhances pancreatic insulin secretion.

Glucagon receptor antagonist (pA2 = 7.2 for inhibition of glucagon-induced adenylyl cyclase activation in rat liver membranes); displays no agonist activity. Enhances glucose-stimulated pancreatic insulin release in vitro. Blocks added glucagon-induced hy

Preptin, an osteogenic peptide derived from pancreatic beta-cells, spans amino acids Asp 69 to Leu 102 within pro-IGF-II [1].

GIP (rat) (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide), also known as Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, is a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide secreted by the K cells of the duodenum and jejunum following food consumption. It belongs to the incretin hormone peptide family, which includes GLP (Gastric-like Peptide), and it not only stimulates insulin release from pancreatic islet β-cells but also may encourage β-cell proliferation and survival. Additionally, recent research indicates GIP may have a role in lipid regulation and could contribute to the development of obesity.

Sincalide ammonium (CCK-8 ammonium) is a potent analog of the amino acid peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), an active fragment that retains much of the biological activity of CCK.Sincalide ammonium promotes bile secretion, causes gallbladder contractions and relaxes the sphincter of Oddi, thereby facilitating bile drainage into the duodenum. Sincalide ammonium promotes bile secretion, contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, thereby facilitating the drainage of bile into the duodenum.Sincalide ammonium can be injected to promote gallbladder contraction, and is commonly used as an adjunct in the diagnosis of gallbladder and pancreatic diseases and in cholecystography.

Secretin, porcine TFA (Porcine secretin TFA) is a 27-amino acid peptide, acting on pancreatic acinar cells and ductal epithelial cells stimulating the production of bicarbonate rich fluid.Secretin porcine stimulates pancreatic and gastric secretions to ai

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) (6-27) is a PACAP receptor antagonist with IC50 values of 1,500, 600, and 300 nM, respectively, for rat PAC1, rat VPAC1, and human VPAC2 recombinant receptors expressed in CHO cells. It binds to PACAP receptors on SH-SY5Y and SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma and T47D human breast cancer cells (IC50s = 24.5, 106, and 105 nM, respectively) and inhibits cAMP accumulation induced by PACAP (1-38) (Kis = 457, 102, and 283 nM, respectively, in SH-SY5Y, SK-N-MC, and T47D cells). In vivo, in newborn pigs, PACAP (6-27) (10 μM) inhibits vasodilation of pial arterioles induced by PACAP (1-27) and PACAP (1-38) . It also inhibits PACAP (1-27)-stimulated increases in plasma insulin and glucagon levels and pancreatic venous blood flow in dogs when administered locally to the pancreas at a dose of 500 μg.

GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr-/-) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003). GLP-1 amide is a peptide hormone cleaved from proglucagon in the pancreas.1,2 Mice lacking the glucagon receptor (Gcgr-/-) have approximately nine-fold higher levels of total GLP-1 amide, including GLP-1 (1-36) amide and truncated GLP-1 (7-36) amide , in pancreatic tissue compared to wild-type mice.2 References1. Schjoldager, B.T., Mortensen, P.E., Christiansen, J., et al. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and truncated GLP-1, fragments of human proglucagon, inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans. Dig. Dis. Sci. 34(5), 703-708 (1989).2. Gelling, R.W., Du, X.Q., Dichmann, D.S., et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic α cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100(3), 1438-1443 (2003).