estrogen

Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1 ER-alpha, and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner.; Lacks ligand binding ability and has no or only very low ERE binding activity resulting in the loss of ligand-dependent transactivation ability. ER beta Protein, Human, Recombinant (E. coli, His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 39.8 kDa and the accession number is Q92731.

RCAS1, also known as EBAG9, is a tumor-associated antigen that is expressed at high frequency in a variety of cancers. RCAS1 gene was identified as an estrogen-responsive gene. Regulation of transcription by estrogen is mediated by estrogen receptor which binds to the estrogen-responsive element (ERE) found in the 5'-flanking region of RCAS1 gene. Two transcript variants differing in the 5' UTR, but encoding the same protein, have been identified for RCAS1 gene. EBAG9 may participate in suppression of cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death through activation of interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like proteases.

Binds to an ERR-alpha response element (ERRE) containing a single consensus half-site, 5'-TNAAGGTCA-3'. Can bind to the medium-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (MCAD) response element NRRE-1 and may act as an important regulator of MCAD promoter. Binds to the C1 region of the lactoferrin gene promoter. Requires dimerization and the coactivator, PGC-1A, for full activity. The ERRalpha PGC1alpha complex is a regulator of energy metabolism. Induces the expression of PERM1 in the skeletal muscle.

May act as a zinc-influx transporter. SLC39A6 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in Baculovirus insect cells with C-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 35.0 kDa and the accession number is Q13433.

Estrogen Receptor is a major ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Estrogen Receptor is composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription. The protein localizes to the nucleus where it may form a homodimer or a heterodimer with estrogen receptor 2. Estrogen and its receptors are essential for sexual development and reproductive function, but they also play a role in other tissues such as bone. Estrogen receptors are also involved in pathological processes including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and osteoporosis. Alternative splicing results in several transcript variants, which differ in their 5' UTRs and use different promoters.

Aromatase CYP19A1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli.

Nuclear hormone receptor. Binds estrogens with an affinity similar to that of ESR1 ER-alpha, and activates expression of reporter genes containing estrogen response elements (ERE) in an estrogen-dependent manner.; Lacks ligand binding ability and has no or only very low ERE binding activity resulting in the loss of ligand-dependent transactivation ability. ER beta Protein, Human, Recombinant (His) is expressed in yeast with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 61.1 kDa and the accession number is Q92731.

Acts as an intracellular estrogen-binding protein. May be involved in modulating cellular levels and biological functions of estrogens in the pancreas. May act as a chaperone that inhibits aggregation of misfolded proteins.

Along with the SLC30 family, SLC39 family members regulate zinc movement in cells. SLC39 metal ion transporters accumulate zinc into the cytosol. SLC39A6, also known as LIV-1, belongs to a new subfamily of Zrt, Irt-like protein zinc transporters (LZTs). It is involved in maintaining the intracellular homeostasis of zinc, an ion that is essential in the control of cellular growth and differentiation. SLC39A6 plays a critical role in maintaining zinc homeostasis, and was originally identified as an estrogen-induced gene in a breast cancer cell line. Generally, elevated SLC39A6 expression is reportedly related to cancer progression in other various types of cancer, including breast, prostate, pancreatic, cervical and liver cancers.

Anterior Gradient 2 (AGR2) is an 18-21 kDa member of the PDI family of enzymes. AGR2 is widely expressed in secretory cells, such as small intestine goblet, prostate epithelium, enteroendocrine cells, and multiple carcinoma cell types. AGR2 forms transient disulfide linkages with molecules destined for secretion, possibly aiding protein folding. Expression of AGR2 shows a positive correlation with expression of estrogen receptor in breast carcinoma and a negative correlation with expression of EGF receptor. Mature human AGR2 is 155 amino acids (aa) in length (aa 21 - 175). Cys81 is presumed to participate in intermolecular bond formation. Over aa 21 - 175, human AGR2 shares 94% aa identity with mouse AGR2.

Relaxin-1, also known as Prorelaxin H1 and RLN1, is a secreted protein that belongs to the insulin family. It is a peptide hormone that was first described in 1926 by Frederick Hisaw. Since its discovery as a reproductive hormone 8 years ago, relaxin has been implicated in a number of pregnancy-related functions involving extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover and collagen degradation. It is now becoming evident that relaxin's ability to reduce matrix synthesis and increase ECM degradation has important implications in several nonreproductive organs, including the heart, lung, kidney, liver and skin. The relaxin-like peptide family belongs in the insulin superfamily and consists of 7 peptides of high structural but low sequence similarity; relaxin-1 (RNL1), relaxin-2 (RNL2) and relaxin-3 ( RNL3), and the insulin-like (INSL) peptides, INSL3, INSL4, INSL5 and INSL6. The functions of relaxin-3, INSL4, INSL5, INSL6 remain uncharacterised. Relaxin-1 RLN1 is an ovarian hormone that acts with estrogen to produce dilatation of the birth canal in many mammals. Relaxin-1 RLN1 may be involved in remodeling of connective tissues during pregnancy, promoting growth of pubic ligaments and ripening of the cervix. Relaxin and estrogen appear to play protective roles against airway fibrosis, airway SM thickening, and cardiac hypertrophy. Relaxin may also provide a means to regulate excessive collagen deposition during kidney development and in diseased states characterized by renal fibrosis.

GPX7 gene contains 3 distinct gt-ag introns. Transcription produces 4 different mRNAs, 3 alternatively spliced variants, and 1 unspliced form. There are 5 validated alternative polyadenylation sites. The mRNAs appear to differ by overlapping exons with different boundaries. GPX7 is an enzyme. It has molecular functions (glutathione peroxidase activity, oxidoreductase activity) and to localize in various compartments (extracellular space, extracellular region). GPX7 gene has been proposed to participate in pathways (Arachidonic acid metabolism, Glutathione metabolism), and processes (oxidation-reduction, response to oxidative stress). GPX7 modulates the bone turnover after ovariectomy in rats, it does not compensate for the action of estrogen after ovariectomy in rats. It has been shown that three mAbs (GPX7, GPX22, and GPZ35) inhibit IL-6-mediated biological responses such as Ig production in a human B cell line and proliferative responses of a human Lennert's lymphoma-derived T cell line, a human myeloma cell line, and a mouse pro-B cell line-derived transfectant expressing human gp130.

Vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 (VMO1), a basic protein present in the outer layer of the vitelline membrane of eggs, plays essential roles in separating the yolk from the egg white and preventing infection from bacteria by forming a barrier of fibrous layers in avian eggs. VMO1 is regulated by estrogen and target microRNAs and it is a potential diagnostic marker of ovarian cancer in laying hens. VMO1 Protein, Human, Recombinant is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells. The predicted molecular weight is 19.04 kDa and the accession number is Q7Z5L0-1.

c-Abl belongs to the class of tyrosine kinases and is the prototype of a subfamily which includes two members, c-Abl and Arg (Abl-related gene). Both proteins are localized at the cell membrane, actin cytoskeleton and cytosol, and c-Abl is present in the nucleus as well. c-Abl is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that participates in multiple signaling pathways linking the cell surface, cytoskeleton, and the nucleus. Recent in vitro studies have also linked c-Abl to amyloid-beta-induced toxicity and tau phosphorylation. c-Abl has been implicated in many cellular processes including differentiation, division, adhesion, death, and stress response. c-Abl is a latent tyrosine kinase that becomes activated in response to numerous extra- and intra-cellular stimuli. The c-Abl protein is a ubiquitously expressed nonreceptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development and function of many mammalian organ systems, including the immune system and bone. It regulates the cellular response to TAM through functional interaction with the estrogen receptor, which suggests c-Abl as a therapeutic target and a prognostic tumor marker for breast cancer. c-Abl also plays a key role in signaling chemokine-induced T-cell migration. In addition, c-Abl contains NLSs (nuclear localization signals) and DNA-binding sequences important for nuclear functions. c-Abl has become an important therapeutic target in human chronic myeloid leukaemia.Cancer ImmunotherapyImmune CheckpointImmunotherapyTargeted Therapy

Casein kinase I gamma 2 isoform (CSNK1G2), a member of the large casein kinase I (CKI) subfamily, protein kinase superfamily. It may affect the development of brain, and associate with vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter releasing from small synaptic vesicles. The CKI family includes several other isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta). Dishevelled (Dsh), another positive component of the Wnt pathway, becomes phosphorylated in response to Wnt signals. All the CKI isoforms, with the exception of gamma, increase the phosphorylation of Dsh in vivo. Casein kinase 1 gamma (CK1gamma, or CSNK1G) is associated with the cell membrane and binds to LRP. CK1gamma was found to be needed for Wnt signaling through Wnt receptor LRP. CSNK1G2 inhibits Smad3-mediated TGF-beta responses including induction of target genes and cell growth arrest, and this inhibition is dependent on CSNK1G2 kinase activity. The overexpression of CSNK1G2 in human cancers, may act as an oncoprotein during tumorigenesis. In addition, as an MTA1s-binding protein, CSNK1G2 could further potentiate the estrogen receptor (ER) corepressive function of MTA1s.

Osteoprotegerin (OPG, Tnfrsf11b) is a secreted protein that regulates bone density. OPG is widely expressed and constitutively released as a homodimer by mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Regulation of its expression by estrogen, parathyroid hormone and cytokines is complex and changes with age. OPG acts as decoy receptor for TNFSF11 RANKL and thereby neutralizes its function in osteoclastogenesis. TRAIL decreases the release of OPG from cells that express it, while OPG inhibits TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Expression of RANK L on the cell surface, and thus its ability to stimulate osteoclastogenesis, is regulated by OPG by intracellular and extracellular mechanisms. Bone homeostasis seems to depend on the local ratio between TNFSF11 and TNFRSF11B. It may also play a role in preventing arterial calcification.

Favors the reduction of estrogens and androgens. Converts estrone (E1) to a more potent estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2). Also has 20-alpha-HSD activity. Uses preferentially NADH. HSD17B1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (His & Myc) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-10xHis and C-Myc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 42.3 kDa and the accession number is P14061.

Ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB1, also known as Deubiquitinating enzyme OTUB1, OTU domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde-binding protein 1, Otubain-1, Ubiquitin-specific-processing protease OTUB1, OTUB1 and OTB1, is a cytoplasm protein that belongs to the peptidase C65 family. OTUB1 is a hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and plays an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation. OTUB1 is a regulator of T-cell anergy, a phenomenon that occurs when T-cells are rendered unresponsive to antigen rechallenge and no longer respond to their cognate antigen. OTUB1 acts via its interaction with RNF128 GRAIL, a crucial inductor of CD4 T-cell anergy. Isoform 1 of OTUB1 destabilizes RNF128, leading to prevent anergy. In contrast, isoform 2 of OTUB1 stabilizes RNF128 and promotes anergy. OTUB1 regulates RNF128-mediated ubiquitination, but does not deubiquitinate polyubiquitinated RNF128. Deubiquitinates estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). OTUB1 mediates deubiquitination of 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains, but not 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains. OTUB1 is also capable of removing NEDD8 from NEDD8 conjugates, but with a much lower preference compared to 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin.

Relaxin is an ovarian hormone that acts with estrogen to produce dilatation of the birth canal in many mammals. Prorelaxin Protein, Canine, Recombinant (His) is expressed in E. coli expression system with N-6xHis tag. The predicted molecular weight is 23.6 kDa and the accession number is Q9TRM8.

Estrogen sulfotransferase, also known as Sulfotransferase, estrogen-preferring, Sulfotransferase 1E1, SULT1E1 and ST1E1, is a cytoplasm enzyme that belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. Sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the sulfate conjugation of many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds. These cytosolic enzymes are different in their tissue distributions and substrate specificities. SULT1E1 may control the level of the estrogen receptor by sulfurylating free estradiol. SULT1E1 maximally sulfates beta-estradiol and estrone at concentrations of 2 nM. SULT1E1 also sulfates dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone, ethinylestradiol, equalenin, diethylstilbesterol and 1-naphthol, at significantly higher concentrations; however, cortisol, testosterone and dopamine are not sulfated. SULT1E1 is a key enzyme in estrogen homeostasis. It plays a central role in the prevention and development of human disease.

Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides are involved in the maintenance of epithelial integrity and epithelial restitution. Trefoil factor-3 (TFF3) is an estrogen-regulated gene associated with prognosis in different types of cancer. The presence and localization of TFF3 peptide was associated with the embryonic stage and tissue differentiation. TFF3 peptide distribution specific to the germ layers was not observed. The role of TFF3 peptide in cell migration and differentiation, immune response, and apoptosis might be associated with specific embryonic epithelial cells. TFF3 peptide may also be considered as a marker for mucosal maturation. Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) serves an important role in intestinal mucosal damage and healing, and contributes to the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The involvement of TFF3 in the pathogenesis of rhonchopathy and OSA and lead to the hypothesis that reduction of TFF3 production by the epithelium and subepithelial mucous glands of the uvula contributes to an increase in breathing resistance due to a change in mucus organization.

Endosome lysosome-associated apoptosis and autophagy regulator (ELAPOR1), also known as EIG121 protein, is a type I transmembrane protein induced by estrogen. The estrogen-induced gene 121 (EIG121) has been associated with breast and endometrial cancers,but its mechanism of action remains unknown.May protect cells from cell death by inducing cytosolic vacuolization and upregulating the autophagy pathway. That EIG121 is a good endometrial biomarker associated with a hyperestrogenic state and estrogen-related type I endometrial adenocarcinoma.

Breast Carcinoma-Amplified Sequence 2 (BCAS2) is a member of the SPF27 family. BCAS2 is a nuclear protein and widely expressed in many rtissues. BCAS2 is identified as being overexpressed in various breast cancer cell lines. BCAS2 is a component of the spliceosome, taking part in the removal of introns from mRNA precursors. BCAS2 interacts with estrogen receptor alpha and beta, thyroid hormone receptor beta, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. BCAS2 functions as an ER co-activator and is capable of enhancing ER-mediated transcription.

Vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 (VMO1), a basic protein present in the outer layer of the vitelline membrane of eggs, plays essential roles in separating the yolk from the egg white and preventing infection from bacteria by forming a barrier of fibrous layers in avian eggs. VMO1 is regulated by estrogen and target microRNAs and it is a potential diagnostic marker of ovarian cancer in laying hens. VMO1 Protein, Human, Recombinant (mFc) is expressed in HEK293 mammalian cells with mFc tag. The predicted molecular weight is 45.4 kDa and the accession number is Q7Z5L0-1.